外文文献—动画.pdf

《外文文献—动画.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《外文文献—动画.pdf（7页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、AnimationAnimationAnimation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or modelpositions to create an illusion of movement.The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to thephenomenon of persistence of vision,and can be created and demonstrated in several ways.Themost com

2、mon method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program，althoughthere are other methods。Early examplesEarly examplesAn Egyptian burial chamber mural，approximately 4000 years old,showing wrestlers inaction。Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings,there

3、was no wayof viewing the images in motion.It does,however，indicate the artists intention of depictingmotion.Early examples of attempts to capture thephenomenon of motion drawing can be foundFive images sequence from a vase foundin paleolithic cave paintings,where animals arein Iranwith multiple legs

4、 in superimposeddepictedpositions,clearly attempting to convey theA 5,000 year old earthen bowl found inperception of motion.Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along theThere is no single person who can be considered the”creator”of film animation,as theresides.This has been claimed to be an e

5、xample ofwere several people working on projects which could be considered animation at about the sameearly animation.However,since no equipmenttime。existed to show the images in motion,such aGeorges Mlis was a creator of specialeffect films；he was generally one of the firstseries of images cannot b

6、e called animation in apeople to use animation with his technique.He discovered a technique by accident which was totrue sense of the word.stop the camera rolling to change something in the scene,and then continue rolling the film.ThisA Chinese zoetrope-type device had beenidea was later known as st

7、op-motion animation。Mlis discovered this technique accidentallyinventedin180 AD.Thephenakistoscope,when his camera broke down while shooting a bus driving by。When he had fixed the camera，apraxinoscope,and the common flip book werehearse happened to be passing by just as M lis restarted rolling the f

8、ilm,his end result was thatearly popular animation devices invented duringAn。Egyptianburialchambermural,he had managed to make a bus transform into a hearseThis was just one of the greatthe 19th century.approximately4000yearsold,showingcontributors to animation in the early years.These devices produ

9、cedstoptheappearance ofwrestlers in action.Even though this mayThe earliest survivingmotion advertising film was an English short by Arthurmovementfromsequentialdrawingsusing(1899appeartoforaseriesofanimationMelbourne-Cooper called Matches：An Appeal）.similarDevelopedthe Bryant and Maytechnological m

10、eans,but animation did not reallydrawings,therewas no way of viewing theMatchsticks company，it involved stop-motion animation of wiredtogether matches writing adevelopmuchfurtheruntilthe。adventofimages in motion.It does,however,indicatepatriotic call to action on a blackboardcinematography.the artis

11、ts intention of depicting motion.J.Stuart Blackton was possibly the first American film-maker to use the techniques ofstopmotion and hand-drawn animation。Introduced to film-making by Edison,he pioneeredthese concepts at the turn of the 20th century，with his first copyrighted work dated 1900。Several

12、of his films，among them The Enchanted Drawing(1900)and Humorous Phases ofFunny Faces（1906)were film versions of Blacktons”lightning artist routine,and utilizedmodified versions of Mlis early stopmotion techniques to make a series of blackboarddrawings appear to move and reshape themselves.Humorous P

13、hases of Funny Faces is regularlycited as the first true animated film,and Blackton is considered the first true animator。artist,mile Cohl,beganFantasmagorie by Emile Cohl,1908Another FrenchFollowing the successes of Blackton and Cohlmany other artists began experimenting withdrawing cartoon strips

14、and created a film in，animation。One such artist was Winsor McCay,a successful newspaper cartoonist，who created1908 called Fantasmagorie.The film largelydetailed animations that required a team of artists and painstaking attention for detail.Each frameconsisted of a stick figure moving about andencou

15、ntering all manner of morphing objects,such as a wine bottle that transforms into aflower.There were also sections of live actionwhere the animators hands would enter thescene.The film was created by drawing eachwas drawn on paper;which invariably required backgrounds and characters to be redrawn an

16、danimated。Among McCays most noted films are Little Nemo(1911)，Gertie the Dinosaur(1914)and The Sinking of the Lusitania（1918)。The production of animated short films,typically referred to as”cartoons，became anindustry of its own during the 1910s，and cartoon shorts were produced to be shown in movieth

17、eaters.The most successful early animation producer was John Randolph Bray,who,along withanimator Earl Hurd，patented the cel animation process which dominated the animation industryfor the rest of the decade。El Apstol(Spanish:The Apostle）was a 1917 Argentine animated film utilizing cutoutanimation，a

18、nd the worlds first animated feature film.Traditional animationTraditional animationTraditional animation(also called cel animationThe traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century。or hand-drawn animation)was the process used forToday,animators drawings and t

19、he backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into amost animated films of the 20th century.Thecomputer system。Various software programs are used to color the drawings and simulate cameraindividual frames of a traditionally animated film aremovement and effects.The final animated piece is

20、 output to one of several delivery media，photographs of drawings,which are first drawn onincluding traditional 35 mm film and newer media such as digital video。The look of traditionalpaper.To create the illusion of movement,eachcel animation is still preserved,and the character animators work has re

21、mained essentially thedrawing differs slightly from the one before it.Thesame over the past 70 years。Some animation producers have used the term”tradigital toanimators drawings are traced or photocopied ontodescribe cel animation which makes extensive use of computer technology.transparent acetate s

22、heets called cels,which are filledExamples of traditionally animated feature films include Pinocchio（United States,1940),in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the sideAnimal Farm（United Kingdom,1954），and Akira(Japan,1988）.Traditional animated filmsopposite the line drawings.The completed cha

23、racterwhich were produced with the aid of computer technology include The Lion King（US,1994）cels are photographed one-by-one onto motion pictureAnexampleoftraditionalSen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi（Spirited Away)(Japan，2001），and Les Triplettes defilm against a painted background by a rostrumanimation,

24、a horse animated byBelleville（France，2003)。camera.rotoscopingfromEadweardFull animation refers to the process of producing high-quality traditionally animated films,Muybridges 19th century photosbewhich regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement。Fully animated films candone in a variety

25、of styles，from more realistically animated works such as those produced by theWalt Disney studio（Beauty and the Beast，Aladdin，Lion King)to the more cartoony stylesof those produced by the Warner Bros。animation studio。Many of the Disney animated featuresare examples of full animation,as are non-Disne

26、y works such as The Secret of NIMH（US，1982），The Iron Giant（US，1999），and Nocturna（Spain,2007）。Limited animation involves the use of less detailed and/or more stylized drawings andmethods of movement。Pioneered by the artists at the American studio United Productions ofAmerica,limited animation can be

27、used as a method of stylized artistic expression,as in GeraldMcBoing Boing(US,1951）,Yellow Submarine(UK,1968），and much of the anime producedin Japan.Its primary use,however，has been in producing costeffective animated content formedia such as television（the work of Hanna Barbera,Filmation，and other

28、TV animationstudios）and later the Internet(web cartoons）.Rotoscoping is a technique,patented by Max Fleischer in 1917，where animators tracelive-action movement，frame by frame.The source film can be directly copied from actorsoutlines into animated drawings,as in The Lord of the Rings（US,1978)，or use

29、d in a stylizedand expressive manner，as in Waking Life(US，2001）and A Scanner Darkly（US，2006）。Some other examples are：Fire and Ice(USA,1983）and Heavy Metal（1981）.Live-action/animation is a technique，when combining handdrawn characters into liveaction shots。One of the earlier uses of it was Koko the C

30、lown when Koko was drawn over liveaction footage.Other examples would include Who Framed Roger Rabbit(USA,1988），SpaceJam（USA,1996）and Osmosis Jones(USA，2002）。Computer animationComputer animationComputer animation encompasses avariety of techniques,the unifying factorbeing that the animation is creat

31、ed digitallyA short gif animation of Earthon a computer.This animation takes less2D animation2D animationtime than previous traditional animation.2D animation figures are created and/or edited on the computer using 2D bitmap graphics orcreated and edited using 2D vector graphics。This includes automa

32、ted computerized versions oftraditional animation techniques such as of,interpolated morphing，onion skinning andinterpolated rotoscoping。2D animation has many applications,including analog computer animation,Flash animationand PowerPoint animation.Cinemagraphs are still photographs in the form of an

33、 animated GIFfile of which part is animated.3D animation3D animation3D animation is digitally modeled and manipulated by an animator.To manipulate a mesh，it is given a digital skeletal structure that can be used to control the mesh。This process is calledrigging。Various other techniques can be applie

34、d，such as mathematical functions（ex.gravity，particle simulations)，simulated fur or hair，effects such as fire and water and the use of motioncapture to name but a few,these techniques fall under the category of 3D dynamics.Well made3D animations can be difficult to distinguish from live action and ar

35、e commonly used asvisualeffects for recent movies。Toy Story（1995，USA）is the first feature length film to becreated and rendered entirely using 3D graphics.TermsTermsCel-shaded animation，is used to mimic traditional animation using CG software.Shadinglooks stark,with less blending colors。Examples inc

36、lude,Skyland（2007,France）,AppleseedEx Machina(2007，Japan)，The Legend of Zelda：Wind Waker(2002,Japan)Machinima，Films created by screen capturing in video games and virtual worlds.Motion capture，is used when live action actors wear special suits that allow computers tocopy their movements into CG char

37、acters。Examples include Polar Express(2004，USA），Beowulf（2007，USA），A Christmas Carol（2009,USA)，The Adventures of Tintin（2011，USA)Photo realistic animation，is used primarily for animation that attempts to resemble real life.Using advanced rendering that makes detailed skin，plants，water，fire，clouds,etc

38、.to mimicreal life.Examples include Up（2009，USA),KungFu Panda(2008,USA)，Ice Age（2002,USA)。2D animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D techniques usuallybuild virtual worlds in which characters and objects move and interact.3D animation can createimages that seem real to the

39、viewer。Other animation techniquesOther animation techniquesDrawn on film animation:a technique where footage is produced by creating the imagesdirectly on film stock,for example by Norman McLaren,Len Lye and Stan Brakhage。Paint-onglass animation：a technique for making animated films bymanipulating s

40、lowdrying oil paints on sheets of glass，for example by Aleksandr Petrov.Erasure animation：a technique using tradition 2D medium,photographed over time as theartist manipulates the image。For example，William Kentridge is famous for his charcoal erasurefilms,and Piotr Dumaa for his auteur technique of

41、animating scratches on plaster。Pinscreen animation:makes use of a screen filled with movable pins，which can be movedin or out by pressing an object onto the screen.The screen is lit from the side so that the pins castshadows。The technique has been used to create animated films with a range of textur

42、al effectsdifficult to achieve with traditional cel animation.Sand animation:sand is moved around on a back or frontlighted piece of glass to createeach frame for an animated film。This creates an interesting effect when animated because of thelight contrast。Flip book:A flip book（sometimes，especially

43、 in British English，called a flick book)isa book with a series of pictures that vary gradually from one page to the next,so that when thepages are turned rapidly，the pictures appear to animate by simulating motion or some otherchange.Flip books are often illustrated books for children,but may also b

44、e geared towards adultsand employ a series of photographs rather than drawings.Flip books are not always separatebooks,but may appear as an added feature in ordinary books or magazines,often in the pagecorners.Software packages and websites are also available that convert digital video files intocus

45、tom-made flip books.中文翻译动画动画动画是2-D或3-D的艺术品或职位建模的一系列的想象的快速的表现来创造一种运动的幻觉。这个影响是移动上的一种视觉上的错觉由于视觉持续的现象，并且能够在几种方式上被创造和被展示。最常见的方法当前动画是作为一幅移动的图片或是视频节目，尽管有其他的方法。1。早期的例子一位埃及人埋葬在秘密的壁画中,近似于 4000 年，在行动上展示了摔跤选手。甚至尽管这个可能出现相似于一系列的动画的图案，没有视觉上的方式在运转中的想象。它的确是，然而,在描写运动中表明了艺术家的意图.早些尝试的的例子去捕获移动的图片，它能够在旧石器时代的洞穴在伊朗从一只花瓶上发现

46、了5种图像次序5000 岁的制钵机在伊朗被发现，没有单一的人能够被考虑成电影动画的“创造者，像有几个人工作在项目壁画被发现，在重叠的位置上带有多一位埃及人埋葬在秘密的壁画沿着这边一只山羊被描绘成五种图中，它能够同时被考虑成动画。条腿的动物们被描绘，清晰的尝试去中，近似于4000 年，在行动上展示像。这已经被声称是早期动画的一个乔治斯是一名特殊效果电影的创造者；一般来说他是使用他的机器制作动画表达动画的感觉。了摔跤选手。甚至尽管这个可能出例子。然而，后来没有设备存在来展他偶然的发现了一种技术这即将去停止照相机旋转在场面中改变一些的第一人。现相似于一系列的动画的图案，没示在运转中的想象，像一系列的

47、想象事情，然后继续旋转胶卷。这个思想后来被称作单格拍制动画。当摄影一辆公共有视觉上的方式在运转中的想象。不能被称作动画在一个真实的世界汽车驱动时乔治斯偶然的发现这项技术，当时他的照相机就出现了故障。当他已它的确是，然而，在描写运动中表里。经修好照相机时，一辆灵车碰巧通过时刚巧乔治斯重启旋转胶卷，明了艺术家的意图。他的最后结果一面中国的西洋镜类型的设备已.在早些年对于动画他是一位伟大的创造他设法使一辆公共汽车转变成一辆灵车经在 180 AD 中被发明。转盘活动影像者.镜，教学用喉动态镜，和常见的手翻书是早些流行的动画设备在 19 世纪被发明。这些设备生产移动的外观从连续的图片中用技术的手段，但是

48、动画没最早期继续存在的单格拍摄广告电影是一种英语的缺乏被阿瑟墨尔本库珀称作火柴：一种呼吁（1899）。开发的布赖恩特和五月火柴梗公司，它涉及到接有点电线的火柴的单格拍制动画在一个黑板上写爱国的行动呼吁。J。斯图尔特布莱克顿可能是美国第一电影制作人用来使用单格拍制技术和手绘的动画.被爱迪生发明电影制作,他倡导这些概念在 20 世纪的转变,随着他的第一个受版权保护的注有日期 1900。几个他的电影，在他们之中被施魔法的图画（1900）和风趣的脸的幽默阶段(1906）是布莱克顿的“作家快手路线的版本，并且修改乔治斯早期的单格拍制技术的版本用来制作一系列的黑板上的图画出现移动并且改造他们自己。风趣的脸

49、的幽默阶段有规律的被引用作为第一个真实的动画电影，布莱克顿被称为第一位真实的动画家。另一个法国艺术家，埃米尔开始绘画卡通脚本并且创作一部电影在 1908 年叫随着布莱克顿和埃米尔的成功，许多其他的艺术家开始用动画进行试验.一做幻影集。这部电影大部分考虑了一个粗位这样的艺术家名叫温瑟，一位成功的报纸漫画家,他创作了详细的动画片这需线条刻画人物走来走去并且遇到了变形要一组艺术家并且对于细节艰苦的注意。这总是需要目标的所有方式，例如一个酒瓶转变成一每一个框架在纸上被描述，背景图片和人物特征来被重画和有生气的，朵花。也有实景真人卡通绘制者的手将会在莫卡的大多数显著的电影中有小尼莫(1911）,恐龙葛蒂

50、（1914）和尼西塔尼亚号的沉没（1918)。进入场景中。这部电影在纸上描绘每一个动画短片的作品，尤其被称作“卡通动画”,在 1910s 期间变成了它自己的框架被制作然后在底片上射击每一个框一个工业，卡通动画短片在电影院制作被放映。最成功的早期动画生产者是布雷,架，这会给如片一个平台观看。这使幻影他，跟随制片家贺德一起，取得赛璐珞动画处理的专利这支配着动画工业对于其集被制作成第一部动画片，后来被称为传他的十年。统的（手绘制）动画。年被埃米尔制作的幻影集E1 导师（西班牙语:“信徒”）是 19171908年阿根廷动画电影利用挖剪图片动画，并且是世界上第一部最佳动画长片电影.传统动画的一个例子，来