新视界大学英语综合教程3 unit1.pptx

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1、Warming up Work in pairs.Check()the personal qualities which you think apply to yourself.第1页/共125页Warming upNow check()the personal qualities which you think apply to your partner and compare your ideas about each other.第2页/共125页Warming up Work in pairs and discuss the questions.1 Which of the perso

2、nal qualities in Activity 1 are positive?Hard-working,fair,thoughtful and social are all positive.Then there are some qualities which are positive in small amounts:respect,ambition,strong will and liking to give to others.Having too much of these,however,can be harmful.2 Which of them are negative,a

3、nd why?Shyness is negative not in the sense of being bad,but it makes life harder.Envy is ugly.Argumentative people are no pleasure to be with.I am not sure about liking to be alone.If it means avoiding people,its negative,but if it means you are happy to spend time alone reading and thinking,thats

4、rather good.第3页/共125页Warming up3.Which personal qualities do you need to be successful in a job?Well,that depends on the job!But being hard-working is always right,and thinking carefully must always be good.I suppose we can go beyond the list here kindness and liking to give to others will bring you

5、 friends,a sense of beauty is important and being faithful to those you work with means you never have to feel guilty.4.Which personal qualities do you need to be happy in life?第4页/共125页Warming upWatch a video clip of The Pursuit of Happiness and discuss the question.Do you have any experience when

6、you successfully handle others question or negative comment without taking it personally?第5页/共125页Warming up Look at the title of the passage and check()the two kinds of judgment you expect to read about.1 guilty or not guilty 2 fair or not fair 3 objective or subjective 4 an end goal or a means to

7、something elseNow read the passage by Paul Graham and check your ideas.第6页/共125页SkimmingBrowse the passage within 8 minutes to get a rough idea about it.Answer the questions of Activity 2 and 3 on page 4.TaskTask第7页/共125页Skimming Choose the best summary of the passage.1.There are two types of judgme

8、nt which are made about people.Most of them are not concerned about the type of person we are,but are made for some other reason,such as to provide members for an organization,like a team,a company or a college.So if we are not chosen in these circumstances,we shouldnt feel hurt about it.Answer:Corr

9、ect.第8页/共125页Skimming2.It is more useful to think of someone who has to select people(for a job,for example,or for admission to a college)as a customer rather than as a judge.This is because there is never anything“personal”about selecting someone for a prize,or a team.Rather,the process of selectin

10、g people is more like a business transaction,and it is vital not to make a mistake.第9页/共125页SkimmingAnswer:The first half agrees with the passage,but the overall emphasis is on selectors whereas the passage is addressed to young people applying for colleges and jobs.Selecting someone for a prize is

11、actually more like the first type of judgment there might be only a seconds difference between two great athletes but that second decides who wins the gold medal.In some respects the two athletes are equal,but not when it comes to the prize.On the topic of not making a mistake,of course no business

12、wants a poor employee,but the passage argues this is unlikely as there are always a number of suitable candidates.第10页/共125页Skimming3.We are constantly involved in judging other people.Most of the time this is not in any formal situation,such as a law court,but informally,at work or school,or even w

13、hen we are looking for a partner to date.But there are two types of judgment good or bad and if we make a wrong judgment we will probably regret it.Answer:The passage is not concerned with good or bad judgments,and the stress is not on the reader making judgments,but their reaction to being judged.第

14、11页/共125页Skimming Answer the questions.1 What have court cases got in common with competitions?2 Why is it natural to think that all judgments are about us as persons?The judgments we receive as children are of this type so we expect later judgments to be the same.When we hire or date someone,we are

15、 thinking less of them than of what we want,and there are a number of possibilities for us to choose from.3 Why is hiring someone like dating someone?Their aim is to judge individuals accurately.第12页/共125页Skimming4 What does the writer hope to show by using the example of choosing a team?5 Why isnt

16、it important if the wrong decision is made in a borderline case?The people on the borderline are basically of the same level of ability.That choices are often not made on the basis of perfectly accurate judgments of relative ability.There can be more than one good choice and often not being chosen d

17、oes not mean someone is inadequate.第13页/共125页Skimming6 Why is it important to think of a selector as a customer rather than as a judge?7 Why should people take rejection less personally?Unless we are unusual,there will always be plenty of candidates of the same ability as us.The selector has to make

18、 a choice but that choice does not prove anyones inferiority.It makes us see the situation in a less self-centred way.The selector is looking for what appeals to them rather than judging our ability.It may also motivate us to sell ourselves actively.第14页/共125页Two kinds of judgement译文译文Digging1 There

19、 are two different ways people judge you.Sometimes judging you correctly is the end goal.But theres a second much more common type of judgment where it isnt.We tend to regard all judgments of us as the first type.Wed probably be happier if we realized which are and which arent.第15页/共125页Digging2 The

20、 first type of judgment,the type where judging you is the end goal,includes court cases,grades in classes,and most competitions.Such judgments can of course be mistaken,but because the goal is to judge you correctly,theres usually some kind of appeals process.If you feel youve been misjudged,you can

21、 protest that youve been treated unfairly.第16页/共125页译文译文Digging3 Nearly all the judgments made on children are of this type,so we get into the habit early in life of thinking that all judgments are.第17页/共125页译文译文Digging4 But in fact there is a second much larger class of judgments where judging you

22、is only a means to something else.These include college admissions,hiring and investment decisions,and of course the judgments made in dating.This kind of judgment is not really about you.第18页/共125页译文译文Digging5 Put yourself in the position of someone selecting players for a national team.Suppose for

23、 the sake of simplicity that this is a game with no positions,and that you have to select 20 players.There will be a few stars who clearly should make the team,and many players who clearly shouldnt.The only place your judgment makes a difference is in the borderline cases.Suppose you screw up and un

24、derestimate the 20th best player,causing him not to make the team,and his place to be taken by the 21st best.Youve still picked a good team.第19页/共125页译文译文DiggingIf the players have the usual distribution of ability,the 21st best player will be only slightly worse than the 20th best.Probably the diff

25、erence between them will be less than the measurement error.第20页/共125页译文译文Digging6 The 20th best player may feel he has been misjudged.But your goal here wasnt to provide a service estimating peoples ability.It was to pick a team,and if the difference between the 20th and 21st best players is less t

26、han the measurement error,youve still done that optimally.第21页/共125页译文译文Digging7 Its a false analogy even to use the word unfair to describe this kind of misjudgment.Its not aimed at producing a correct estimate of any given individual,but at selecting a reasonably optimal set.第22页/共125页译文译文Digging8

27、 One thing that leads us astray here is that the selector seems to be in a position of power.That makes him seem like a judge.If you regard someone judging you as a customer instead of a judge,the expectation of fairness goes away.The author of a good novel wouldnt complain that readers were unfair

28、for preferring a potboiler with a racy cover.Stupid,perhaps,but not unfair.第23页/共125页译文译文Digging9 Our early training and our self-centeredness combine to make us believe that every judgment of us is about us.In fact most arent.This is a rare case where being less self-centered will make people more

29、confident.Once you realize how little most people judging you care about judging you accurately once you realize that because of the normal distribution of most applicant pools,it matters least to judge accurately in precisely the cases where judgment has the most effect you wont take rejection so p

30、ersonally.第24页/共125页译文译文Digging10 And curiously enough,taking rejection less personally may help you to get rejected less often.If you think someone judging you will work hard to judge you correctly,you can afford to be passive.But the more you realize that most judgments are greatly influenced by r

31、andom,extraneous factors that most people judging you are more like a fickle novel buyer than a wise and perceptive magistrate the more you realize you can do things to influence the outcome.第25页/共125页Digging11 One good place to apply this principle is in college applications.Most high school studen

32、ts applying to college do it with the usual childs mix of inferiority and self-centeredness:inferiority in that they assume that admissions committees must be all-seeing;self-centeredness in that they assume admissions committees care enough about them to dig down into their application and figure o

33、ut whether theyre good or not.译文译文第26页/共125页DiggingThese combine to make applicants passive in applying and hurt when theyre rejected.If college applicants realized how quick and impersonal most selection processes are,theyd make more effort to sell themselves,and take the outcome less personally.译文

34、译文第27页/共125页1.Sometimes judging you correctly is the end goal.(Line 2,Para 1)This sentence means the purpose of the exercise is to judge your ability at a skill,or your guilt or innocence;the focus is on you.end goal:final purposeDifficult sentences 第28页/共125页Difficult sentences 2.theres usually som

35、e kind of appeals process.(Line 5,Para 2)There is normally an established procedure for complaining against a mistaken judgment.第29页/共125页Difficult sentences 3.But in fact there is a second much larger class of judgments where judging you is only a means to something else.(Line 1,Para 4)In this seco

36、nd type of judgment the focus is achieving a specific goal,such as creating a good team,getting the right sort of employees or selecting a years intake for a college.People must be qualified,but not all those qualified can be chosen.第30页/共125页Difficult sentences 4.Suppose for the sake of simplicity

37、that this is a game with no positions (Line 2,Para 5)To keep this thought experiment simple lets forget about positions,such as defender,attacker,centre,goal keeper etc.Lets think of all players as equal.a game with no positions:It means there are no fixed positions where players stand on the field.

38、第31页/共125页Difficult sentences 5.The only place your judgment makes a difference is in the borderline cases.(Line 7,Para 5)borderline cases:belonging to the area which is part of both circles not excellent,nor poor but good and a potential choice 第32页/共125页Difficult sentences 6.Probably the differenc

39、e between them will be less than the measurement error.(Line 15,Para 5)The difference between those being selected is so small that the selector does not need to worry about a perfectly accurate measurement of their relative abilities.the measurement error:a term from statistics,the difference betwe

40、en a measured value of quantity and its true value 第33页/共125页Difficult sentences 7.Its a false analogy even to use the word unfair to describe this kind of misjudgment.(Line 1,Para 7)Its an incorrect comparison with the other sort of judgment to think there is anything unfair in not being chosen for

41、 the team.The aim was not to assess any individual,but to get a good team.第34页/共125页Difficult sentences 8.One thing that leads us astray here is that the selector seems to be in a position of power.(Line 1,Para 8)One factor which causes us to make this mistake and confuses these different types of m

42、aking judgments is that the selector seems to have power over the people being chosen from.But actually he is more like a shopper choosing what suits him.第35页/共125页Difficult sentences 9.The author of a good novel wouldnt complain that readers were unfair for preferring a potboiler with a racy cover.

43、(Line 6,Para 8)a potboiler with a racy cover:a story without great quality but an easy read such as an average detective/romantic/action story,published with an exciting,rather sexy cover第36页/共125页Difficult sentences 10.Stupid,perhaps,but not unfair.(Line 8,Para 8)The book buyer is not judging the p

44、otboiler better than the beautifully written serious novel,but choosing what they want to read.Someone might judge that reading such a book is a stupid thing to do and a waste of time,but that is up to the readers who are selecting what they want to read,and not making a literary award.第37页/共125页Dif

45、ficult sentences 11.Our early training and our self-centeredness combine to make us believe that every judgment of us is about us.In fact most arent.(Line 1,Para 9)Here“early training”refers to the information in Paragraph 3.When we were children,judging us was the end goal and we get into the habit

46、 of thinking all the judgments are.For example,we may have spent a long time producing an application and imagine someone studying it carefully and deciding whether we are good enough,whereas the truth may be it was hardly glanced at as there were so many others.We were not rejected,but simply ignor

47、ed.self-centeredness:seeing the world from our own perspective because we are important to ourselves,and we tend to think we are important to others第38页/共125页Difficult sentences 12.because of the normal distribution of most applicant pools,it matters least to judge accurately in precisely the cases

48、where judgment has the most effect (Line 8,Para 9)The selectors need little judgment to decide how to deal with the best and the worst.It is very difficult for them to decide among the majority at that peak,but as they are very similar,it does not matter much to the selectors.Their choice can be rat

49、her arbitrary.normal distribution of most applicant pools:the bell curve,the majority of people are at or around the peak of the curve第39页/共125页Difficult sentences 13.But the more you realize that most judgments are greatly to influence the outcome.(Line 6,Para 10)Once you have understood that decis

50、ions taken about you are not all objective assessments of your qualities,but often rather accidental,with the people taking them more like shoppers than court judges,you will see that there are ways in which you can make yourself more attractive to the people taking the decisions.(If we see them as