专题一初中英语句子成分及基本句型.pptx

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1、1句子成分Parts of the Sentence第1页/共53页2概念：组成句子的各个部分，即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语，主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。第2页/共53页3句子成份 句子一般由两个部分组成：主语部分（subject group）谓语部分（predicate group）句子成份：主主 谓谓 宾宾 表表补补定定 状状第3页/共53页4Members of sentence:S-subjectP-predicative O-objectAttri.-attributeAdv.-adverbOc-object complement predicate主主宾宾表表补

2、补定定状状谓谓第4页/共53页5主语（subject）主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么是什么”或或“是谁是谁”。一般由一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的，也有从句充当的现象。现象。大多数主语都在大多数主语都在句首。句首。第5页/共53页6主语（subject）:句子的主体，全句述说的对象句子的主体，全句述说的对象，一般位于句首The sun rises in the east.（名词）He likes dancing.（代词）Twenty years is a sho

3、rt time in history.(数词)Seeing is believing.（动名词）第6页/共53页7讲述“谁”We work in a big factory.讲述“什么”The classroom is very big.数词作主语Three are enough.三个人就够了不定式作主语To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctors job.从句作主语What we need is food.我们最需要的是食物.在“There be”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：There are some bottles of mil

4、k in the box.第7页/共53页8在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如：It is very interesting to play the game called“treat or trick”.It took two workers about three months to build the house.第8页/共53页9To see is to believe.（不定式）What he needs is a book.（主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a

5、tree.形式主语形式主语真正主语真正主语It=that the elephant is round and tall like a tree第9页/共53页10The rich should help the poor.名词化的形容词名词化的形容词第10页/共53页111.Doexerciseisgoodforyourhealth.2.Eattoomuchmeatisbadforyourhealth.V.不能做主语！不能做主语！第11页/共53页12指出下列句中主语的中心词Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.介词不能

6、作主语Thereisanoldmancominghere.There is an apple on the table.An apple is there on the table.第12页/共53页13Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.Todotodayshomeworkwithouttheteachershelpisverydifficult.第13页/共53页14找出下面句子的主语1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.3.Cleaningth

7、ehouseneedsalotoftime.主语小测主语小测第14页/共53页15单选：1.Marywithhertwodaughters_goingtoShanghaiforExplo 2010 nextmonth.A.areB.wasC.isD.were2._moreexercisedoesgoodtoyourhealth.A.DoB.DoesC.DidD.Doing3._isimpossibletofinishthisjobbeforeWednesday.A.ThatB.ThisC.ItD.They第15页/共53页16谓语（predicate）：说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样。常置于常

8、置于主语后。主语后。由动词充当，主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致。谓语动词存在多种时态，它是句子的核心。第16页/共53页17He is very generous.She looks very smart and coolWe have finished the job.He can speak German.第17页/共53页18谓语（predicate）:是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。Iloveyou!Theywenttosleepverylatelastnight.Hepractisesrunningeverymorning.第18

9、页/共53页19Theplanetookoffat10oclock.Howoftendoyougoshopping?Whydidntyoucomebacklastnight?简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成第19页/共53页20Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcough.Wearesudents.Thatideasoundsgreat!复合谓语：复合谓语：1.情态动词情态动词助动词助动词+v 2.系动词系动词+adj.第20页/共53页21Open the door,please!Go and get

10、some water for me.Dont laugh at others!Dont come back late tonight.祈使句：1.省略主语you2.谓语动词用原形第21页/共53页22找出下列句子的谓语Idontlikethepictureonthewall.Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?第22页/共53页23Tomdidntdohishomeworkyesterday.Wehadbette

11、rsendforadoctor.Heisinterestedinmusic.Whomdidyougivemybookto?11.Putawayyourbooksrightnow!第23页/共53页24按要求找出下列句子的主谓：1.Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes.（主谓）2.Hebrokeapieceofglass.（谓）3.Dontgetnervous，andhelpyourselftowhatyoulike（主谓）4.Luckilythe1989earthquakedidnothappeninthecenteroftown.（主谓）5.Therearemanype

12、opleinthehall.（主）6.Wouldyoupleasepassmethecup?（主谓）主谓小测主谓小测祈使句祈使句,省略主语省略主语you第24页/共53页251.Itisdifficultforme_somuchworkwithinonenight.Canyouhelpme?A.finishB.finishingC.tofinishD.finished2.Johnwithtwoofhisfriends_toplaybasketballeverySundayafternoon.A.goB.wentC.goesD.gone单选：单选：Itsadj.forsbtodosth.做某事对

13、某人来说是做某事对某人来说是的的形式主语形式主语真正的主语真正的主语 to finish第25页/共53页263._upearly,oryouwillmisstheearlybus.A.GotB.GetC.GettingD.Gets4._upearlyisgoodforyourhealth.A.GotB.GetC.GettingD.Gets5.Wow!Thecaketastes_!CanIhaveonemore?A.wellB.deliciouslyC.badD.good祈使句，谓语动词用原形祈使句，谓语动词用原形动名词做主语动名词做主语感官动词感官动词+adj.第26页/共53页27表语（p

14、redicative）：说明主语是说明或怎么样，由名词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、介词短语、句子等充当。它的位置在系动词后面。第27页/共53页28 形容词作表语You look younger than before.名词作表语 My father is a teacher.副词作表语Everyone is here.介词短语作表语They are at the theatre.不定式作表语My job is to teach them English.动名词作表语Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语That is why he didnt come t

15、o school yesterday.第28页/共53页29宾语（object）:表示动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、V-ing、从句充当，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。第29页/共53页30如：名词作宾语He never forgives others for their mistakes.代词做宾语He often helps me.不定式作宾语He likes to sleep in the open air.动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed living in China.从句做宾语I

16、 believe that they can finish the work in time.第30页/共53页31直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如：We brought them some food.主 谓 间宾 直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。第31页/共53页32宾语的补足语（object complement）在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾

17、语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.第32页/共53页33名词作宾补If you let me go,Ill make you king.形容词作宾补Dont make your hands dirty.副词作宾补We found Li Ming out when we arrived.介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home.省略to的不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the building.带

18、to的不定式作宾补The boy ordered the dog to lie down.现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day.过去分词作宾补Yesterday he got his leg broken.第33页/共53页34在英语中,常见的“宾语宾语补足语”的结构有：“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call,name,make,find,choose,think,leave等。We call him Jack.They made Li Lei their monitor.“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think,believe,leave

19、,drive,make,keep,turn,wish,want等。如：Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave him alone.Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?第34页/共53页35“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down,up,here,there,home,in,out,anywhere等。如：Let him in/out.Mr.Li drove

20、us home.When got there,we found him out.“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如：We found everything in good order.We regard him as our good friend.He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.第35页/共53页36“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种：A 要求带to的不定式The cool water of the lake invited us to s

21、wim.B 要求不带to 的不定式 let,make,see,hear,watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day.I often hear him read English in his room.C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother(to)do housework.“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。I saw them playing on the playground.I heard Mary s

22、inging in the classroom.“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。I had my bike stolen.The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood.第36页/共53页37 形式宾语形容词We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.宾语+what 从句Call me what you like.Mr.Li has made the factory what it is today.The moun

23、tain village is different from what it was ten years ago.第37页/共53页38动宾表示行为的对象，放在及物动词或者介词之后。IlikeChina.Hehatesyou.Howmanydoyouneed?WeneedtwoWeshouldhelptheoldandthepoor.IenjoyworkingwithyouIhopetoseeyouagain.Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?第38页/共53页39Heisafraidofher-hisheadteacher.Underthesnow,therearemany

24、rocks.介词后面的宾语：介宾注意：人称代词要用宾格Idecidedtogowith_.A.heB.hisC.herD.theyE.she第39页/共53页40Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney.间接宾语(sb)+直接宾语(sth)：双宾第40页/共53页41IthinkithardtofinishthisdifficultjobbeforeSunday.形式宾语形式宾语真正宾语真正宾语第41页/共53页42Mybrotherhasntdonehishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.

25、Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourjob.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?找出下列句子的宾语第42页/共53页435.Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?6.Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.7.Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.8.Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.9.Theythinkitimpossibletogett

26、othestationinsuchashorttime.第43页/共53页44定语（attributive）：用来修饰名词或代词。由形容词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、从句充当。单词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或句子作定语放在被修饰才之后。第44页/共53页45定语（attributive）定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。第45页/共53页46形容词作定语 The black bike is m

27、ine.代词作定语 Whats your name?名词作定语They made some paper flowers.介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three,Grade One.不定式作短语 I have lots to eat and drink.从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.第46页/共53页47 在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。修饰不定代词 something,anything,nothing,some

28、thing,anyone,somebody,anybody,nobody 的定语必须后置。如：Well go to have something English.If you dont know the answer,ask someone else.Do you have anything important to tell me?介词短语作定语时要后置。如：Do you know the boy behind the tree?The students in the room are all my friends.I think the picture on the left is bet

29、ter than the one on the right.第47页/共53页48动词的不定式作定语时要后置What about something to drink?I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.注 动词不定式作主语时，to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。Do you have any piece of music to listen to?nearby,below,downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如：We are a

30、t the top of the hill.Can you see the village below?The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.第48页/共53页49状语（adverbial）：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、条件、目的、方式、程度等等。通常由副词、介词短语、不定式或句子充当。（若在同一句子中出现多个不同状语，常见的4个的顺序为：方式状语、目的状语、地点状语、时间状语。）第49页/共53页50状语

31、 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如：He did it carefully They missed me very much.Without his help,we couldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.When I was young,I could swim well.第50页/共53页51副词作状语的位置：放在句中修饰动词，通常是be动词之后，实义动词之前，助动词和实义动词之间，如usually,often，sometime，seldom，never，also，only，ever，still放在句末修饰动词，如very much，a lot，quickly，fast，high，slowly修饰形容词或副词时反复在它们前面，如very good，so early有的副词在句子中位置灵活，如already，only，sometime第51页/共53页52典型例题第52页/共53页53谢谢您的观看！第53页/共53页