theholybible;thefundamentalism;mogernism;theUS10726.pptx

《theholybible;thefundamentalism;mogernism;theUS10726.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《theholybible;thefundamentalism;mogernism;theUS10726.pptx（45页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、TheU.SCourtSystemBasicintroductionThedual-tracksystemisusedintheUnitedStatescourtsystem.onesideisthefederalcourts,statecourtsonanotherside,bothsidesareindependentandparallel,untiltheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates-ThefederalSupremeCourt.Bothfederalcourtandstatecourt,whethercommonorspecial,thecourtsbas

2、icfunctionsaredividedintotwokinds:onekindisaTrialcourt,anotheristhecourtofappeals.美国的法院系统为“双轨制”，一边是联邦法院，一边是州法院，二者独立且平行，直到联邦最高法院,即合众国最高法院.无论是联邦法院还是州法院，无论是普通法院还是特别法院，都可以根据基本职能不同而分为两种：一种是审判法院（TrialCourts），一种是上诉法院（AppellateCourts）。TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt美国联邦最高法院.U.S.CourtsofAppeals联邦上诉法院StateSupreme

3、(Highest)Courts州最高法院U.S.DistrictCourt联邦区法院U.S.claimscourt索赔法庭U.S.Taxcourt税务法庭U.S.Bankruptcycourt破产法庭U.S.Courtofinternationaltrade国际贸易法庭StateCourtsofAppeals州上诉法院TrialCourts初审法院theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesDifferentCompetence(管理权限)betweenfederalcourtandstatecourtThe federal court acceptthecasearoun

4、d2%ofthetotal,thesecasesaremainlyconvictedbycongressionallegislation(国会立法).Mostofthecasesinvolvingfederalregulations(suchastax,socialsecurity,etc.),casesinvolvingregulationofinterstateandinternationalbusiness(suchasaviation(航空),railwayenterprise,etc.),casesinvolvingsecuritiesandcommoditiesregulation

5、,maritime(海商),internationaltrade,bankruptcy,patents,royaltiesandothercasesinvolvingtreatyrights,foreignnationalitypersonage,aboutthemultiplenationalitiesinterstate(州际的)disputecase.State court acceptthecasearound98%ofthetotal,thesecasesaremainlyconvictedbythestatelegislature,andcasesrelatedtothestate

6、constitution,andcasesinvolvingstatelawsandregulations,thefamilycases,estatecase,disputesbetweenlandlordandtenant(承租人),privatecontractdisputecase(exceptbankruptcy),involvingprofessionalnegligence(玩忽职守),accident,probate(遗嘱检查)andinheritance(遗产继承),partofthetrafficviolations(违规)andmotorvehicleregistratio

7、n(动车注册).TheAmericanjurysystema)Thejuryonlyresponsibleforthemurder,kidnapping,deliberatelyharmsuchfelonyconvictions,suchasdivorce,custodyofthechildrenofsuchsmallcaseswithoutajury.陪审团只负责给凶杀、绑架、故意伤害这样的重罪定罪，比如离婚、孩子的抚养权这样的小案子就没有陪审团。b)Ifitisforseveralcrimesverdict,thejuryhastherighttodecidewhichisresponsi

8、blefor,andwhichisnoguilty.如果是数罪一并裁决，陪审团有权利决定哪个有罪哪个无需负责。c)Thejurywouldnottoinvestigatethefacts,onlydefenseforlawyer,witnesstestimonyinthecourt,theydeterminewhetherthesuspectcommitacrime,butthespecificsentencingrightsownedbythejudge.陪审团不去调查事实，只在法庭上替律师辩护、证人证词，他们来决定嫌疑犯是否犯罪成立，但具体量刑权利归法官。d)Oncethedecision

9、madebyjury,itcantbeoverwhelmedbythejudge.陪审团一经决定法官不可推翻裁决。TheU.S.federalcourttrialprocedure美国联邦法院审判程序美国联邦法院审判程序Ameetingbeforeopeningcourt(庭前会议过程)2Investigatingprocess(调查过程)3Choosingjury(选择陪审员)4Makefirstspeech(首轮陈辞)Comeupwithevidence(提出证据)Endspeech(结束陈辞)Pronouncejudgment(宣判结果)Christian fundamentalismb

10、eganinthelate19th-andearly20th-centuryamongBritishandAmericanProtestants（新教徒）Thereisnounifiedorganization,thebasicprincipleisthatadheretotheChristianbeliefs,especiallytheBiblejudgmentagainstmodernismschool.Thegeneralsaystoholdtheadvocatesforfundamentalism.无统一组织，其基本主张是强调恪守基督教基本信仰，反对现代主义尤其是圣经评断学。一般称持上

11、述主张者为基要派。OriginFrom1910to1915,theBritish,Americanandsomeconservativechurchpeopleagainstmodernismandliberalism（自由主义）,haspublished12volumesofcontentandthefiveroutestoroughlythesamebooklet,“general”thefundamentals,intheAngloAmericanwidelythroughoutthegift,thewidespreadimpact,andleadtoheateddebatebetwee

12、ntheconservative（保守派）andmodern.Somescholarsbelievethatitwastheoriginoffundamentalism.In1895bytheAmericaconservativereligiousleadersdefinefiveroutesis:InerrancyoftheBible圣经无误谬性。ThevirginbirthanddeityofJesusChrist耶稣基督乃由童贞女所生，并具有神性ThedoctrineofSalvationbyFaithAlone“唯独因信称义”的教义HebodilyresurrectionofJesus

13、Christ相信耶稣基督肉身复活ThebodilysecondcomingofJesusChrist相信耶稣基督将肉身再临DevelopmentIn1925,modernistfamoustheologistHarryEmersonFosdickwasforcedtoresignfromthePresbyterianministeroffice.ThesameyearinTennesseeDaytonCitymiddleschoolteacherSkeiKopsHusseinteachingDarwinstheoryofevolution,waschargedwithviolationofth

14、ebiblicalcreationdoctrinewasthecourtconvicted.(backgroundofthetext)Attheendofthe40s,fundamentalismhadnewdevelopment,manyofthenewconservativetheologianscalledNeoEvangelicalism.(新福音派)Theyinsistedontheirfundamentaliststance,notonlypersonalsalvationbutalsopayattentiontovarioussocialproblems.Differencebe

15、tweenFundamentalistandNeoevangelicalismFundamentalistisemphasizedrespectively,conservative.Neoevangelicalismemphasizedfusion,toleranceandcompromise.BasetoberepresentativeofearlynationalismhasAmericanbiblicalscholarssuchasMemura,themainrepresentativeofcontemporary,BillyGraham,Connell.Mainpublications

16、“Christianitytoday”.(今日基督教)ModernismI.DefinitionII.Development.BeginningThe beginnings of modernism in FranceExplosion(in the early 20th century to 1930)Modernism continues(19301945)After World War II(mainly the visual and performing arts)I)Introduction II)In the 1960s after abstract expressionismIV

17、.Major ideas of modernismV.Major philosophical Influences on modernismVI.Major American modernistsDefinitionModernism is a philosophical movement that,along with cultural trends and changes,arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society in the late 19th and early 20th cent

18、uries.Among the factors that shaped Modernism was the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities,followed then by the horror of World War I.Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking and many modernists rejected religious belief.DevelopmentBeginnin

19、g According to one critic,modernism developed out of Romanticisms revolt against the effects of the Industrial Revolution and bourgeois values.The beginnings of modernism in France In the arts and letters,two important approaches developed separately in France.The first was impressionism,a school of

20、 painting that initially focused on work done,not in studios,but outdoors(en plein air).Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects,but instead see light itself.The second French school was Symbolism,which literary historians see beginning with Charles Baudelaire(182167

21、),and including the later poets,Arthur Rimbaud.Explosion(in the early 20th century to 1930)Arguably one of the most important aspects of Modernism is how it relates to tradition through its adoption of techniques like reprise,incorporation,rewriting,recapitulation,revision and parody in new form .Mo

22、dernism continues(19301945)One of the most visible changes of this period was the adoption of new technologies into daily life of ordinary people in Western Europe and North America.After World War II(mainly the visual and performing arts)I)Introduction The post-war period left the capitals of Europ

23、e in upheaval.In Paris,the climate for art was a disaster.Important collectors,dealers,and modernist artists,writers,and poets had fled Europe for New York and America.In the 1960s after abstract expressionism In abstract painting,several new directions began to appear in artist studios as a reactio

24、n against the subjectivism of abstract expressionism.By the late 1960s however,postminimalism,process art also emerged as revolutionary concepts and movements that encompassed both painting and sculpture and the postminimalist movement,and in early conceptual art.Major ideas of modernismIt employs a

25、 distinctive kind of imagination,which insists on having its general frame of reference within itself.It implies a historical discontinuity,a sense of alienation,loss and despair.It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man and prefers the unconscious to the self-conscious.It rejec

26、ts the traditional rhetoric by which traditional values and assumptions were communicated.Major philosophical Influences on modernismDarwinismA theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin and others,stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection

27、of small,inherited variations that increase the individuals ability to compete,survive,and reproduce.MarxismFreudianismMajor American modernistsNovelistsSinclair Lewis(Main Street),Scott Fitzgerald(The Great Gatsby),Ernest Hemingway(The Sun Also Rises,A Fare well to Arms,For Whom the Bell Tolls),poe

28、tsT.S.Eliot(The Waste Land)Dramatists Tennessee Williams,Arthur MillerCharles Robert DarwinA man who dares to waste one hour of time has not discovered the value of life.HisearlylifeCharles Robert Darwin(12February180919April1882)wasborninthetinymerchanttownofShrewsbury,England.Hewasthesecondyounges

29、tofsixchildren.Darwincamefromalonglineofscientists.Hisfather,Dr.R.W.Darwin,wasasamedicaldoctor,andhisgrandfather,Dr.ErasmusDarwin,wasarenownedbotanist.Darwinsmother,Susanna,diedwhenhewasonly8yearsold.Darwinwasachildofwealthandprivilegewholovedtoexplorenature.InOctober1825,atage16,DarwinenrolledatEdi

30、nburghUniversityalongwithhisbrotherErasmus.Hisfatherhopedhewouldfollowinhisfootstepsandbecomeamedicaldoctor,butthesightofbloodmadeDarwinqueasy.DarwinsearlyinterestinnatureledhimtoneglecthismedicaleducationattheUniversityofEdinburgh;instead,hehelpedtoinvestigatemarineinvertebrates.StudiesattheUnivers

31、ityofCambridgeencouragedhispassionfornaturalscienceHisfathersuggestedhestudytobecomeaparsoninstead,butDarwinwasfarmoreinclinedtostudynaturalhistory.HispersonallifeCharlesDarwinalsohadarichpersonallife.HemarriedEmmaWedgewood,hiscousin,andhadtenchildrenwithher.Darwinsbooksandarticlesreflectedhisunders

32、tandingandcontributiontomanyscholarlyareassuchasgeology,zoologyandhispersonalexperienceasascientifictraveler.HediedinAprilof1882andwasburiedinWestminsterAbbey.InDarwinslastwillandtestamenthenamedhistwoeldestsons,WilliamErasmusDarwinandGeorgeHowardDarwin,asrecipientsofhisfamilyportraitsandfamilypaper

33、sandallhismedals.Currently,mostofhispaperscanbefoundattheCambridgeUniversitiesLibrary.Darwiniscontinuallycelebratedbyscientistsallovertheworld.物种起源物种起源（OntheOriginofSpecies）论借助自然选择（即在生存斗争中保论借助自然选择（即在生存斗争中保存优良族）的方法的物种起源存优良族）的方法的物种起源（OntheOriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelection,orthePreservationofFav

34、ouredRacesintheStruggleforLifeONTHE ORIGIN OF SPECIESBY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION,ORTHEPRESERVATION OF FAVOURED RACES IN THE STRUGGLEFOR LIFE.ByCHARLESDARWIN,M.A.,FELLOWOFTHEROYAL,GEOLOGICAL,LINNAN,ETC.,SOCIETIES;AUTHOROFJOURNALOFRESEARCHESDURINGH.M.S.BEAGLESVOYGEROUNDTHEWORLD.LONDON:JOHNMURRAY,ALB

35、EMARLESTREET.1859.TherightofTranslationisreserved.Background information before Darwins theoryEarlyChristianChurchFathersandMedievalEuropeanscholarsinterpretedtheGenesiscreationnarrativeallegoricallyratherthanasaliteralhistoricalaccount;organismsweredescribedbytheirmythologicalandheraldicsignificanc

36、easwellasbytheirphysicalform.Naturewaswidelybelievedtobeunstableandcapricious,withmonstrousbirthsfromunionbetweenspecies,andspontaneousgenerationoflifeVoyage on the HMS BeagleOnDecember27,1831,theHMSBeaglelauncheditsvoyagearoundtheworldwithDarwinintow.Overthecourseofthetrip,Darwincollectedavarietyof

37、naturalspecimens,includingbirds,plantsandfossils.Throughhands-onresearchandexperimentation,hehadtheuniqueopportunitytocloselyobserveprinciplesofbotany,geologyandzoology.ThePacificIslandsandGalapagosArchipelagowereofparticularinteresttoDarwin,aswasSouthAmerica.Thedevelopmentofthetheory On his return

38、to England in 1836,Darwin tried to solve the riddles of these observations and the puzzle of how species evolve.Influenced by the ideas of Malthus,he proposed a theory of evolution occurring by the process of natural selection.Theanimals(orplants)bestsuitedtotheirenvironmentaremorelikelytosurviveand

39、reproduce,passingonthecharacteristicswhichhelpedthemsurvivetotheiroffspring.Gradually,thespecieschangesovertime.Darwin worked on his theory for 20 years.Afterlearningthatanothernaturalist,AlfredRusselWallace,haddevelopedsimilarideas,thetwomadeajointannouncementoftheirdiscoveryin1858.In 1859 Darwin p

40、ublished On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.CommentsonDarwinDarwincontributedalottothescientificcommunity.Eventhoughscientistshavestrayedawayfromsomeofhistheoriestheyarestillrecognizedtoday.Hiscontributionstotheareasofgeology,zoology,andthenaturalsciencefieldoverallwillberecogniz

41、edforyearstocome.马克思高度评价达尔文的学说，他在给恩格斯的信上指出：“达尔文的物种起源包含我们的理论的自然科学基础。”马克思在资本论出版以后，曾寄给达尔文一部。达尔文在写给马克思的回信中说，“这部书我一定要读，我们工作的性质不同，但目的是一个，都是为了人类的幸福TheHolyBibleTheHolyBibleCONTENTS1OldTestament2NewTestament3TheDifferences4TheRelationsTheOldTestamentTheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.Theword“Testament”

42、means“agreement”-namely,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.TorahPentateuchortheFive Books of MosesBereishitGenesis Genesis Genesis HebrewShemot Exodus Exodus Exodus HebrewVayikraLeviticusLeviticusLevitic

43、usHebrewBamidbarNumbersNumbersNumbersHebrewDevarimDeuteronomyDeuteronomyDeuteronomyHebrewTheThemesGodisconsistentlydepictedastheonewhocreatedorputintoordertheworldandguidesitshistory.FurtherthemesintheOldTestamentincludesalvation,redemption,divinejudgment,obedienceanddisobedience,faithandfaithfulnes

44、s.TheOldTestamentstressesthespecialrelationshipbetweenGodandhischosenpeople,Israel,butincludesinstructionsforproselytesaswell.TheNewTestamentTheOldTestamentisthedoctrineofJesusChrist.TheNewTestamentisananthology,acollectionofChristianworkswritteninthecommonGreeklanguageofthefirstcentury,atdifferentt

45、imesbyvariouswriters,whowereearlyJewishdisciplesofJesusofNazareth.TheNewTestamentconsistsof27books.TheNewTestamentwouldseemtohavebeenwrittennolaterthanaroundAD150.1TheNewTestamentconsistsof:fournarrativesofthelife,teaching,deathandresurrectionofJesus,calledgospels;anarrativeoftheApostlesministriesin

46、theearlychurch,calledtheActsoftheApostles;twenty-oneletters,oftencalledepistles,writtenbyvariousauthors,andconsistingofChristiandoctrine,counsel,instruction,andconflictresolution;anApocalypse,theBookofRevelation,whichisabookofprophecy,containingsomeinstructionstosevenlocalcongregationsofAsiaMinor,bu

47、tmostlycontainingpropheticalsymbology,abouttheendtimes.The Book of The New TestamentTheDifferences:1.TheOldTestamentrecordsGodsdealingswithHischosenpeople,theIsraelites,andthepromiseHemadetothemtoblesstheworldthroughthem.2.JewsandChristiansbelieveandreadtheOldTestament1.TheNewTestamentrecordswhatChr

48、istiansbelieveisthefulfillmentofthatpromise,thebirthofChrist,HislifeandthebuildingofHischurch.2.onlyChristiansreadtheNewTestament.TheRelations:TheOldTestamentwaswrittenbeforeJesuswasbornandtheNewTestamentwaswrittenafterJesuswasbornabouthislife.TheOldTestamentisacollectionof39booksofhistory,poetry,adviceandprophecy,andisconsideredsacredbyJewsandChristiansalike.However，theNewTestamentis27books,containingfouraccountsofJesuslifeandteachings,anaccountoftheearlychurchsactivities,andnumerouslettersfromchurchleaderstoindividualcongregations,containingteachingsandadvice.ReadMore：Thankyou!