现在分词与过去分词.pptx

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1、非谓语动词1第1页/共63页2什么是非谓什么是非谓语动词啊？语动词啊？“非谓语非谓语非谓语非谓语”,就是不是谓语的动词就是不是谓语的动词呗呗!那不是谓语那不是谓语是什么呢？是什么呢？。第2页/共63页3一、一、非谓语使用条件非谓语使用条件一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下She got off the bus,but left her handbag on her seat.She got off the bus,leaving her handbag on her seat.第3页/共63页4英语一句话只能有一个主谓结构如果出现更多动词：加连词（and/but/s

2、o）放入从句 变为非谓语动词 例如：9.Mostoftheartists_tothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited第4页/共63页5二、非谓语动词的表现二、非谓语动词的表现形式形式有：有：动名词动名词（doing）(Participles)(Gerund)(Infinitive)不定式 （to do）过去分词（done）现在分词（doing）第5页/共63页6动名词(doing)起名词作用 不定式 (to do)起名词、形容词和副词作用 分 词(doing/done)起形容词和

3、副词作用三、非谓语动词的词法特点第6页/共63页7主语表语宾语补语定语状语不定式现在分词过去分词动名词组成介词短语四、非谓语动词充当的成分四、非谓语动词充当的成分+第7页/共63页8分词现在分词与过去分词.充当成分:宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语.第8页/共63页9分词+现在分词/过去分词第9页/共63页10(1).现在分词 现在分词现在分词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相同.时态语态主动语态 被动语态一般式 doingbeing done 完成式 having donehaving been done 第10页/共63页11（一）现在分词第11页/共63

4、页12(2)、现在分词的句法功能具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分:表语定语,宾语补足语,状语第12页/共63页131.1.现在分词作表语现在分词作表语现在分词作表语起形容词作用分词作表语起形容词作用,说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。常译为常译为”使使(令令)怎样。怎样。”如如:The newsThe news is is very very disappointingdisappointing.His story His story isis very very movingmoving.(Encouraging,inspiring,excitin

5、g,interesting.)(Encouraging,inspiring,exciting,interesting.)第13页/共63页142.现在分词作定语（注意：P662-P664）现在分词作定语现在分词作定语,表示主动意义表示主动意义,它与所修饰的名它与所修饰的名词构成词构成 主谓关系主谓关系,通常可改为定语从句。它从通常可改为定语从句。它从以下两方面来说明中心词。以下两方面来说明中心词。A.A.表示动作正在进行表示动作正在进行 Dont wake up Dont wake up thethe sleepingsleeping boyboy.=Dont wake up=Dont wak

6、e up the boythe boy who is sleepingwho is sleepingI don t know I don t know the manthe man writing somethingwriting something over there.over there.=I don t know=I don t know the manthe man who is writing who is writing somethingsomething over there.over there.第14页/共63页15The girl who is sitting in t

7、he corner is adorable.We visited a temple which was built 200 years ago.nB.后置定语相当于省略的定语从句后置定语相当于省略的定语从句第15页/共63页16The vegetables which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals.27The houses which are being built are for the survivors in the quake.第16页/共63页173.3.现在分词作宾语补足语现在分词作宾语补足语用现在分词作宾补，说

8、明宾语是动作的执用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的执行者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；行者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；A.作感官动词的宾补宾补,如如:see,look at:see,look at,watch,notice,find,observe,listen to,watch,notice,find,observe,listen to,hear,smell taste,feel hear,smell taste,feel 表示正在进行的表示正在进行的意义意义 We We found found them them readingreading in the in the classroom.clas

9、sroom.第17页/共63页184.4.现在分词作状语现在分词作状语 现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果,让步、伴随或方式等状语。nB.作使役动词的作使役动词的宾补宾补,如如:have,get,keep,send,leave,catch表示表示”使使进行进行/处于处于(某种状态某种状态)”,强调动作或状态强调动作或状态的持续性的持续性.n nThe two girls had the light burning all night long.第18页/共63页191)作时间状语,可以表示三个时间概念A.表示和谓语动作同时发生,相当于“as soon as”引导的时间状语从句Hearin

10、g the good news,he jumped up with joy.=As soon as he heard the good news,he=On hearing the good news,he 第19页/共63页20nB.谓语动词的动作谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的发生在分词动作的过程中过程中,表示表示”在做某事期间在做某事期间”相当于相当于由由when/while 引导的时间状语从句。引导的时间状语从句。nWalking in the street,I came across an old friend.n=When/While I was walking in the str

11、eet,I came across an old friend.第20页/共63页21 C.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。如:Having done his homework,the boy went out to play.Having written his composition,he began to do his Maths homework.n2)作原因状语作原因状语,相当于由相当于由because/as 引引导的原因状语从句导的原因状语从句。第21页/共63页22A.和谓语动词的动作同时发生Being ill,he didnt go to school.=B

12、ecause/As he was ill,he didnt go Not knowing what to do next,he went to his teacher for advice.=Because/As he didnt know what to do next,he went to 第22页/共63页23B.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。Having seen the film many times,he didnt go to see it last night.n3)作条件状语作条件状语,相当于由相当于由 if 引导的条件状引导的条件状语从句语从句 Usi

13、ng your head,you will find a way.=If you use your head,you will find 第23页/共63页244)作让步状语,相当于由 although/though 引导的让步状语从句Getting up early,he was late for the meeting.=Although/Though he got up early,he was late for the meeting.第24页/共63页25n5)作伴随状语作伴随状语(方式状语方式状语),表示同谓语的动表示同谓语的动作同时发生作同时发生,相当于由并列连词连接的两个相当于

14、由并列连词连接的两个并列动作。并列动作。nThey sat there on the stone,talking with each other.n=They sat there on the stone and talked with each other.第25页/共63页266)作结果状语,现在分词的动作现在分词的动作同谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生。The mother died,leaving five children behind.注意：注意：现在分词无论作何种状语现在分词无论作何种状语,它的逻辑主它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语语必须是句子的主语第26页/共63页27但在一些表示说话者

15、态度的固定表达方式中,分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的。这种结构常见的有:（P674）1)generally/strickly/+speaking2)Judging from/talking of/allowing for.（考虑到。）3)Considering that/seeing that/supposing that第27页/共63页28注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。时间性时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having donehaving do

16、ne。语态性语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。系或动宾关系。人称一致性人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。主语。第28页/共63页29分词构句第29页/共63页301._ the program,they have to stay there for another two weeks.A.Not having completing B.Not completedC.Not completing D.Not having completed Practice第30页/共63页312The storm left

17、,_a lot of damage to this area.Acaused Bto have caused Cto cause Dhaving caused第31页/共63页32（二）过去分词第32页/共63页33(1).过去分词的语法形式 过去分词过去分词无人称和数的变化,也没有时态和语态的变化。(done)(2)、过去分词的句法功能、过去分词的句法功能n n具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分:n n表语 定语,宾语补足语,状语第33页/共63页341.过去分词作表语 过去分词过去分词作表语,相当于一个形容词,说明主语的状态。如，The glass is broken.He was los

18、t in thought.They were deeply moved.第34页/共63页35 注意:被动结构与系表结构的区别 这两种结构形式都是be+过去分词。过去分词。这两种结构的主要区别是:被动语态强调所发生的动作,而系表结构表示的是主语的特点或状态。The cup was broken by my little brother.(被动结构)The cup is broken.(系表结构)第35页/共63页362.过去分词过去分词作定语 过去分词过去分词作定语,它的逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词,有以下三个特点:A.及物动词的过去分词作定语和它的逻辑主语的关系是被过去分词作定语和它的逻辑主语的

19、关系是被动的。所表示的时间概念是完成。动的。所表示的时间概念是完成。The building The building built last yearbuilt last year can hold 1,000 people=The can hold 1,000 people=The building building that was built last yearthat was built last year can can 第36页/共63页37B.不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成。过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成。与它所修饰的名词没有被动被动关系。fallen leaves=

20、leaves that have fallen a retired worker=a worker who has retiredthe risen sun=the sun that has risen 第37页/共63页38C.有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语,表面是修饰它后面的名词,但实质是说明当事者的心理状态。所以过去分词与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。The surprised look showed that he hadnt expected this.=(He was surprised and his look showed his surprise)第38页/共63页393.过

21、去分词作宾补过去分词作宾补,过去分词和宾语的关系是被动关系,说明宾语的状态,表示动作的完成。常用来作感官动词 如如:see,look at,watch,notice,find,observe,listen to,:see,look at,watch,notice,find,observe,listen to,hear,smell taste,feelhear,smell taste,feel和使役动词如如:have,get,keep,send,leave,catch:have,get,keep,send,leave,catch的宾补宾补第39页/共63页40When I walked home

22、,I saw a man caught by the police.As soon as he returned home,he found his house broken into.He kept himself covered with a blanket.第40页/共63页414.过去分词作状语过去分词可在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步,方式或伴随情况等状语。过去分词无论作何种状语,它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,而且存在着逻辑上的被动关系.第41页/共63页421)做时间或条件状语,通常放在句首。Seen from the top of the hill,the town looks e

23、ven more beautiful.=If the town is seen from the top of the hill,the town=When the town is seen from the top of the hill,the town 第42页/共63页432)作原因状语原因状语Deeply moved by the story,the children began to cry.=As/Because they were deeply moved by the story,the children.3)作让步状语让步状语Seriously Seriously woun

24、dedwounded,he still kept on fighting.,he still kept on fighting.=Although/ThoughAlthough/Though he was seriously wounded,he still kept.he was seriously wounded,he still kept.第43页/共63页444)作方式或伴随情况状语She walked out of the house,followed by her little daughter.=She walked out of the house,and was follow

25、ed by her little daughter.He sat there,lost in thought.=He sat there,and was lost in thought.第44页/共63页45 _moreattention,thetreecouldhavegrownbetter.（条件状语）A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven.2.Thefirsttextbooks_forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury（定语）A.havingwrittenB.tobewritt

26、enC.beingwrittenD.writtenPractice第45页/共63页46Discussion1.Follow/follow by/follow with/following小鸭子跟着鸭妈妈到处走。The duckling _ its mother everywhere.闪电过后紧接着是响雷。The lightning was quickly _ heavy thunder.这是继工会领袖遭谋杀后引发的示威游行。These are the demonstrations _ the murder of the union leader.第46页/共63页472.Do you kno

27、w the man _ money?A.having lostB.who has lostC.lostD.losing第47页/共63页48非谓语动词综合分析第48页/共63页49一.独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致；若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”；其中，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。第49页/共63页50 falling here and there,I suddenly notice autumn is drawing pleted,well ha

28、ve a global traveling.LeavesTask第50页/共63页51独立主格的构成(P674-679)基本形式：1.逻辑主语+-ed/-ing形式：2.逻辑主语+不定式/名词：3.逻辑主语+介词短语;4.逻辑主语+形容词;5.逻辑主语+副词;第51页/共63页52Examples1.逻辑主语+现在分词：表示主动关系。如：Time permitting(=If time permits),we will go for an outing tomorrow.2.逻辑主语+过去分词逻辑主语与过去分词之间是被动关系。如：The problems solved(=As the prob

29、lems were solved),the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。第52页/共63页533.逻辑主语+不定式逻辑主语与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。4.逻辑主语+介词短语如：The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand.那男孩手里拿着书去教室。第53页/共63页545.逻辑主语+形容词如：So many people a

30、bsent,the meeting had to be called off.这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。6.逻辑主语+副词如：The meeting over,they all went home.会议一结束，他们就都回家了。第54页/共63页55其他形式1.with/without 引导的独立主格(P677)形式为:with/without+n.+-ed/-ing2.There being+其他成分如：There being nothing else to do,we went home.没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。3.It being+其他成分如：It being Christmas

31、,all the shops were shut.第55页/共63页56独立主格结构的功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。1.用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done),we went home.工作完成后，我们就回家了。2.用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits),they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。第

32、56页/共63页573.用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow),the professor has to stay up late into the night.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。第57页/共63页584.用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his

33、head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。5.表示补充说明We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two.我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。第58页/共63页59独立结构的时态意义（P674-P675）一般时现在分词表主动过去分词表被动完成时表示先完成动作的主动意义或先完成动作的被动意义。第59页/共63页60二、悬垂结构/悬垂致病请分析下列句子：1.Looking up at the sky,the moon shone bright and clear.2.Walking along the lake,the country scenery presented a lovely show.第60页/共63页61Discussion:1.什么是悬垂结构？2.悬垂结构与独立主格结构的关系3.为什么会在同学们的造句中出现悬垂致病？第61页/共63页62悬垂但不致病的情况（P683-685），仅作了解即可。第62页/共63页63谢谢您的观看！第63页/共63页