unit6被动与主动_英汉对比与翻译.ppt
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1、Unit 6被动与主动被动与主动Passive vs.Active教学目标:教学目标:教学目标:教学目标:(一)、认识英语句式的被动倾向(一)、认识英语句式的被动倾向(二)、认识汉语句式的主动倾向(二)、认识汉语句式的主动倾向教学内容:教学内容:教学内容:教学内容:(一)、英语惯用被动句的原因(一)、英语惯用被动句的原因(二)、汉语限用被动句(多用主动式)的原因(二)、汉语限用被动句(多用主动式)的原因(三)、汉语主动式的的表达形式(三)、汉语主动式的的表达形式(四)、英汉互译中的语态转换(翻译练习)(四)、英汉互译中的语态转换(翻译练习)重点难点:重点难点:重点难点:重点难点:(一)、重点:
2、英语被动式与汉语主动式形成的原因(一)、重点:英语被动式与汉语主动式形成的原因(二)、难点:掌握英汉语语态转换的方法和技巧(二)、难点:掌握英汉语语态转换的方法和技巧 (一)、英语惯用被动句的原因(一)、英语惯用被动句的原因一、施事的原因。一、施事的原因。人们表达思想的时候,通常使人们表达思想的时候,通常使用主动句。但当主动句的施事用主动句。但当主动句的施事(agent)(agent)由于以下的由于以下的原因而不需要或不可能指明时,英语往往采用被动原因而不需要或不可能指明时,英语往往采用被动句:句:1.1.施事未知而难以言明,施事未知而难以言明,如:如:a.The murderer a.The
3、 murderer was caughtwas caught yesterday,and it yesterday,and it is said that he will be hanged.is said that he will be hanged.凶手已于昨天被捕,据说他将会被绞死。凶手已于昨天被捕,据说他将会被绞死。b.New factories b.New factories are being builtare being built all over the all over the country.country.全国到处在兴建工厂。全国到处在兴建工厂。2.2.施事从上下文中可
4、以不言自明施事从上下文中可以不言自明,如:,如:a.Your suggestion a.Your suggestion has been duly notedhas been duly noted.你的建议已得到及时关注。你的建议已得到及时关注。b.She told me that her master had dismissed b.She told me that her master had dismissed her.No reason her.No reason had been assignedhad been assigned;no objection;no objection
5、had been madehad been made to her conduct.She to her conduct.She had been had been forbiddenforbidden to appeal to her mistress.to appeal to her mistress.她告诉我,她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人没有她告诉我,她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人没有讲明任何理由,对她的行为没有任何异议,也不许讲明任何理由,对她的行为没有任何异议,也不许她向女主人申诉。她向女主人申诉。3.3.施事不如受事重要,或受事需要强调施事不如受事重要,或受事需要强调,如:,如:Hi
6、s only son His only son was run overwas run over by a car.by a car.她的独子被汽车轧了。她的独子被汽车轧了。有时为了隐去含糊的人称主语(有时为了隐去含糊的人称主语(vague pronoun vague pronoun subjectsubject),也用被动句:),也用被动句:At the tea party At the tea party theythey served only tea and served only tea and cake.cake.At the tea party only tea and cake
7、 At the tea party only tea and cake were were servedserved.茶会上只供应茶和饼。茶会上只供应茶和饼。4.4.由于特殊原因而不需指明施事由于特殊原因而不需指明施事,如为了使叙述,如为了使叙述显得圆通、得体,或为了表达某种微妙的情绪显得圆通、得体,或为了表达某种微妙的情绪(tact or delicacy of sentimenttact or delicacy of sentiment),如:),如:Some things Some things have been saidhave been said here tonight that
8、 here tonight that ought not to ought not to have been spokenhave been spoken.今晚有些人在此讲了不该讲的话。今晚有些人在此讲了不该讲的话。You are cordially invited to join in the You are cordially invited to join in the celebrations of the May Day Festival on Sunday,celebrations of the May Day Festival on Sunday,May 1May 1stst,a
9、t 10:00 a.m.,at,at 10:00 a.m.,at ZhongshanZhongshan Park.Park.五月一日(星期日)上午五月一日(星期日)上午1010点在中山公园举行点在中山公园举行“五一劳动节五一劳动节”庆祝活动,敬请光临。(出于礼貌、庆祝活动,敬请光临。(出于礼貌、得体)得体)二、句法的要求二、句法的要求。英语重形合,注重句法结构和英语重形合,注重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式不便于表达时,出于造句的需表达形式。当主动式不便于表达时,出于造句的需要或修辞的考虑,往往采用被动式:要或修辞的考虑,往往采用被动式:1.1.为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接为了使句子承
10、上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接。a.Some kinds of plastics a.Some kinds of plastics can be forcedcan be forced through machines which separate them into through machines which separate them into long,thin strings,called long,thin strings,called fibresfibres,and these,and these fibresfibres can be makecan be make into c
11、loth.into cloth.有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维,有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维,这种纤维可以用来织布。这种纤维可以用来织布。b.He appeared on the stage and b.He appeared on the stage and was warmly was warmly applaudedapplauded by the audience.by the audience.他出现在台上,观众热烈鼓掌欢迎。他出现在台上,观众热烈鼓掌欢迎。c.Language c.Language is shapedis shaped by,and shape
12、s,human by,and shapes,human thought.thought.语言受制于思想,又影响思想。语言受制于思想,又影响思想。2.2.为了使句子平衡,保持末端中心为了使句子平衡,保持末端中心(end end focusfocus)和末端重量()和末端重量(end weightend weight),以符合主语简),以符合主语简短、谓语复杂的表达习惯。短、谓语复杂的表达习惯。a.I was astounded that he a.I was astounded that he was preparedwas prepared to to give me a job.give m
13、e a job.他准备给我一份工作,这使我大吃一惊。他准备给我一份工作,这使我大吃一惊。b.It b.It is universally acknowledgedis universally acknowledged that a single that a single man of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.man of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.凡是有钱的单身汉,总要娶位太太,这已经成了凡是有钱的单身汉,总要娶位太太,这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。一条举世公认的真理。三、修辞的
14、需要。三、修辞的需要。英语修辞学主张不要过分使用英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句,但适当使用被动句可以使表达方法灵活多被动句,但适当使用被动句可以使表达方法灵活多变,变,避免句型单调避免句型单调,达到一定的修辞效果。例如使,达到一定的修辞效果。例如使用被动句可以用被动句可以减少以填补词减少以填补词“it”it”、“there”there”引导引导的句式,使句子比较干脆、有力的句式,使句子比较干脆、有力。There are many ways to vary the basic There are many ways to vary the basic English sentence patt
15、ern of subject-verb-English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object.object.有许多方法可以变换英语有许多方法可以变换英语“主主-动动-宾宾”基本句型。基本句型。The basic English sentence pattern of The basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object can be varied in many ways.subject-verb-object can be varied in many ways.英语英语“主主-动动-宾宾
16、”基本句型可以用许多方法加以基本句型可以用许多方法加以变换。变换。四、文体的需要四、文体的需要。信息类文体如科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体及信息类文体如科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体及论述文体在英文中较多使用被动句。科技文体注重论述文体在英文中较多使用被动句。科技文体注重事理合活动的客观叙述,力戒作者的主观臆断,因事理合活动的客观叙述,力戒作者的主观臆断,因而常避免提及施事。新闻报道注重口气客观、间接、而常避免提及施事。新闻报道注重口气客观、间接、叙事翔实、冷静,施事往往难以言明,也不宜言明。叙事翔实、冷静,施事往往难以言明,也不宜言明。公文注重叙述公正、无私,口气客观、正式。公文注重叙述公正、无
17、私,口气客观、正式。The passive is generally more commonly used The passive is generally more commonly used in informative than in imaginative writing,in informative than in imaginative writing,notably in the objective,non-personal style of notably in the objective,non-personal style of scientific articles an
18、d news items.scientific articles and news items.英语有过分使用被动语态的倾向,其英语有过分使用被动语态的倾向,其弊端弊端在于:在于:罗嗦(罗嗦(wordywordy)、间接()、间接(indirectindirect)、无力)、无力(weakweak)、隐晦()、隐晦(oracularoracular),故弄玄虚),故弄玄虚(mysteriousmysterious)而深不可测()而深不可测(impenetrableimpenetrable),使),使交际者之间隔着一层被动的烟幕(交际者之间隔着一层被动的烟幕(passive passive sm
19、okescreensmokescreen)。)。“half the half the delatorinessdelatoriness,the passing of the,the passing of the bucks,the shrinking of responsibility,the bucks,the shrinking of responsibility,the lazymindednesslazymindedness,and the want of initiative”,and the want of initiative”结构被动句结构被动句(syntactic passi
20、vesyntactic passive)vs.vs.意义被动句意义被动句(notional passivenotional passive)英语结构被动句多于意义被动句(用主动的形式英语结构被动句多于意义被动句(用主动的形式表达被动的意义),表达被动的意义),原因原因在于:在于:1.1.绝大多数的及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语绝大多数的及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语都有被动式。都有被动式。2.2.被动式可借助形态变化来表示,因而形式很多:被动式可借助形态变化来表示,因而形式很多:限定动词多种时态的被动式和非限定动词(不定式、限定动词多种时态的被动式和非限定动词(不定式、分词、动名词)的被动式;
21、非人称被动式分词、动名词)的被动式;非人称被动式(impersonal passiveimpersonal passive);双重被动式();双重被动式(double double passivepassive)。应用广泛,使用频率高。)。应用广泛,使用频率高。例外例外:意义被动式在英语意义被动式在英语句子句子里较少见里较少见 1.These products sell like hot cakes.1.These products sell like hot cakes.(=are=are soldsold)这些产品十分畅销。这些产品十分畅销。2.The clock needs repair
22、ing.2.The clock needs repairing.(=is repaired=is repaired)这个钟需要修理。这个钟需要修理。3.The book is printing 3.The book is printing (=is being printed=is being printed)这本书正在印刷。这本书正在印刷。4.The room filled rapidly.4.The room filled rapidly.(=was filled=was filled)房间很快就挤满了。房间很快就挤满了。词汇手段词汇手段表达被动意义:表达被动意义:名词(短语):名词(短语
23、):Examinee Examinee (=person examined=person examined)受审查者;受受审查者;受试人试人 Interviewee Interviewee (=person interviewed=person interviewed)受访者;)受访者;参加面试者参加面试者His astonishment His astonishment(=he was astonished=he was astonished)他他 感到惊讶感到惊讶The imprisonment of the murderer The imprisonment of the murdere
24、r(=the=the murderer was imprisonedmurderer was imprisoned)凶手被监禁)凶手被监禁形容词:形容词:eatable(=fit to be eaten)eatable(=fit to be eaten)可吃的可吃的desirable(=to be desired)desirable(=to be desired)想要的想要的respectable(=deserving respect)respectable(=deserving respect)值得尊敬的值得尊敬的acceptable(=to be accepted)acceptable(=
25、to be accepted)能够接受的能够接受的介词:介词:in ones possession/in the possession of in ones possession/in the possession of someone(=owned,held,kept or controlled by someone(=owned,held,kept or controlled by someone)someone)为某人所有,在某人控制之下为某人所有,在某人控制之下(二)(二)(二)(二)汉语限用被动句(多用主动式)的原因汉语限用被动句(多用主动式)的原因汉语限用被动句(多用主动式)的原因
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