最新应用化学专业英语教案PPT课件.ppt
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1、应用化学专业英语教案应用化学专业英语教案TeachingPlanonSpecializedEnglishCourseforAppliedChemistryPart1PhysicalPropertiesPhysicalPropertiesPart2ChemicalEquationsPart3ChemicalCalculationPart4NomenclatureOfInorganicChemicalsPart5SomeBasicChemicalTheoriesPart6TranslationPart7AbriefintroductiontoscientificwritinginEnglish7)
2、hardnesshardsoftductilemalleable8)toxicitytoxicpoisonous9 9)meltingpointboilingpointHighlow10)conductivityelectronicconductivitythermalconductivityconductorsemiconductorinsulatordisproportionationneutralization;hydrolysisexothermicreactionendothermicreactionreversiblereactionforwardreactionreversere
3、actionspontaneousreactionnonspontaneousreaction1.反应名称:化化学学方方程程式式Part2ChemicalEquations2、反应条件heat;burnignite/ignitionelectrolyze/electrolysisunder/atambient/roomtemperatureunderstandardpressurewith/intheprescenceofcatalyst3、读法3.1Nitrogenreactswithhydrogentoformammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewitht
4、hepresenceofacatalyst.1molnitrogenreactswith3molhydrogentoform2molammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.3.2Nitrogencombineswithhydrogentoformammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.Ammoniadecomposestonitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressurewiththe
5、presenceofacatalyst.3.3Reactionbetweennitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalystgivesammonia.Athightemperatureandpressure,reactionofnitrogenwithhydrogeninthepresenceofacatalysttakesplace.Zinctreatedwithhydrochloricacidformshydrogenandzincchloride3.4Calciumcarbonatewhen
6、heatedproducescalciumoxideandcarbondioxideCalciumcarbonateisheatedtoyieldcalciumoxideandcarbondioxideCalciumcarbonatedecomposestocalciumoxideandcarbondioxidewhenitisheated3.1化学术语atomicmass/weight;molecularweightamount(ofsubstance);molenumberofmoles;molarmassmolarvolume;concentrationmolarity;excessag
7、entlimitingagent;reactantproduct;yieldPart3ChemicalCalculation(化学计算化学计算)3.2数学术语:运算名称additionsubstractionmulplicationdivision动词读法addsubstract(ed)frommultiply(ied)bydivide(d)by介词读法plusminustimesover运算结果 sumdifferenceproductquotient0.001o/zeropointooone2/3twothirdsequals/isequaltoisapproximatelyequalto
8、lessthangreaterthanx2xsquaredx3xcubedx-10 xtotheminustenthpower100oconehundreddegreescentigrade5%fivepercent(bymass,volume)()roundbrackets/parenthesessquare/angularbracketsbraces基本形状linearpyramidal三角锥的trigonaltetrahedral正四面体的squarespherical球形的rectangularovalcircleplanarsteroscopic无机物质的命名Part4Nomencl
9、atureOfInorganicChemicalselementcompound4.1元素和单质的命名元素和单质的命名“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”,有时为了区别,在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。因此,单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称,同时又是单质的名称。S-blockElementIAHydrogenLithiumSodiumPotassiumRubidiumCesiumFranciumIIABerylliumMagnesiumCalciumStrontiumBariumRadiumIIIAboronAluminiumGal
10、liumIndiumThalliumIVACarbonSiliconGermaniumTinLeadVANitrogenPhosphorusArsenicAntimonyBismuthVIAOxygenSulfurSeleniumTelluriumPoloniumVIIAFluorineChlorineBromineIodineAstatine0HeliumNeonArgonKryptonXenonRadonP-blockElementCommonTransitionElememtFe:ironMn:manganeseCu:copperZn:zincHg:mercuryAg:silverAu:
11、gold4.2化合物的命名化合物的命名化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读,这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀:mono-di-tri-tetra-penta-hexa-hepta-octa-,nona-,deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去。1化合物正电荷部分的读法化合物正电荷部分的读法直呼其名,即读其元素名称。如CO:carbonmonoxideAl2O3:aluminiumoxideN2O4:Dinitrogentetroxide(tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)对于有变价的金属元素,除了可用前缀来表示以外,更多采用罗马数字来
12、表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ous表示低价,-ic表示高价。如FeO:iron(II)oxide或ferrousoxideFe2O3:iron(III)oxide或ferricoxideCu2O:copper(I)oxide或cuprousoxideCuO:copper(II)oxide或cupricoxide化合物负电荷部分的读法:化合物负电荷部分的读法:.二元化合物.非金属氢化物.无氧酸.含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子.盐4.2.1二元化合物常见的二元化合物有卤化物,氧化物,硫化物,氮化物,磷化物,碳化物,金属氢化物等,命名时需要使用后缀-ide,如:fluoride,chloride,bromi
13、de,iodide,oxide,sulfide,nitride,phosphide,carbide,hydride;OH-的名称也是用后缀-ide:hydroxide,非金属氢化物不用此后缀,而是将其看成其它二元化合物(见4.),非最低价的二元化合物还要加前缀,如O22-:peroxideO2-:superoxide举例:NaF:sodiumfluorideAlCl3:aluminiumchlorideMg2N3:magnesiumnitrideAg2S:silversulfideCaC2:calciumcarbideFe(OH)2:iron(II)hydroxide有些物质常用俗称,如NOn
14、itricoxideN2Onitrousoxide4.2非金属氢化物1)除了水和氨气使用俗称water,ammonia以外,其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称,命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。对于卤族和氧族氢化物,在化学式中写在前面,因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物。举例:HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodideH2ShydrogensulfideH2SehydrogenselenideH2Tehydrogentelluride2)对于其它族的非金属氢化物,在化学式中写在后面,可加后缀an
15、e,氮族还可加-ine举例:PH3:phosphine或phosphane AsH3:arsine或arsaneSbH3:stibine或stibaneBiH3:bismuthaneCH4:methaneSiH4:silaneB2H6:diborane4.无氧酸命名规则:hydro-词根-icacid举例:HCl:hydrochloricacidH2S:hydrosufuricacidBBoronBor-BorideBrBromineBrom-BromideClChlorineChlor-ChlorideFFluorineFluor-FluorideHHydrogenHydr-HydrideI
16、IodineIod-IodideNNitrogenNitr-NitrideOOxygenOx-OxidePPhosphorusPhosph-PhosphideSSulfurSulf-orsulfur-SulfideSymbolElementStemBinarynameendings4.含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子化学专业英语用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子,价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀,不同的后缀。高某酸per-ic正酸ic亚酸-ous次酸hypo-ous高某酸根per-ate正酸根ate亚酸根-ite次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有ortho-正meta
17、-偏thio-硫代举例:HClO4perchloricacidClO4-perchlorateionHClO3chloricacidClO3-chlorateionHClO2chlorousacidClO2-chloriteionHClOhypochlorousacidClO-hypochloriteionH2SO4sulfuricacidH2SO3sulfurousacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHPO3metaphosphoricacidS2O32-thiosulfateion4.盐正盐正盐:根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。如FeSO4ir
18、on(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate酸酸式式盐盐:同正盐的读法,酸根中的读做hydrogen,氢原子的个数用前缀表示。如NaHCO3:sodiumhydrogencarbonate或sodiumbicarbonateNaH2PO4:sodiumdihydrogenphosphate复复盐盐:同正盐的读法,并且阳离子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读。如KNaCO3:potassuimsodiumcarbonateNaNH4HPO4:ammoniumsodiumhydrogenphosphate水合盐水合盐:结晶水读做water或hydrate如AlCl36H
19、2O:aluminumchloride6-water或aluminumchloridehexahydrateAlK(SO4)212H2Oaluminiumpotassiumsulphate12-water有机物质的命名有机物质的命名烷烃的英文命名1)烷烃()烷烃(Alkanes)有有机机化化合合物物的的英英文文命命名名很很不不统统一一,有有普普通通命命名名、衍生命名、系统命名及衍生命名、系统命名及CA系统命名等。系统命名等。CH4甲烷methaneC2H6乙烷ethaneC3H8丙烷propaneC4H10丁烷butaneC5H12戊烷pentaneC6H14己烷hexaneC7H16庚烷he
20、ptaneC8H18辛烷octaneC9H20壬烷nonaneC10H22癸烷decaneC11H24十一undecaneC12H26十二烷dodecaneC18H28十三烷tridecaneC14H30十四烷tetradecaneC15H32十五烷pentadecaneC16H34十六烷hexadecan烷烃的英文名称字尾都有烃的英文名称字尾都有-ane2不饱和烃不饱和烃UnsaturatedHydrocarbonCH3甲 基 methyl methylCH3CH2乙 基 ethyl ethylCH3CH2CH2正丙基n-propyl propyl异丙基isopropyl(1-methyl
21、ethyl)CH3CH2CH2CH2 正丁基n-butyl butylCH3(CH2)3CH2 正戊基n-pentyl或n-amyl pentyl异戊基isopentyl或isoamyl(3-methyl butyl)新戊基neopentyl(2,2-dimethyl propyl)烷基的名称烷基的名称CH2=CH2乙烯ethyleneethylene,CH3CH=CH2丙烯propylenepropene,1丁烯1-butylene1-butene,(CH3)2C=CH2异丁烯isobutylenepropene,2methylCH3CH2CH2CH=CH21戊烯1-amylene1-pen
22、tene,异戊二烯isoprene1,3butadiene,2-methyl-烯基(alkenyl)是将烯的字尾-ene改为-enyl。烯类化合物的名称烯类化合物的名称烯基的名称CH2=CH乙烯基vinylethenyl烯丙基allyl(2-propenyl)丙烯基propenyl(1-propenyl)2-丁烯基(2-butenyl)炔类化合物的名称炔类化合物的名称HCCH乙炔acetylene;ethyne,CH3CCH丙炔methylacetylene;propyne,2丁炔dimethylacetylene;2-butyne,丙烯基乙炔propenylacetylene;3-pente
23、n-1-yne,系统命名是以芳香环为母体,取代基根据环上的位置而定位,苯环上表示2个基团的相对位置普通命名常用邻O,对P,间m表示芳香烃芳香烃AromaticHydrocarbonCompounds苯benzene,萘naphthalene,蒽anthracene,菲phenanthrene,甲苯toluene;methyl-benzene邻二甲苯o-xylene;1,2-dimethyl-benzene对二甲苯p-xylene;1,4-dimethyl-benzene间二甲苯m-xylene;1,3-dimethyl-benzene苯乙烯styrenestyrene;ethenyl-benz
24、xene卤代烃卤代烃OrganicHalidesCH3Cl氯甲烷methylchloride;chloro-methaneCH2Cl2二氯甲烷methylenedichloride;dichloro-methaneCHCl3三氯甲烷(氯仿)chloroform;trichloro-methaneCCl4四氯化碳carbontetrachloride;tetrachloro-methaneCH3CH2Br溴乙烷ethylbromide;brormo-ethane1,2二溴乙烷ethylenedibromide;1,2-dibromo-ethaneCH2=CHCl氯乙烯vinylchloride;
25、chloro-ethyleneCH2=CH-CH2Cl烯丙基氯allylchloride;3-chloro-1-propene氯苯phenylchloride;chloro-benzene二氯苯p-phenylenedichloridebenzene,1,4-dichlorop-dichlorobenzene5醇、酚、醚醇、酚、醚Alcohols,PhenolsandEthersCH3OH甲醇methylalcohol;carbinolmethanol,C2H5OH乙醇ethylalcohol;carbinolethanol,CH3CH2CH2OH正丙醇n-propylalcohol;ethy
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