《了解胃痛的概念.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《了解胃痛的概念.ppt(54页珍藏版)》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。
1、了解胃痛的概念 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望Teaching objectivesq 了解胃痛的概念,范围q 熟悉胃痛的病因病机q 熟悉胃痛的诊断和鉴别诊断q 掌握胃痛并发消化道出血的处理,各证型的症状特点与辨证施护q了解预防与调养。2Definition 胃痛又称胃脘痛,是指上腹胃脘部近心窝处经常发生疼痛为主症,同时常兼见泛恶、脘闷、嗳气、大便不调等症。3Evolution History“胃脘痛”之名最早记载于内经:素问六元正纪大论曰:“木郁
2、之发,民病胃脘当心而痛。”唐宋以前文献多称胃脘痛为心痛,与属于心经本身病变的心痛相混。伤寒论辨太阳病脉证并治说:“伤寒六七日,结胸热实,脉沉而紧,心下痛,按之石硬,大陷胸汤主之。”4Evolution History宋代之后医家对胃痛与心痛混谈提出质疑直至金元时代,兰室秘藏首立“胃脘痛”一门,将胃脘痛的证候、病因病机和治法明确区分于心痛,使胃痛成为独立的病证。明清时代进一步澄清了心痛与胃痛相互混淆之论,提出了胃痛的治疗大法,丰富了胃痛的内容5Scope 现代西医学中急性胃炎、慢性胃炎、胃溃疡、十二指肠溃疡、功能性消化不良、胃黏膜脱垂等病以上腹部疼痛为主要症状者,属于中医学胃痛范畴,均可参考本节
3、进行辨证论治,必要时结合辨病处理。6病因病机病因病机Etiology&pathogenesis 7Etiology&pathogenesis 胃痛的发生,主要由外邪犯胃痛的发生,主要由外邪犯胃、饮食伤胃、情志不畅和脾胃胃、饮食伤胃、情志不畅和脾胃素虚等,导致胃气郁滞,胃失和素虚等,导致胃气郁滞,胃失和降,不通则痛。降,不通则痛。8Etiology&pathogenesis外邪犯胃 外感寒、热、湿诸邪,内客于胃,皆可致胃脘气机阻滞,不通则痛。其中尤以寒邪为多,如素问举痛论说:“寒气客于肠胃之间,膜原之下,血不能散,小络急引,故痛。”9Etiology&pathogenesis饮食伤胃不节,或过饥
4、过饱,损伤脾胃,胃气壅滞,致胃失和降,不通则痛。五味过极,辛辣无度,肥甘厚腻,饮酒如浆,则蕴湿生热,伤脾碍胃,气机壅滞。医学正传胃脘痛说:“致病之由,多由纵恣口腹,喜好辛酸,恣饮热酒复餐寒凉生冷,朝伤暮损,日积月深故胃脘疼痛”。10Etiology&pathogenesis情志不畅忧思恼怒,伤肝损脾,肝失疏泄,横逆犯胃,脾失健运,胃气阻滞,均致胃失和降,而发胃痛。气滞日久或久痛人络,可致胃络血瘀。11Etiology&pathogenesis素体脾虚脾胃为仓廪之官,主受纳及运化水谷,若素体脾胃虚弱,运化失职,气机不畅,或中阳不足,中焦虚寒,失其温养而发生疼痛。12寒邪克胃,寒凝气滞,胃气失和
5、饮食不节,损伤脾胃,运化无权 情志不遂,肝失疏泄,横逆犯胃 劳倦久病,脾胃虚弱,升降失司 胃痛病位与胃、肝、脾关系最为密切。初起多属实证,病位主要在胃,间可及肝,病久常见虚证,病位主要在脾,或脾胃同病,或肝脾同病。其基本病机是胃气失和,气机不利,胃失濡养,不通则痛。病因病机小结病因病机小结Summery of etiology&pathogenesis13诊断 Diagnosis鉴别诊断 Differential diagnosis&14上腹近心窝处胃脘部发生疼痛为特征,其疼痛有胀痛、刺痛、隐痛、剧痛等不同的性质。常伴食欲不振,恶心呕吐,嘈杂泛酸,嗳气吞腐等上消化道症状。发病特点:以中青年居多
6、,多有反复发作病史,发病前多有明显的诱因,如天气变化、恼怒、劳累、暴饮暴食、饥饿、进食生冷干硬辛辣醇酒,或服用有损脾胃的药物等。诊断 Diagnosis15鉴别诊断 Differential diagnosis胃痛与真心痛 真心痛是心经病变所引起的心痛证。多见于老年人,为当胸而痛,其多刺痛,动辄加重,痛引肩背,常伴心悸气短、汗出肢冷,病情危急,正如灵枢厥论曰:“真心痛手足青至节,心痛甚,旦发夕死,夕发旦死。”其病变部位、疼痛程度与特征、伴有症状及其预后等方面,与胃痛有明显区别。16鉴别诊断 Differential diagnosis胃痛与胁痛 胁痛是以胁部疼痛为主症,可伴发热恶寒,或目黄肤黄
7、,或胸闷太息,极少伴嘈杂泛酸、嗳气吐腐。肝气犯胃的胃痛有时亦可攻痛连胁,但仍以胃脘部疼痛为主症。两者具有明显的区别。17寒邪客胃:retention pathogenic cold in stomach 饮食停滞:肝气犯胃:liver-qi attacking stomach肝胃郁热瘀血停滞:retention of blood stasis胃阴亏虚:consumption of gastric yin脾胃虚寒:asthenia-cold in spleen and stomachAnalyses of pathological conditions18Retention pathogenic
8、 cold in stomach 胃痛暴作,恶寒喜暖,得温痛减,遇寒加重,口淡不渴,或喜热饮,苔薄白,脉弦紧。饮食停滞 胃痛,脘腹胀满,嗳腐吞酸,或吐不消化食物,吐食或矢气后痛减,或大便不爽,苔厚腻,脉滑。Liver-qi attacking stomach 胃脘胀闷,攻撑作痛,脘痛连胁,嗳气频繁,大便不畅,每因情志因素而痛作,苔多薄白,脉沉弦。Analyses of pathological conditions19肝胃郁热 胃脘灼热,痛势急迫,烦躁易怒,泛酸嘈杂,口干口苦,舌红苔黄,脉弦或数。Retention of blood stasis 胃脘疼痛,痛有定处而拒按,或痛有针刺感,食后痛
9、甚,或见吐血黑便,舌质紫黯,脉涩。Analyses of pathological conditions20Consumption of gastric yin 胃痛隐隐,口燥咽干,大便干结,舌红少津,脉细数。Asthenia-cold in spleen and stomach 胃脘隐隐作痛,喜温喜按,空腹痛甚,得食痛减,泛吐清水,纳差,神疲乏力,甚则手足不温,大便溏薄,舌淡苔薄,脉虚弱或迟缓。Analyses of pathological conditions21Stomachache/GastralgiaProblems of patients:Nursing goals:22Stom
10、achache/GastralgiaNursing interventionsRetention pathogenic cold in stomachPrinciple of nursing:温胃散寒,理气止痛Entirety nursingLife care:Diet care:Drugs care:Acupuncture::Tui na:Other nursing methods:香苏散合良附丸加减。香苏散合良附丸加减。常用药:高良姜、吴茱萸温胃散寒;常用药:高良姜、吴茱萸温胃散寒;香附、乌药、陈皮、木香行气止痛。香附、乌药、陈皮、木香行气止痛。23Stomachache/Gastralg
11、iaNursing interventions饮食停滞Principle of nursing:消食导滞Entirety nursingLife care:Diet care:Drugs care:Acupuncture::Tui na:Other nursing methods:保和丸加减。保和丸加减。常用药:神曲、山楂、莱菔子消食导滞;常用药:神曲、山楂、莱菔子消食导滞;茯苓、半夏、陈皮和胃化湿;翘散结清热。茯苓、半夏、陈皮和胃化湿;翘散结清热。24Stomachache/GastralgiaNursing interventionsNursing interventionsLiver-q
12、i attacking stomachPrinciple of nursing:疏肝理气,和胃止痛Entirety nursingLife care:Diet care:Drugs care:Acupuncture::Tui na:Other nursing methods:柴胡疏肝散加减。柴胡疏肝散加减。常用药:柴胡、芍药、川芎、郁金、常用药:柴胡、芍药、川芎、郁金、香附疏肝解郁;陈皮、枳壳、佛手、甘草理气和中。香附疏肝解郁;陈皮、枳壳、佛手、甘草理气和中。25Stomachache/GastralgiaNursing interventions肝胃郁热Principle of nursin
13、g:疏肝清热和胃Entirety nursingLife care:Diet care:Drugs care:Acupuncture:Tui na:Other nursing methods:26Stomachache/GastralgiaNursing interventionsRetention of blood stasisPrinciple of nursing:活血化瘀止痛Entirety nursingLife care:Diet care:Drugs care:Acupuncture:Tui na:Other nursing methods:失笑散合丹参饮加减。失笑散合丹参饮加减
14、。常用药:蒲黄、五灵脂、丹参活血常用药:蒲黄、五灵脂、丹参活血散瘀止痛;檀香、砂仁行气和胃。散瘀止痛;檀香、砂仁行气和胃。27Stomachache/GastralgiaNursing interventionsConsumption of gastric yinPrinciple of nursing:养阴益胃Entirety nursingLife care:Diet care:Drugs care:Acupuncture:Tui na:Other nursing methods:一贯煎合芍药甘草汤加减。一贯煎合芍药甘草汤加减。常用药:沙参、麦冬、生地、常用药:沙参、麦冬、生地、枸杞子养阴
15、益胃;当归养血活血;枸杞子养阴益胃;当归养血活血;川楝子理气止痛;芍药、甘草缓急止痛。川楝子理气止痛;芍药、甘草缓急止痛。28Stomachache/GastralgiaNursing interventionsAsthenia-cold in spleen and stomachPrinciple of nursing:温中健脾Entirety nursingLife care:Diet care:Drugs care:Acupuncture:Tui na:Other nursing methods:黄芪建中汤加减。黄芪建中汤加减。常用药:黄芪补中益气;桂枝、生姜温脾散寒;常用药:黄芪补中益
16、气;桂枝、生姜温脾散寒;芍药、炙甘草、饴糖、大枣缓急止痛。芍药、炙甘草、饴糖、大枣缓急止痛。29Stomachache/Gastralgia Nursing evaluationIntroduction on health讲究饮食卫生,饮食有节,定时定量,勿暴饮暴食,戒烟酒。注意胃脘部保暖。或用手掌自上脘向下按摩胃脘部,反复作20次,每日数次,可增强脾胃功能。查明引起胃痛的原因,积极治疗原发病,若反复发作,迁延不愈,应定期做有关检查,防止恶变。30泄泻(Diarrhea)主讲:高健31Diarrhea Definition Diarrhea 是指排便次数增多,粪质稀薄或完谷不化,甚至泻出如水样
17、为特征的病证。以大便溏薄,病势缓者为泄;大便清稀如水,直下者为泻。本病可发生在一年四季,以夏秋季节多见。32DiarrheaCause of Disease and Pathomechanism感受外邪饮食所伤情志失调久病体虚 泄泻的病变主要在脾胃,并涉及大、小肠、肝、肾。其病机为脾虚湿盛。因湿盛而致脾病者,多为暴泻;因脾虚失运,湿邪壅滞者,多为久泻。33DiarrheaAnalyses of pathological conditions寒湿(风寒):cold-damp(wind-cold)湿热(暑湿):damp-heat(summer damp)食滞胃脘:retention of food
18、 in stomach肝气乘脾:liver-qi attacking spleen脾胃虚弱:weakness/hypofunction of spleen and stomach肾阳虚衰:declination of renal yang34DiarrheaAnalyses of pathological conditionsCold-damp(wind-cold)泻下清稀,甚则如水样,腹痛肠鸣,脘闷食少,或兼恶寒发热,头痛,肢体酸痛,苔薄白或白腻,脉濡缓。Damp heat(summer damp)腹痛即泻,泻下急迫,或泻而不爽,粪色黄褐而臭,肛门灼热,烦热口渴,小便短赤,舌苔黄腻,脉濡数或
19、滑数。35DiarrheaAnalyses of pathological conditionsRetention of food in stomach 腹痛肠鸣,泻下粪便臭如败卵,泻后痛减,大便伴有不消化之物,脘腹痞满,嗳腐酸臭,不思饮食,舌苔厚腻或垢浊,脉滑。Liver-qi attacking spleen 每因抑郁恼怒或情绪紧张之时,即发生腹痛泄泻,便后腹痛略减;平时多有胸胁;胀闷,嗳气食少,舌淡红,脉弦。36DiarrheaAnalyses of pathological conditionsWeakness/hypofunction of spleen and stomach 大便
20、不实,时溏时泻,每因稍进油腻之物,则便次增多,甚则挟有不消化之物,饮食减少,脘腹胀闷不舒,面色萎黄,肢倦乏力,舌淡,苔白,脉细弱。Declination of renal yang 泄泻多在黎明之前,脐腹隐痛,肠鸣即泻,泻后则安,腰膝痰软,形寒肢冷,舌淡苔白,脉沉细。37DiarrheaProblems of patients38DiarrheaNursing interventionsNursing interventionsCold-damp(wind-cold)Principle of nursing:解表散寒,芳香化浊Entirety nursingLife care:Diet car
21、e:Drugs care:Acupuncture:Tui na:Other nursing methods:39DiarrheaNursing interventionsDamp heat(summer damp)Principle of nursing:清热利湿Entirety nursingLife care:Diet care:Drugs care:Acupuncture:Tui na:Other nursing methods:40DiarrheaNursing interventionsRetention of food in stomachPrinciple of nursing:
22、消食导滞Entirety nursingLife care:Diet care:Drugs care:Acupuncture:Tui na:Other nursing methods:41DiarrheaNursing interventionsLiver-qi attacking spleenPrinciple of nursing:抑肝扶脾Entirety nursingLife care:Diet care:Drugs care:Acupuncture:Tui na:Other nursing methods:42DiarrheaNursing interventionsWeakness
23、/hypofunction of spleen and stomachPrinciple of nursing:健脾益胃Entirety nursingLife care:Diet care:Drugs care:Acupuncture:Tui na:Other nursing methods:43DiarrheaNursing interventionsDeclination of renal yangPrinciple of nursing:温肾健脾,固涩止泄Entirety nursingLife care:Diet care:Drugs care:Acupuncture::Tui na
24、:Other nursing methods:44DiarrheaNursing evaluationIntroduction on health加强饮食卫生和水源管理,讲究个人卫生,饭前便后要洗手,防止“病从口入”。饮食宜新鲜,不可过食生冷之品,禁食一切不洁及腐败食物。生活起居有节,防止外感风寒暑湿之邪。45黄疸(Jaundice/Icterus)主讲:高健46Jaundice/Icterus Definition 黄疸是以身黄、目黄、小便黄为主症的疾患,其中目晴黄染为本病的重要特征。根据其病机特点和临床表现,黄疸有阴黄、阳黄之分,急黄乃阳黄之重症,应及时救治。47Jaundice/Icte
25、rusCause of Disease and Pathomechanism感受外邪 饮食不节脾胃虚寒积聚转化砂石、虫体阻滞胆道 黄疸形成的关键是湿邪为患。病位在脾胃肝胆,脾胃运化失健,肝胆疏泄失常,胆汁不循常道,外溢肌肤,下流膀胱而见身目小便俱黄。48Jaundice/IcterusAnalyses of pathological conditionsYang jaundice:身目俱黄,黄色鲜明,脘腹胀满,食欲减退,恶心呕吐,小便短赤,大便秘结,舌红苔黄厚,脉濡缓或弦数。若热较重可见发热、口渴、心烦;湿较重可见身热不扬、渴不欲饮。Acute jaundice:黄疸急起,迅速加深,其色如金,
26、高热烦渴,神昏谵语,尿少便秘,或躁动抽搐,衄血便血,肌肤瘀斑,舌红绛,苔黄而燥,脉弦滑或细数。Yin jaundice:身目俱黄,其色晦暗或浅淡,脘腹胀闷,纳少便溏,神疲畏寒,或心悸气短,舌淡苔白腻,脉沉迟或濡细。49Jaundice/IcterusProblems of patientsNursing goals50Jaundice/IcterusNursing interventionsYang jaundicePrinciple of nursing:清热利湿退黄Entirety nursingLife care:Diet care:Drugs care:Acupuncture:Tui
27、na:Other nursing methods:51Jaundice/IcterusNursing interventionsNursing interventionsAcute jaundicePrinciple of nursing:清热解毒,凉血散瘀Entirety nursingLife care:Diet care:Drugs care:Acupuncture:Tui na:Other nursing methods:52Jaundice/IcterusNursing interventionsNursing interventionsYin jaundicePrinciple of nursing:健脾和胃,温寒化湿Entirety nursingLife care:Diet care:Drugs care:Acupuncture::Tui na:Other nursing methods:53Jaundice/IcterusNursing evaluationIntroduction on health黄疸具有传染性,应加强防疫措施,做到早发现,早诊断,早隔离,早治疗,早处理。加强对环境、牲畜、水源的管理,注意饮食卫生,饮食餐具应煮沸消毒。积极治疗原发病,如胆石症、肿瘤、肝炎可注射肝炎疫苗,或在流行期间预防用药。54
限制150内