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1、眼外肌学眼外肌学Extraocular Muscles 眼外肌眼外肌肌肉肌肉 主要作用主要作用 次要作用次要作用 神经支配神经支配内直肌内直肌 内转内转 无无 III外直肌外直肌 外转外转 无无 VI上直肌上直肌 上转上转 内转内转,内旋内旋 III下直肌下直肌 下转下转 内转内转,外旋外旋 III上斜肌上斜肌 内旋内旋 下转下转,外转外转 IV下斜肌下斜肌 外旋外旋 上转上转,外转外转 IIISynergistic Muscles(协同肌)(协同肌)have the same field of action.Antagonistic Muscles(拮抗肌)(拮抗肌)restriction
2、each otherYoke Muscles(配偶肌)(配偶肌)for movement of both eyes in the same directionBinocular Single Vision(双眼单视)(双眼单视)Simultaneous perception(同时视)同时视):the two dissimilar objects were imaged on the two foveas.Sensory Fusion(融合)融合):whereby dissimilarities between the two images.Stereopsis(立体视)立体视):the cer
3、ebral integration of these two slightly dissimilar images.Strabismus(斜视)(斜视)在正常双眼注视状态下,被注视的物体会同时在双眼的视网膜黄斑中心凹上成像。在异常情况下,双眼不能协同,在双眼注视状态下出现偏斜,称为斜视。斜视的检查:斜视的检查:病史病史:家族史、发病年龄、发生的类型、偏斜类型、偏斜性质、治疗过程等视力检查视力检查:屈光检查屈光检查:眼部一般情况眼部一般情况:眼球位置和眼球运动眼球位置和眼球运动:斜视检查斜视检查:alternative cover test(交替遮盖)cover-uncover test(遮盖去
4、遮盖)Hirschberg method(角膜反光)Prism reflex method(三棱镜)synoptophore method(同视机)diplopia test(复视试验)Bielschowsky head-tilting test(歪头试验)非手术治疗非手术治疗:treatment of Amblyopia(弱视治疗)optical devices:spectacles,prisms(配镜)pharmacologic agents:miotics,botulinum toxin(散瞳、肉毒杆菌)治疗原则:治疗原则:手术治疗手术治疗:手术方式:resection and rece
5、ssion(后退和缩短)shifting of point of muscle attachment(前移)faden procedure(后固定)Choice of muscles for surgery(肌肉选择)Adjustable sutures(调整缝线)Recession后退后退Resection缩短缩短斜视的分类:斜视的分类:Esotropia,Exotropia and Hypertropia 内斜、外斜和上斜Nonaccommodative,Accommodative and Partially Accommodative非调节、调节和部分调节性Commitant and I
6、ncomitant共同和非共同性Intermittent and Constant间歇和恒定性共同性内斜视共同性内斜视分为:分为:调节性内斜视非调节性内斜视 部分调节性内斜视第一斜视角等于第二斜视角临床表现临床表现:各方向的斜视度相等无复视无代偿头位治疗治疗:optical devices(光学矫正)treatment of amblyopia(弱视治疗)Surgery(手术)Paretic Esotropia麻痹性内斜视麻痹性内斜视原因原因:外直肌麻痹外展神经麻痹眶内壁骨折Duanes 后退综合征 高血压糖尿病diplopia and dizzy(复视和头晕)Paresis of the l
7、ateral rectus causes esotropia(内斜)head tilt,turn,or abnormal posture of the head(代偿头位)the secondary deviation is greater than the primary deviation(第二斜视角大于第一斜视角)limitation of the abduction(外转受限)临床表现临床表现:治疗治疗:treat the primary disease(治疗原发病)occlusion the paretic eye(遮盖麻痹眼)with prisms(使用三棱镜)with botul
8、inum toxin type A on medial rectus(注射肉毒杆菌)保守治疗6个月后无效可手术共同性外斜视共同性外斜视分为:间歇性和恒定性治疗治疗:手术治疗 临床表现临床表现:各方向的斜视度相等第一斜视角等于第二斜视角无复视无代偿头位“A”&“V”patterns水平位的偏斜程度与垂直方向有关。即向上方注视的水平偏斜角和向下方注视时的水平偏斜角不同,称为A或V型斜视.A 型相差 10 有临床意义,V 型相差 15有临床意义临床上可分为外斜A征、外斜V征及内斜A征、内斜V征“A”Esotropia内斜内斜A征征“V”Esotropia内斜内斜V征征垂直斜视垂直斜视Paresis
9、of left superior oblique左上斜肌麻痹左上斜肌麻痹Paresis of right superior oblique右上斜肌麻痹右上斜肌麻痹Paresis of left inferior oblique(左下斜肌麻痹)(左下斜肌麻痹)Paresis of right inferior rectus(右下直肌麻痹)(右下直肌麻痹)Dissociated vertical deviation(分离性垂直偏斜)(分离性垂直偏斜)Pseudoesotropia(假性内斜)(假性内斜)Amblyopia(弱视)(弱视)在视觉发育期间,由于各种原因造成视觉细胞的有效刺激不足,从而造
10、成矫正视力低于同龄正常儿童,称为弱视。弱视在青少年中的患病率为24,可通过早期诊断及治疗得到恢复。Classification:strabismic amblyopia(斜视性)斜视性)anisometropic amblyopia(屈光参差性)屈光参差性)ametropic amblyopia(屈光不正性)屈光不正性)deprivation and occlusion amblyopia(形觉剥夺和遮盖性)形觉剥夺和遮盖性)slight(amblyopia临床表现临床表现:Reduced visual acuity(视力下降)Crowding phenomenon(拥挤现象)Anomalou
11、s retinal correspondence(异常视网膜对应)Abnormal of VEPAbnormal of binocular vision(双眼单视异常)治疗治疗:Should be instituted as soon as the diagnosis is made(尽早治疗).Treat the primary disease.Occlusion therapy(遮盖疗法)Atropine therapy(压抑疗法)Pleoptics(增视疗法)After image therapy(后像疗法)Nystagmus眼球震颤眼球震颤A kind of involuntary oscillation of the eyeball.Divided into:Horizontal(水平),vertical(垂直),oblique倾斜),rotating(旋转)and mixed(混合).Treated with:optical correction(光学)Prism(三棱镜)operative therapy(手术)
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