世界非物质文化遗产古琴中英文解读教程文件.ppt
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1、世界非物质文化遗产古琴中英文解读概述概述 古琴,又称瑶琴、玉琴、丝桐和七弦琴,是中国汉族传统拨弦乐器,有三千年以上历史,属于八音中的丝。古琴音域宽广,音色深沉,余音悠远。自古“琴”为其特指,19世纪20年代起为了与钢琴区别而改称古琴。初为5弦,汉朝起定制为7弦,且有标志音律的13个徽,亦为礼器和乐律法器。琴是汉文化中地位最崇高的乐器,有“士无故不撤琴瑟”和“左琴右书”之说。位列中国传统文化四艺“琴棋书画”之首,被文人视为高雅的代表,亦为文人吟唱时的伴奏乐器,自古以来一直是许多文人必备的知识和必修的科目。伯牙、钟子期以“高山流水”而成知音的故事流传至今;琴台被视为友谊的象征。大量诗词文赋中有琴的
2、身影。现存琴曲3360多首,琴谱130多部,琴歌300首。主要流传范围是中华文化圈国家和地区,如中国、朝鲜、日本和东南亚,而欧洲、美洲也有琴人组织的琴社。古琴作为中国最早的弹拨乐器,是汉族文化中的瑰宝,是人类口头和非物质遗产代表作。Guqin and the Guqin ArtsGuqin and the Guqin ArtsIn In 2003,2003,guqin guqin music music was was proclaimed proclaimed as as one one of of the the Masterpieces Masterpieces of of the th
3、e Oral Oral and and Intangible Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.20032003年年1111月月7 7日日,中中国国古古琴琴艺艺术术继继昆昆曲曲之之后后,入入选选世世界界“人人类类口口头头和和非非物物质质遗遗产产代代表表作作”名名录录,有有着着30003000年年悠悠久久历历史史的的古古琴琴艺艺术术的的突突出出价价值值再再次次得得到到了了世世界公认。界公认。古古琴琴,是是物物,它它不不是是非非物物质质文文化化遗遗产产;古古琴琴演演奏奏家家,是是人人,也
4、也不不是是非非物物质质文文化化遗遗产产;只只有有古古琴琴的的发发明明、制制作作、弹弹奏奏技技巧巧、曲曲调调谱谱写写、演演奏奏仪仪式式、传传承承体体系系、思思想想内内涵涵等等等等,才才是是非非物物质质文文化化遗遗产产本本体体。所所以以,联联合合国国批批准准的的世世界界遗遗产产是是“中中国国古古琴琴艺艺术术”,而而不不是是古古琴琴这这个个乐乐器器或或那那些些古古琴琴演演奏奏家家,虽虽然然古古琴这种乐器和那些演奏家们都很重要。琴这种乐器和那些演奏家们都很重要。The Shape(CONSTRUCTION)The Shape(CONSTRUCTION)According According to to
5、 tradition,tradition,the the qin qin originally originally had had five five strings,strings,representing representing the the five five elements elements of of metal,metal,wood,wood,water,water,fire fire and and earthearth.Later,Later,in in the the Zhou Zhou dynasty,dynasty,Zhou Zhou Wen Wen Wang W
6、ang added added a a sixth sixth string string to to mourn mourn his his son.son.His His successor,successor,Zhou Zhou Wu Wu Wang,Wang,added added a a seventh seventh string string to to motivate motivate his his troops troops into into battle battle with with the the Shang.Shang.The The thirteen thi
7、rteen hui hui on on the the surface surface represent represent the the 13 13 months months of of the the year year(the(the extra extra 13th 13th is is the the leap leap month month in in the the lunar lunar calendar).calendar).The The surface surface board board is is round round to to represent re
8、present Heaven Heaven and and the the bottom bottom board board flat flat to to represent represent earth.earth.The The entire entire length length of of the the qin qin(in(in Chinese Chinese measurements)measurements)is is 3 3 chi,chi,6 6 cun cun and and 5 5 fen;fen;representing representing the th
9、e 365 365 days days of of the the year year(though(though this this is is just just a a standard standard since since qins qins can can be be shorter shorter or or longer longer depending depending on on the the periods periods measurement measurement standard standard or or the the makers makers pr
10、eference).preference).Each Each part part of of the the qin qin has has meaning,meaning,some more obvioussome more obvious其形其形 古琴造型优美,常见的为伏羲式、神农式、仲尼式、列子式、连珠式、落霞式、灵机式、蕉叶式等。主要是依琴体的项、腰形制的不同而有所区分。琴漆有断纹,它是古琴年代久远的标志。由于长期演奏的振动和木质、漆底的不同,可形成多种断纹,如梅花断、牛毛断、蛇腹断、冰裂断、龟纹等。有断纹的琴,琴音透澈、外表美观,所以更为名贵。古代名琴有绿绮、焦尾、春雷、冰清、大圣
11、遗音、九霄环佩等。琴一般长约三尺六寸五三尺六寸五(约120125公分),象征一年三百六十五天(一说象周天365度)。一般宽约六寸(20公分左右)。一般厚约二寸(6公分左右)。琴体下部扁平,上部呈弧形凸起,分别象征天地,与古时的天圆地方之说相应和。整体形状依凤身形而制成,其全身与凤身相应(也可说与人身相应),有头、颈、肩、腰、尾、足。古琴最初只有五根弦,内合五行,金、木、水、火、土金、木、水、火、土;外合五音,宫、商、角、徵、羽宫、商、角、徵、羽。后来文王囚于羑(yu)里,思念其子伯邑考,加弦一根,是为文弦;武王伐纣,加弦一根,是为武弦。合称文武七弦琴。其神其神在中国古代社会漫长的历史阶段中,”
12、琴、棋、书、画”历来被视为文人雅士修身养性的必由之径。古琴因其清、和、淡、雅的音乐品格寄寓了文人风凌傲骨、超凡脱俗的处世心态,而在音乐、棋术、书法、绘画中居于首位。“琴者,情也;琴者,禁也。”吹箫抚琴、吟诗作画、登高远游、对酒当歌成为文人士大夫生活的生动写照。古琴,蕴含着丰富而深刻的文化内涵,千百年来一直是中国古代文人、士大夫手中爱不释手的器物。特殊的身份使得琴乐在整个中国音乐结构中属于具有高度文化属性的一种音乐形式。“和雅”、“清淡”是琴乐追求的审美情趣,“味外之旨、韵外之致、弦外之音”是琴乐深远意境的精髓所在。The InheritanceThe Inheritance(Tablature
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