高速公路施工组织设计外文翻译.pdf

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1、The stage of the project cost managementProject cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effectivecontrol of the project cost.Described the current stage of the project cost managementsituation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the

2、importance of and raised a number of key initiatives。Even under the WTO and Chinas accession to the world community，Chinasconstruction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction andmanagement of an important component part。However，the current budget for theconstruction

3、 projects-estimate，budget，Super budget accounts for the”super three is stillwidespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment。Projectcost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of theproject cost。As the project cost to the p

4、roject runs through the entire process,stage by stage can bedivided into Investment Decision stage，the design and implementation phases。Theso-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans anddesign programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages,u

5、se of certain methodsand measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope andcost of the approved limits。Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost managementsystem was formed in the 1950s，1980s perfect together。Performance of the cou

6、ntry anddirectly involved in the management of economic activities。Provisions in the designstage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government;Nothing relevantdepartments to formulate a budget，content,methods and approval，the budget will providethe fixed cost of equipment and ma

7、terials and fixed price of the budget preparation,approval，management authority,and so on。With the historical process,after recovery，reform and development，formed arelatively complete budget estimate of quota management system。However,as the socialistmarket economic development,the systems many prob

8、lems have also exposed。Generallyspeaking，the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of nationaleconomic activity as a precondition。enterprise is not the actual economic entities。Due tothe characteristics of the planned economy，and，at the time under the conditions ofproduc

9、tivity,will inevitably become a shortage in the economy。In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions,as long as a certain level ofinvestment，will be certain outputs。In this environment,the project planning and technicalargumentation there can be no economic analysis。State control of the pr

10、oject cost constitutekey factors equipment and materials prices，wages and taxes of artificial distribution.In thisrelatively stable economic environment,the budget estimate for the system approved projectcost,help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role.As the socialist mar

11、ket economic system established,requires us to predict projectinvestment and control.In recent years,international investment project developed to therequirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control。China，the traditionalpractice in an objective light on the cause decision-making，implem

12、entation heavy，light theeconomy and technology，First,the consequences of victimization，Due to the technical personnel of the projecttechnical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control,cost managementmakes the quality difficult to raise.Project Cost control is difficult to achieve lo

13、ngtermgoals。Not be fully,comparable works more or less that information accumulated relaSecond,the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances，My firstacademia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept，building departments will study the

14、feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accountsto two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost managementconcepts and methods referred to a new height。Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with Chinas nationalconditions of the market economy

15、 system goal，learn from the advanced experience of thedeveloped countries，and establish sound market economic laws of project cost managementsystem,efforts to increase the project cost levels.An investment decisionmaking phase ofthe project cost management construction project investment decision-ma

16、king stage isproposed project proposals；conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimationand the final preparation of design task。At this stage,the projects technical and economicdecisionmaking,of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of theeconomic benefits

17、have a decisive influence,The construction cost is an important stagecontrol.Chinas current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose ofclearing price，and focusing only on the construction process of cost control，neglectedbefore the start of the project investment decision

18、-making stage of cost control。Investmentdecisionmaking phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis fordecision-making。It has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of theresults of the reliability and accuracy。Because of this phase is the preliminary work ofproj

19、ects，the information catively small,estimated inadequate and unscientific。Makesproject cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something。The various stages of the project cost control in the decisionmaking phase project costcontrol.Right project planning phase of the cost,many

20、 owners have the wrong understandingthat the lower the cost the better。Cost control is not a unilateral issue，and should be anumber of factors，a combination of practical，comprehensive consideration。Theconstruction project investment decision-making stage,the projects technical and economicdecisionma

21、king，Cost of the project after the completion of the project and the economicbenefits，with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage,rationally defineand control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimizationguiding role.In the decisionmaking

22、phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study,the work is done well，returns on investment and can form a good proportion。Otherwise，invest more，less effective，resulting in loss of control and waste of investment。At present,some of the projects planned the owners of departure from

23、the subjectivedesires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof。Feasibility Study untrue,false orengineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors,actually put into the feasibilitystudy will be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot

24、ofhidden problems，lead to insufficient followup funds for the project and had to extend thetime limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective,even becomehopeless completion of the beard works。Therefore，in order to phase in the investment decisionmaking effectively contro

25、lconstruction costs,we must do the following aspects：Implementation of the construction project and corporate accountability，Construction of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the useof the funds to repay responsibilities to the people.in addition to establishing a

26、 legal systemand the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industryand supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds。A realistic approach to market analysis，to avoid the blindness of the projectdecision-making,reduces and r

27、educes investment risk.Fully consider building projects in thefuture market competitiveness,design task more scientific and reliability。Capital financing must have a formal commitment document,the parties must doinvestment funds in place,and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can b

28、eapproved after the scheduled implementation.To the various loan conditions should becarefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure.To strengthen the engineering geology，hydrology，geology and land,water,electricity，transport,environmental projects such as external condi

29、tions for the work ofdepth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds.Taking extensive investigation and research，comparison of similar projects，seriouslyfunctional analysis，multiprogram comparison and choice。After full technical appraisaland economic evaluation,and the final techn

30、ologically advanced,functional and reliable.Reasonable economic projects,thus calculate a more accurate and realistic estimation of theamount of investment，so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonablelevel.The design phase of the project cost control for a long time,China

31、s building control veryeffective,-investment projects is not uncommon,this will affect owners of investment returns,it adds to the owners and within budget，as well as difficulties in fund owners，the impacton the future management or the owners make payments in arrears，and so on。Hence，thecontrol of t

32、he project cost is of great significance，however the project cost is the primarymeans of control design，Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost control，and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact,it is wrong，on thecontrary,Design pha

33、se of the project cost control is the most important step.Because itdetermines engineering design,construction methods，materials and equipment types,models of the project cost is of critical significance,design optimization phase of the programor minor changes,project cost will have a significant im

34、pact,Design phase of the project costcontrol of the total project cost of 70.Following is how to control the project from designto create the Law：As the owners must design，the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact onthe quality of product design level,and the design quality product

35、s in the level of directinfluence on the pricing of the works。Different design units on the same project design aredifferent。the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of theproject cost on the existence of differences between，We assume that with a design from twodiffe

36、rent design institute to design，Construction plans after the completion of a requestedadvisory unit cost to do the budget,certainly different design institute the total cost of theproject is absolutely not the same,and most of the difference between the two over 10even more than 30，and not necessari

37、ly high cost than the design of low cost,and gooddesign is often low cost，We all know that different people have different design styles anddifferent levels，the design works naturally,therefore chosen to design units is the control onthe first step。Through tender to select the design of the units is

38、 a good method，the tenderdocuments to elaborate on this particular aspect of the requirements，cost control targets，and so on.设计阶段的造价控制设计阶段的造价控制长期以来,我国建筑控制很有效,因此,控制工程造价具有重要意义,但工程造价的主要方法是控制设计。目前大部分的业主在设计阶段很少工程的成本控制，而他们认为成本的设计不会有太大的影响，这是不对的,相反的,设计阶段的工程造价控制是最重要的一步。因为它决定了工程设计、施工方法、材料和设备的种类，优化设计阶段的程序或小的变化

39、,工程造价将会产生重大影响，设计阶段的工程造价控制项目总成本的 70。以下是如何控制工程从设计到管理.1.作为业主,必须重视设计设计选定的质量水平直接影响产品质量的设计水平，而设计产品质量的水平,直接影响定价的工程量。不同的设计单位对同一项目的设计是不同的.同一项目的不同设计研究院工程之间某些方面的工程造价就存在分歧之间,我们假设设计由两个不同的设计院设计,施工图完成后,所要求的咨询单位成本做预算。当然不同设计院的项目的总成本是绝对不一样的，大部分两者的差异超过 10,甚至超过 30，而不一定是成本高，比设计成本低，良好的设计往往是成本低,我们都知道，每个人有不同的设计风格，不同层次的设计作品

40、自然 因此选择设计单位，是管制的第一步。通过招标选择设计单位，是一个很好的方法，在招标文件中详细说明这方面的要求,成本控制目标等等。否则，在以后的设计过程中设计单位会提出增加成本的设计要求；通过招标项目的设计进入市场，为选择最好的设计单位。2。提倡设计招投标和设计优化战役模式设计单位评估由专家组成,按照适用，经济，美学原理和先进技术，结构合理，以满足建筑节能和环保的要求,综合评价的优点，规划设计,择优确定中选方案。成功的投资计划估计将接近一般建设工程范围内的投资。这意味着两个设计合约，将帮助设计方案的选择和竞争机会,以确保获选设计 先进的技术，独特的新颖性,适应性,以及控制工程造价。设计单位要

41、努力提高自身素质,该项目设计巧妙构思，当代降低工程成本上动脑筋，以提高设计质量，力争把设计阶段的工程造价控制批准的投资上限.3。加强设计阶段以加强监督专员,以确定一个合理的设计，成熟的技术，减少在施工阶段主要设计变化和在节目中，在有效控制了工程造价将扮演一个角色.工程的设计，如果工程监理介入排除不利因素,一般可排除 80%的错误。在整个建设过程中的成本控制，在开始施工时尽量节约投资 20，关键施工阶段的识别和控制成本。监督的设计阶段,包括:设计院的设计图纸和说明,协助业主处理不同设计方案的经济,资本开支与发展的初步估计，以确保投资能够得到最有效的利用。根据设计院提供的设计图纸和说明,协助业主处

42、理不同的设计方案经济，资本支出发展的初步规划,以确保投资能够得到最有效的利用；与业主不同的设计方案，需要计算自己的材料和设备进行成本分析和研究，对设计人员的费用,以协助他们在投资限额范围内设计,以节省投资.寻求一次性投资少，经济好的设计方案,取得最合理的经济指标。4。积极推动所谓的上限限额设计即使批准的设计任务书和投资估算,在保证功能要求的前提下.初步设计和概算控制，据初步批准的预算总额为设计和施工图设计控制。而每一个专业，每一个都有一个门槛设计的一个目标.在设计过程中，设计师要进步多方案，优化设计,确保设计在技术上是先进,合理,创新，时尚,而不是打破限制投资的目标,从而杜绝了工程设计，提高安

43、全系数和设计标准,或只考虑技术可行性的计划,而非经济理性的现象,这项工程的费用,以确保有效控制。又称价值工程的价值分析,是一种现代科学管理技术，是一个新的技术经济分析的是产品的功能分析，以节约资源,降低成本的目的，一个有效的方法。它弥补了传统的成本管理单纯强调降低成本和质量管理只强调改善质量缺陷，建设，有利于解决长期存在的时间长，浪费大，质量差，成本高的问题.价值工程法一般分为三个步骤:评估的面向对象技术和经济评分评分；计算对象的技术和经济指标；计算几何设计的物体，平均从比较中选择最佳的设计。5.建设项目实施阶段的单位工程造价管理控制工程成本，是合理的 该项目达到质量标准的前提下,在投资决策阶

44、段,设计及建造阶段的项目，把项目审批出现在管制范围内，力争在各项建设工程合理使用人力，物力和财力资源,以取得良好的投资效益和社会效益。项目成本控制和管理是一个动态的过程。动态的市场经济，使投资在确定与控制变得更为复杂，这将要求施工单位对工程造价管理的项目贯穿整个过程中，它必须有一个全面的焦点。执行阶段的项目。实施阶段的工程造价管理是实施全过程项目管理。项目实施阶段的工程造价管理可分为三个部分:投标管理施工管理和结算管理.招标施工阶段的施工单位招标制度控制工程造价的有效手段,申办组织，可以提高成本效益的工程，并确保工程质量,缩短建设周期，投资回报,施工单位可充分利用招标的手段,有效控制成本。施工

45、编号 10 月 7 部令发布了“合同与施工合同定价管理 明确指出,在工程招标使用库存。这就要求建设单位进行招标,在招标文件中,不仅包括通常的内容如债券投标前附表,招标债券合同的条件、合同协议条款、合同格式、技术规格、图纸、招标文件及其他参考格式,还必须提供工程清单招标作为参考文件的重要组成部分。建设单位在招标文件中的工程量清单，按照国家或地方颁布的规则的计算方法,统一的项目划分，统一计量单位，统一的工程计算规则按设计图纸加以计算和统计安排，取得名单。数量应遵循的筹备工作客观,公正,科学，合理的原则。编写者必须有一定的知识的工程设计和施工经验,以及材料与机械施工技术全面的科学知识，为了计算容积的

46、工程无重大遗漏。此基础上,必须符合国家规定的工程计算规则与分包工程处工程单位，并按照设计图纸,设计必不可少的爱情招标文件规定计算量的项目应该有一个综合测试,作品必须简单，虽然不露出现错误定价项目，要保证正确的工程。应该要求的不同等级分开工程部,情况则有所不同，我们可能有不同的价格,为项目分开.这就要求编写清单编制人员，认真研究设计图纸,分析招标文件中包括的工作内容及不同的技术要求,大家熟悉的过程，并到现场认真调查,预计,以使施工的情况下,会对价格项目得以打破。此外,因为项目清单计算数额的项目是不完整的工程,并考虑利益施工单位,显然付出代价相同的总体价格 该工程量清单的数量，实际建设是一个具有实

47、际意义。在评价和审查的投标应做的单位,个人总报价和综合评估价格不符合要求的个体显示物价符合要求,与最低总价不能解释单一,价低。投标人往往知道总成本，以维持相同的情况下,该计划很可能会改变较小的项目,以降低价格.变化可能较大项目的价格上升，以达到竣工结算工程，将增加为目的。我们也做价格和相应数量的工程技术综合评估的大批量项目注重价格分析。价格会做与工作内容,施工计划，是一个全面的技术评价过程中,因而倾向于选择施工单位。建设施工阶段的合同成本控制基础。签订严密的施工合同，同时加强施工合同管理,可以保证合同价是合理的,合法性，减少履行合同的纠纷,维护双方利益的合同，有效地控制了工程投资费用。在签约前

48、，做好管理合同文件,合同及补充合同协议.工作往来等单一内容提出了延长合同,并解释完整必须得到维护，除了建立了技术档案,执行合同的动态分析分析结果采取积极主动的措施。施工阶段施工阶段的施工方案,是基于预算或建安工程合同价的目标,控制工程造价。现阶段养护余地小，但可能性是浪费很大.从而控制成本的项目给予足够的重视.建筑计划加强技术经济比较施工方案是施工组织设计进行了重新的工作内容，合理的施工方案,缩短建设工期,确保三峡工程质量，提高经济效率,施工方案正确，从技术和经济评价进行了比较，通过定性和定量分析,质量，时间,成本三项技术和经济指标，是理智的，并有效地使用人力,物力和财力,取得较好的经济效益,

49、良好的施工管理人员之间的关系，全面成本管理是一个重要途径。严格涉及更改项目预算控制在概算内施工造成的变化，原因有很多，包括工程设计不良，使工程合同与图纸不符规定；当前市场供应的材料不符合标准规格的设计要求.这些问题已离开初级工程造价的因素。因此,在施工过程中，我们必须加紧海关变化通过任何更改设计，扩大建设规模，提高设计标准，增加建设内容，最好实行“分级控制,限额签证”制度。有权变更设计，尤其是涉及到成本的设计变更，必须经设计单位，建设单位现场代表，监理工程师共同签字，并应提前这种变化,减少损失,因为已完成或部分完成的项目将进行拆除工作的内容，这势必造成重大变更损失。因此，建设单位应指派工程造价

50、管理专业人员常驻施工现场，掌握在任何时候控制工程造价的变化。工程现场签证手续通过严格控制建设项目的监督制度，建立专门的部门,专业人员使用的专业项目管理，以避免项目管理人员只是签证不是经济帐的现象。投资失控造成严重后果，严重改变签证程序，要采取建设，监理方、工地代表共同签名的方式,以确保变更,签证的真实性,合法性,经济和避免欺诈的现象,由此产生的纠纷。在施工过程中,建设单位要加强现场施工管理,督促施工方按图施工，严格控制变更的谈判，代用材料，现场签证,以及各种预算外额外劳动力成本的必要修改,应做一次后发生变化的及时变化,计算的工作量和费用的情况发生了巨大变化，以把握在任何时候项目的费用水平,以避