胸科病人手术麻醉.pptx
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1、1 胸科手术的麻醉胸科手术的麻醉 遵义医学院麻醉学教研室朱昭遵义医学院麻醉学教研室朱昭琼琼第1页/共35页2要要 求求掌握掌握剖胸及侧卧位时呼吸剖胸及侧卧位时呼吸、循环、循环病理生理病理生理的改变的改变掌握掌握剖胸手术病人麻醉前的估计和方法及麻醉的基本要求剖胸手术病人麻醉前的估计和方法及麻醉的基本要求熟悉熟悉单肺通气的生理变化、及单肺通气的生理变化、及单肺通气的术中管理单肺通气的术中管理熟悉熟悉常见胸科手术的麻醉处理常见胸科手术的麻醉处理第2页/共35页3第一节第一节 剖胸及侧卧位时对呼吸、剖胸及侧卧位时对呼吸、循环的影响循环的影响(p 119)剖胸所引起的病理生理改变自主呼吸时自主呼吸时 1
2、 剖胸侧通气与肺血流比例失调肺内分流(hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction;HPV有限,并受麻醉药及扩管药抑制)2 反常呼吸反常呼吸(paradoxical respiration)摆动气 死腔增大 3 纵隔移位纵隔摆动纵隔摆动(mediastinal swaying)第3页/共35页4剖胸及侧卧位时对呼吸、循环的影响剖胸及侧卧位时对呼吸、循环的影响 4 心排出量降低 其原因(1)(2)(3)5 心律失常其原因(纵隔摆动时对部位神经的刺激、通气功 能紊乱、VAQ比失常、PaO2和PaCO2)6 体热的散失第4页/共35页5侧卧位对呼吸生理的影响侧卧位对呼吸生理的
3、影响清醒状态下清醒状态下侧卧位侧卧位 (function residual capacity;FRC下降 VAQ比 基本正常)全麻下全麻下侧卧位侧卧位 FRC下降 VAQ比失常:下侧肺VAQ下降,上侧肺VAQ升高第5页/共35页6第二节麻醉前评估与准备第二节麻醉前评估与准备必要性(胸科手术术后肺部并发症发生率较高)肺部并发症最常见围术期死亡率居第二位肺功能异常者并发症是正常者23倍(切除肺病变,肺通气面积;手术操作肺损伤,出血、水肿;术后痛疼,分泌物坠积或肺不张 etc.)第6页/共35页7Preoperative evaluation Patients for thoracic surger
4、y should undergo the usual preoperative assessment as detailed in Chapter 1.Any patient undergoing elective thoracic surgery should be carefully screened for underlying bronchitis or pneumonia and treated appropriately before surgery.Diagnostic procedures such as bronchoscopy and lung biopsy(活检)(活检)
5、may be intended for persistent infection.Infection beyond an obstructing lesion(损害损害)may not resolve(解决)(解决)without surgery.第7页/共35页8In patients with tracheal stenosis(狭窄),the history should focus on symptoms or signs of positional dyspnea,static versus dynamic airway collapse,and evidence of hypoxe
6、mia.The history may also suggest the probable location of the lesion.Arterial blood gas(ABG)determinations may help to clarify the severity of underlying pulmonary disease but are not routinely necessary.Pulmonary function tests are useful in assessing the pulmonary risk of lung resection.Both exerc
7、ise function(maximal oxygen uptake O2max)and spirometry(forced expiratory volume in 1 second)have been used to stratify risks of resection.In marginal cases,split-function radionuclide scans and ventilation/perfusion()scans can determine the relative contribution of each lung and individual lung reg
8、ions.Preoperative evaluation 第8页/共35页9Cardiac function should be assessed if there is question of the relative contribution of cardiac and pulmonary disease in the patients functional impairment.Echocardiography can estimate pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular function.Imaging studies,su
9、ch as chest radiography,computed tomography(CT),and magnetic resonance imaging,are useful to determine the presence of tracheal deviation,the location of pulmonary infiltrates,effusion or pneumothorax,and the involvement of adjacent structures in the disease.Preoperative evaluation 第9页/共35页10Trachea
10、l tomography or three-dimenional reconstruction from CT is used to assess the caliber of stenotic airways and can be used to predict the size and length of the endotracheal tube that will be appropriate for the patient.Severe airway stenosis(狭窄狭窄)observed preoperatively may change the anesthetists p
11、lans for induction and intubation.IntroductionPreoperative evaluation 第10页/共35页11麻醉前评估麻醉前评估一般情状:吸烟、年龄、肥胖、手术时间临床病史和体征:有无呼吸困难、哮喘、咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛、吞咽困难 气管受压移位、液气胸、异常呼吸音 胸部拍片、CT肺功能测定及血气分析:第11页/共35页12 肺功能测定屏气试验吹气试验肺功能测定:“平板运动试验”临床常用的指标(TVC、FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC、MVV)肺活量60 通气储备量70 FEV1/FVC60 有术后呼吸功能不全的可能第12页/共35页13FVC
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