新采购管理实务培训25474.ppt
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1、PRICESIts unwise to pay too much.But its worse to pay too little.When you pay too much,you lose a little money,that is all.When you pay too little,you sometimes lose everything,because the thingyou bought was incapable of doing thing it was bought to do.The common law of business balance prohibits p
2、aying a little and getting alot.It cant be done.If you deal with the lowest bidder,it is well to add something for the riskyou run.And if you do that,you will have enough to pay for something better.There is hardly anything in the world that someone cant make a littleworse and sell a little cheaper-
3、and people who consider price aloneare this mans lawful prey.英国思想家 John Ruskin(1819-1900)利润利润 ProfitProfitq供货商的报价中必须要有足够的利润,方能促供货商的报价中必须要有足够的利润,方能促使其乐于配合供应使其乐于配合供应q供货商对风险供货商对风险(Risk)(Risk)承担,及生产效率承担,及生产效率(Productivity)(Productivity)的基本报酬的基本报酬q利润通常以总成本固定百分比的计算方式并不利润通常以总成本固定百分比的计算方式并不恰当恰当q生产效率好的供货商应享有
4、较高的利润率生产效率好的供货商应享有较高的利润率采购谈判能力采购谈判能力买方的优势买方的优势o采购数量大o标准化无差异化产品o低的转换成品o低的利润o可能向上整合o充分掌握商机采购谈判力量采购谈判力量卖方的优势卖方的优势o独家或寡头垄断o对客户而言是重要的原料零组件o高的转换成本o可能向下整合o复杂差异性高的产品o替代性差优质的谈判优质的谈判q优于替代方案(优于替代方案(BATNABATNA)q满足利益需求满足利益需求q没有浪费;优质选择没有浪费;优质选择q符合法、理、情符合法、理、情q睿智的承诺睿智的承诺q过程效率高;良好的沟通互动过程效率高;良好的沟通互动q过程促进关系的改善过程促进关系的
5、改善六、货商搜寻与评选六、货商搜寻与评选供货商由谁负责评选?供货商由谁负责评选?qBuyer alone(Buyer alone(采购人员采购人员)qCross-Function Teams(Cross-Function Teams(跨功能小组跨功能小组)Sourcing teamSourcing teamSupplier performance evaluation teamSupplier performance evaluation teamSupplier certification teamSupplier certification teamNew product developm
6、ent teamNew product development teamqCommodity Teams (Commodity Teams (商品小组商品小组)供货商评选的项目供货商评选的项目q执行合约能力执行合约能力 Ability to performAbility to performq财务状况财务状况 Financial statusFinancial statusq成本系统成本系统 Cost systemCost systemq质量系统质量系统 Quality assurance,quality Quality assurance,quality control,and relate
7、d systemscontrol,and related systemsq组织与管理组织与管理 Organization and Organization and managementmanagementq劳工状况劳工状况 Labor statusLabor status执行合约能力执行合约能力Ability to performAbility to performq对买方订单金额及采购数量是对买方订单金额及采购数量是否有兴趣否有兴趣 Frequency and/or Frequency and/or volume of ordersvolume of ordersq供货商处理订单的时间供货商
8、处理订单的时间 Length Length of time to process ordersof time to process ordersq交货能力交货能力(产能是否足够或不足产能是否足够或不足)Delivery)Deliveryq符合质量要求的能力符合质量要求的能力 QualityQualityq采购项目是否为其核心能力采购项目是否为其核心能力 Product/service expertiseProduct/service expertiseq订单积压状况订单积压状况 Order backlogOrder backlogq自制与外包的状况自制与外包的状况 Contractors ma
9、ke or buy Contractors make or buy programprogramq循环循环/前置时间前置时间 Cycle/lead Cycle/lead timetimeq生产力生产力 ProductivityProductivityq弹性,配合度如何弹性,配合度如何(对暴增订单对暴增订单的响应能力的响应能力)Flexibility)Flexibilityq业界口碑业界口碑 ReferencesReferencesq电子化能力电子化能力 Electronic Electronic capabilitiescapabilitiesq产品线广度产品线广度 Breadth of Br
10、eadth of product lineproduct lineq可利用的产能可利用的产能 Available Available capacitycapacity财务状况财务状况Financial StatusFinancial Statusq资产负债表资产负债表 Balance sheets?Balance sheets?企业体质企业体质q损益表损益表 Income statements?Income statements?经营能力经营能力q各种财务比率各种财务比率 Financial RatioFinancial Ratioq成本控制纪录成本控制纪录 Cost control hist
11、oryCost control historyq信用评等信用评等 Credit ratings Credit ratingsq公司年度报告公司年度报告 Certified annual reports Certified annual reportsq邓白氏报告邓白氏报告 Dun&Bradstreet reportsDun&Bradstreet reportsq观察供货商是否有倒闭危机的观察供货商是否有倒闭危机的Z Z 积分积分 (Z(Z Score)Score)财务比率财务比率 Financial RatioFinancial RatioF平均应收帐款周转率销货净额应收帐款平均数F平均应收帐
12、款收现天数365天应收帐款周转率F存货周转率销货成本平均存货F平均销货日数360/存货周转率+360/应收帐款周转率F固定资产周转率销货净额固定资产净额F总资产周转率销货净额资产总额Z Z 积积 分分 (Z Score)(Z Score)Z=Z=(1.2 X11.2 X1)+(1.4 X21.4 X2)+(3.3 X33.3 X3)+(0.6 0.6 X4X4)+(0.999 X50.999 X5)X1=Working Capital/Total Assets净流动资产总资产X2=Retained Earnings/Total Assets保留盈余总资产X3=Earning Before In
13、terest&Tax(EBIT)/Total Assets利息支付前及税前盈余总资产X4=Market Value of Equity/Book Value of Debt资本总额总负债X5=Sales$/Total Assets销售金额总资产如果供货商的Z积分为3.0 或更高,则可以判定此供货商体质健全,其财务状况为相对稳定。如果供货商的Z积分为2.99 或更低,则显示出公司可能有倒闭的危机,。成本系统成本系统Cost SystemCost Systemq是否有能力依照产生成本的特定作业活动为基是否有能力依照产生成本的特定作业活动为基准,来分摊间接成本准,来分摊间接成本 Capability
14、 of Capability of segregating costs by tasksegregating costs by taskq对成本项目的处理是否一致对成本项目的处理是否一致 Consistent Consistent treatment of costtreatment of costq是否符合成本会计原则是否符合成本会计原则 Compliance with Compliance with cost accounting standardscost accounting standardsq是否有任何成本降低的计划是否有任何成本降低的计划 What steps has What
15、steps has the supplier taken,if any,to reduce the supplier taken,if any,to reduce costscosts质量系统质量系统 QC,QA,&Related QC,QA,&Related SystemsSystemsq接受与退货的纪录接受与退货的纪录 Acceptance/rejection historyAcceptance/rejection historyq测试的能力测试的能力 Testing capabilityTesting capability-作业员作业员 Workers/Workers/机器设备机器设备
16、MachinesMachinesq制程控制制程控制 Process controlProcess control-统计制程管制统计制程管制 SPC/SPC/统计质量管理统计质量管理 SQCSQC-六个标准差六个标准差 Six Sigma/Six Sigma/制程能力制程能力 CpK Process CpK Process BandsBandsq品管品管(保保)组织组织 Organization and management of Organization and management of quality systemsquality systemsq品管品管(保保)文件与程序文件与程序 Do
17、cumented Documented systems/proceduressystems/proceduresq质量系统认证质量系统认证/验证验证 System System certification/validationcertification/validationq制程认证制程认证 Process certification(ISO)Process certification(ISO)全面质量管理全面质量管理 TQM TQMq质量是每一个人的责任质量是每一个人的责任 (Everybody(Everybodys s responsibility)responsibility)q组织内的
18、每一个人都要实行并积极的参与所有组织内的每一个人都要实行并积极的参与所有质量相关的活动质量相关的活动 (Commitment and Active(Commitment and Active participation)participation)q达到质量的持续改善达到质量的持续改善 (Continuous(Continuous Improvement)Improvement)q满足客户的需求满足客户的需求 (Customer Satisfaction)(Customer Satisfaction)INSPECTProcessBProcessAINPUTReworkScrapOUTPUTPr
19、ocessBProcessAINPUTSPCOUTPUTSPC品保系统品保系统 Quality AssuranceQuality AssuranceFDefect Detection System Defect Detection System(不良品侦测的系统不良品侦测的系统)-会有一些重复性的检验会有一些重复性的检验(inspection)(inspection)产生。产生。-检验样品的数量一般都很检验样品的数量一般都很大。大。-不良品只能在检验后被发不良品只能在检验后被发现。现。FDefect Prevention System Defect Prevention System(不良品预
20、防的系统不良品预防的系统)-利用统计制程管制利用统计制程管制SPCSPC-制程可透过反馈方式进行制程可透过反馈方式进行自我校正自我校正制程能力指数制程能力指数 Cp,CpkCp,CpkFCp-衡量制程能力的质量,就是将规格上下界限的差异(规格上限USL-规格下限LSL)与制程变异(6)作比较,这个指标只有考虑到制程变异的范围是否有落在规格公差之内。一般要求为1.0以上,计算方式为Cp=(USL-LSL)/6。FCpk-制程能力的质量量测指数,除了考虑了制程变异之外还考虑到制程中心是否有偏移。一般要求为1.33以上,计算方式为Cpk就是取Cpu与Cpl的最小值,亦即Cpk=min(Cpu,Cpl
21、),其中Cpu为将规格上限(USL)减掉制程平均(mean)之后除以3;Cpl为将制程平均(mean)减掉规格下限(LSL)之后除以3。制程能力分析制程能力分析Process Capability AnalysisProcess Capability AnalysisCp=CpkVariation-GoodCentering-GoodCp,Cpk 1.33Cp CpkVariation-GoodCentering-PoorCp 1.33Cpk=0Cp=CpkVariation-PoorCentering-GoodCp,Cpk CpkVariation-PoorCentering-PoorCp,
22、Cpk 1LSLUSLLSLUSLSIX SIGMA SIX SIGMA 六标准差六标准差qSIX SIGMA-A program that permits only three(3)defects per million parts and reflects an outstanding commitment to quality.q六标准差-在每百万件中只允许三个不良品,是对质量最高的承诺。#207:Develop measurements for quality improvement and target setting(e.g.,best in class benchmarks).;
23、C.P.M.Module:2#111:Conduct supplier visits/evaluations to determine suitability.;C.P.M.Module:1z?Defect per Million2308,537366,80746,210523363.43?6?6?Measurement6?Measurement20,000TimesImprovementSIX SIGMA PERFORMANCESIX SIGMA PERFORMANCEq20,000 lost articles of mail per hourqUnsafe drinking water f
24、or almost 15 minutes each dayq5,000 incorrect surgical operations per weekqTwo short or long landings at most major airports each dayq200,000 wrong drug prescriptions each yearqSeven articles lost per hourqOne unsafe minute every seven monthsq1.7 incorrect operations per weekqOne short or long landi
25、ng every five yearsq68 wrong prescriptions per year99%Good(3.8 Sigma)99.99966%Good(6 Sigma)SIX SIGMA CONCEPTSIX SIGMA CONCEPTNo Defects!Target3?2?1?CustomersSpecification6?3?1?TargetCustomersSpecification6.6%Defects!After6?!Before3?ReducingReducingVariabilityVariability组织与管理组织与管理Organization and man
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