九年级历史上册16课殖民地人民的抗争知识点习题.pdf

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1、 教材解析：九年级上册第16课 殖民地人民的抗争 一、知识梳理 新航路开辟后，葡萄牙占领除巴西以外的拉丁美洲，西既牙占领巴西（背景殖民者的残酷的殖民统治和殖民掠夺 I I美国独立战争和法国大革命的影响 时间：1816-1826 年 主力构成：印第安人、黑人和土生白人,质亲人：玻利瓦尔和圣马丁 I经过：玻利瓦尔和圣马丁率军南北呼应，转战委内瑞拉等地，横扫西班牙殖民者 I结果：西属拉美基本实现独立，萄属巴西被迫宣布独立 f背景：英国侵占印度2/3的土地；英国加紧对印度的经济剥削和政治统 I 治，印度反英情绪高涨 时间：18571859 年 领导人：章西女王和一些封建王公 经过：章西女王领导起义军英

2、勇抗击进犯章西的英国军队 结果：民族起义被英军镇压 I意义：表现了殖民地人民不畏强暴、反抗侵略的决心和勇气，沉重打 击了英国殖民者 二、重难点分析 1.重点：殖民地人民反抗殖民统治的原因 印度民族起义出现的原因：利用教材中反映英国在印度进行殖民统治和经济剥削情况的 材料，了解印度民族起义前的社会背景：英国工业革命和资产阶级革命的完成使英国发展迅 速，而此时的印度却相对落后，与当时的英国形成反差，因此印度成为英国侵略的目标。充 分认识印度民族起义爆发的必然性，拉丁美洲独立运动的原因：依据地图，了解拉丁美洲的地域范围，说明美洲和拉丁美洲 是两个不同的概念，使学生从地理概念上认识拉丁美洲：18世纪后

3、半期，英、法、荷也相 继侵入拉丁美洲，但拉丁美洲的大部分地区仍是西班牙和葡萄牙的殖民地。强调独立运动爆 发的原因主要有两个方面：一个是内部原因，即残酷的殖民统治和殖民掠夺；另一个是外部 原因，即美国独立战争和法国大革命的影响。其中国内原因可从两个方面来把握：经济方 而，西班牙、葡萄牙在拉丁美洲大肆掠夺财富，可是这些行为对于殖民地的经济来说，却是 致命的打击。政治方面，处于最上层的是西班牙白人官吏，其次是土生白人。混血人种集 团构成了殖民地小资产阶级的基本核心，是反对殖民统治的一支骨干力量。印第安人和黑人 处于社会最底层，最受歧视和压迫，成为日后革命军队的主力。哪里有压迫，哪里就有反抗,这种经济

4、、政治的双重压迫，必然会激起人们的反抗。2.难点：玻利瓦尔、章西女王 拉丁美洲 亚洲印度 殖民地人民的抗争从人物所处历史背景，所发挥的历史作用，所从事的历史活动方面理解，客观公正地评 价玻利瓦尔和章西女王。可结合印度电影章西女王，生动描述女王顽强抗英，战死疆场 的英勇事迹，感受印度人民为捍卫民族尊严、争取民族独立的斗争精神，增强对民族英雄的 崇敬之情，培养学生热爱祖国敢于为国献身的爱国主义精神。结合拉美独立战争的经过，明 白玻利瓦尔为何被称为“南美的解放者”，出示“南美解放者杯博卡青年队夺冠”，加强历 史与现实的联系，更加深入理解玻利瓦尔人格的伟大，使学生获得爱国主义的教育，明白一 个人活着就

5、应该有所作为，要做一个对社会和人民有用的人。三、学法指导 1.要点提炼法。本课知识点涉及较多，可以利用要点提炼法，将本课内容概括为四个“二:两个历史人物，即玻利瓦尔和章西女王，玻利瓦尔被称为“南美解放者”，章西 女王被称为印度的民族女英雄。两次民族解放运动，即拉美民族独立运动和18571859 年的印度民族大起义。两大地区：即印度和拉丁美洲。两大主题：压迫和抗争。2.列表归纳法。通过表格的形式，将两个或两个以上的事件进行比较，辨别得出事件 之间的内在联系，培养学生利用图表概括总结历史问题的能力。通过列表归纳殖民地人民抗 争情况，引导学生比较，发现问题：残酷的殖民统治和掠夺是激起殖民地人民抗争的

6、根本 原因；同是反抗殖民统治争取民族独立的斗争，为什么拉丁美洲取得了胜利而印度民族大 起义却失败了，激发学生课后探究思考。事件 时间 著名人物 背景 影响（结果）拉美 独立 运动 18世纪 末19世 纪初 玻利瓦尔 1.残酷的殖民统治和经 济掠夺2.美国独立战 争和法国大革命的影响 解放了西班牙在南美 洲的殖民地，葡属巴西 宣布独立 印度 民族 大起 义 1857 1859 年 章西女王 残酷的政治压迫和经济 剥削失败，但打击了英 国殖民者，表现了印度 人民争取民族独立、反 抗殖民侵略的决心 3.人物评价法。通过学习和概述玻利瓦尔和章西女王领导反抗殖民统治斗争的主要事 迹，使学生初步学会运用辩

7、证的观点，分析和评价历史人物的能力，认识历史人物在历史发 展过程中的杰出影响和作用，其爱国主义优秀品质、值得学习和推崇。4.横向比较法。横向和纵向比较是学习世界史常用的方法之一。如学习印度民族大起 义的背景，可联系中国近代史的相关内容，了解同一时期，即19世纪中期，英国在加紧对 印度进行殖民统治和掠夺的同时，为了扩大在华的侵略权益，和法国一起对中国发动了第二 次鸦片战争，就是在这次战争中，圆明园被英法侵略者焚毁。英国的殖民统治最终引发了印 度民族大起义，而同时期中国人民也掀起了反抗外国殖民统治的斗争，如太平天国运动。5.知识网络学习法。历史知识网络能将历史知识化繁为简，是形象直观地掌握历史知

8、识的好方法。如印度民族大起义可以采用下图：四、中考命题分析 本部分在中考命题中所占比重较小。一般以选择题的形式出现，也将有少量的材料分析 题出现。考查的主要内容有：拉美独立运动（尤其是玻利瓦尔）、印度民族大起义（尤其是 章西女王）。五、中考试题分析 1.（2008年，贵阳）下列图中的人物不属于亚洲和拉丁美洲人民反抗殖民统治的领导 人的是（）印度 征 服 A.图1 解析：此题属逆向选择题，旨在考查学生的识图分析能力，结合图片特点判断是哪一人 物是解答的关键。图1是亚洲印度民族大起义中的章西女王，图2和图3分别是拉美独立运 动的领导人玻利瓦尔和圣马丁，图4是美国南北战争的领导人林肯，故D项符合题意

9、。答案：D 2.（2008年，宜昌）他领导和完成了南美的独立战争，彻底摧毁了西班牙在南美洲的 殖民统治。现在南美北部诸国中，有他的雕像和以他的名字命名的广场、城市和国家，他就 是“解放者”（）A.玻利瓦尔 B.华盛顿 C.圣马丁 D.卡斯特罗 解析：此题考查了分析理解能力。根据题干中的关键词“解放者”可直选A项正确。因 为玻利瓦尔在拉美独立运动中，横扫南美大陆上的西班牙殖民者，最终解放了西属拉丁美洲，因而获得“南美解放者”的美誉。答案：A 3.（2008年，南京）“女王，印度人民感恩戴德，绝不会把你遗忘，你的牺牲将激起 争取独立的狂风巨浪。”诗中歌颂的是：（）A.尼赫鲁 B.圣马丁 C.玻利瓦

10、尔 D.章西女王 解析：根据题干中的“女王”可直接作出判断，D项正确。答案：D 4.（2007年，山西）如果给“解放者”玻利瓦尔画像，可以选择的历史情景是（）B.图2 C.图3 D图4 A.率领印度起义军抗击英军 B.率领起义军打击西班牙军队 C.参加庆祝纳米比亚独立的活动 D.领导收回巴拿马运河主权的斗争 解析：此题属人物考查题，解答的关键是熟记历史人物的主要活动，根据其历史活 动分析问题。玻利瓦尔是拉丁美洲独立运动的领导人，给他画像只能是以此为历史背景 进行思考。因此可以选择的历史情景是他率领起义军抗击西班牙军队，选B。而A项显 示事迹是印度的章西女王；C项显示事件发生于非洲；D项显示事件

11、发生于北美洲。答案：B 六、同步检测 1.巴西是名列全球第五的世界大国。历史上巴西曾沦为下列哪个国家的殖民地（）A.英国 B.法国 D.葡萄牙 2.由南美各国足球俱乐部冠、亚军参加的足球联赛冠名为“解放者”杯，这是为了纪 念“南美的解放者”（D.查巴塔 3.拉丁美洲独立运动主要打击的殖民国家是（）A.英国和法国 B.西班牙和葡萄牙 C.英国和美国 D.法国和葡萄牙 4.1857年，印度民族大起义的主力是（）A.农民 B.土兵 C.工人 D.学生 5.“哪里有压迫，哪里就有反抗。”1857年印度爆发的民族大起义反抗的殖民统治者 是（）A.英国 B.法国 C.葡萄牙 D.西班牙 6.“巾帼不让须眉

12、”，在1857-1859年印度民族大起义中，可以得到上述赞美的人是（）A.华盛顿 C.拿破仑 C.西班牙 A.伊达尔哥 B.玻利瓦尔 C.圣马丁 B.克伦威尔 D.章西女王 7.阅读下列材料:材料一如右图 材料二 如果一个人忘掉了他的家庭首先属于国家，其次才属于他个人.那么他就不 能算是好公民，不能得到尊重。请回答：(1)图中的人物是谁？(2)结合所学知识列举他的主要事迹。(3)结合材料二并联系所学知识分析我们从他身上能学到哪些优秀品质？参考答案：1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.(1)玻利瓦尔。(2)先后解放委内瑞拉、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁、哥伦比亚和玻利维亚。(3)热爱祖国；为

13、正义事业奋斗献身；不图私利；努力探索；坚强的意志；团结、联合的思想等。（英文版）Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions,the imp lementation of conprehensive strictly strategic plan,implementation in accordance with the rules and discq)line to manage the party,s

14、trengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives.The two regulations supporting each other,the adhere to a positive advocate,focusing on morality is ofParty members and Party leading cadres can see,enough to get a high standard;around the party discipline,disciplinary ruler requirements,listed

15、 as nnegative list,focusing on vertical gauge,draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line n.Here,the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation:the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process;the second

16、part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party;the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems;the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulation

17、s of the party.and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus.Two party regulations revis ion wor

18、k lasted a Years,pooling the wisdom of the whole party,ideological consensus,draw historical experience,respect for the wisdom of our predecessors,which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation;follow the correct direction,grasp the limited goals,adhere to the partys leaders to solve the mas

19、ses of the people reflect a focus on the problem.The new revision of the and,reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third,the spirit of the fourth plenary session,reflecting the experience of studying and imp lementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech,reflect

20、s the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice,(a)revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised,the promulgation and implementation of January 2010,to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role.But with the party to manage t

21、he party strictly administering the deepening,has not been able to fully meet the actual needs.Content is too complicated,eight prohibition,52 are not allowed to hard to remember,and also difficult to put into practice;the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions e

22、xcessive,no autonomy requirements;the third is banned terms and discipline law,both with the party discipline,disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat;the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent,not for the existing problems,and is narrow,only need

23、le of county-level leading cadres above.is in 1997 v Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases(Trial)based on revision,in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation,to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role.Along with the development of the s ituation,which many pr

24、o vis ions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs.One is Ji law,more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition;two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent,not specific,for viol

25、ation of the party constitution,damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue;third is the main discipline for the leading cadres,does not cover all Party members.Based on the above situation,need to and the two is likely to be more rele

26、vant regulations first amendment.By revis ing,really put the authority of Party discipline,the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority ofParty members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness.(II)two party regulations revision process the Central Com

27、mittee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision.Xi Jinping,general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection,on the revised regulations made clear instructions.According to the ce

28、ntral deployment,the Central Commission for Discqline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revis ion.The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised.Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations r

29、evision,amendment clarifies the direction,major issues of principle,path and target,respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province(area)secretary of the Party committee,Secretary of the Discq)line Inspection Commission,part of the central ministries and state organs Department The fir

30、st party committee is mainly responsible for people,views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members.Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,on 7 September 2015,the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to sol

31、icit the provinces(autonomous regions,municq)alities)Party,the central ministries and commissions,state ministries and commissions of the Party(party),the General Political Department of the military,every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion.Central Commission for Disc

32、ipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions,careful study,attracting,formed a revised sent reviewers.In October 8 and October 12,Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draf

33、t.On October 18,the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations.Can say,two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party,embodies the party.Second,and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys e

34、ighteen,ten eight plenary,the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and,highlighting the ruling party characteristics,serious discipline,the discq)line quite in front of the law,based on the curre

35、nt,a long-term,advance as a who le,with Bu Xiuding independent and.Main principle is:first,adhere to the party constitution to follow.The constitution about discq)line and self-discqline required specific,awaken the party constitution of party conpasses party consciousness,maintaining the authority

36、of the constitution.General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that nno rules,no side round.Party constitution is the fundamental law,the party must follow the general rules.In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Centra

37、l Committee,Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules,but also the general rules.H the revision of the v code and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a

38、 fundamental to follow,the constitution authority set up,wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discline,the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements.4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the part

39、y.The Party of rule of virtue nde!mainly refers to the party!s ideals and beliefs,excellent traditional style.The revised the closely linked to the nself-discq)linen?insisting on the positive initiative,for all members,highlight the vital fewn?emphasized self-discq)line?focusing on the morality,and

40、the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards.The revised Ji method sq)arately,Ji,Ji Yan to Method,as a negative Hst,emphasizing the heteronomy,focusing on vertical gauge.Is this one high and one low,a positive reaction,the strict party discipline and practice results transfo

41、rmation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements,for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler.Third,insist on to.In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage,the main problems of Party members and cadres

42、 in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined,especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules,organization and discipline and to imp lement the central eight pro vis ions of the spirit against the four winds and other requi

43、rements into Discq)lmary provisions.Not one pace reachs the designated position,focusing on in line with reality,pragmatic and effective.After the revision of major changes,major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems(a)v code adhere to according to regulations governing

44、 the party and party with morals in combination,for at the present stage,the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discq)line,put forward principles,requirements and specifications,showing Communists noble moral pursuit,reflected at all times

45、and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements.One is closely linked to the nself-discq?linen,removal and no direct relation to the pro vis ions of.the second is adhere to a positive advocate,neight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list m

46、oved into synchronization amendment.Three is for all the party members,will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members,fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required.The fourth is prominent key minority,seize the leadership of the party member

47、s and cadres is the key,and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members.Five is to simplify,and strive to achieve concise,easy to understand,easy to remember.The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discq)lin

48、e norms,moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National Peoples solemn commitment.criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts,18,more than 3600 words.After the revision of the,a total of eight,281 words,including lead,specification and Party member cadre

49、clean fingered self-discipline norms,etc.Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline,the main contents can be summarized as nfour must neight code”.Lead part,reiterated on ideal and faith,fundamental purpose,the fine traditions and work style,noble sentiments,such as four must”the princq)le of

50、 requirements,strong tone of self-discipline,The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet,the foothold in permanent Bao the partys advanced nature and purity,to reflect the revised standards requirements.Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with