维多利亚时期文学.ppt

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1、维多利亚时期文学 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望the Victorian PeriodThe Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901.The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in

2、 the English history.The Chartist Movement（1836-1848）宪章运动宪章运动 The English workers got themselves organized in big cities&brought forth the Peoples charter,in which they demanded basic rights&better living&working conditions.They,for three times,made appeals to the government,with hundreds of thousan

3、ds of peoples signatures.The movement swept over most of the cities in the country.Although the movement declined to an end in 1848,it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class.This was the first mass movement of the English working class&the early sign of the awakening of the p

4、oor,oppressed people.Utilitarianism功利主义功利主义 Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion(标准)of utility,that is,the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists,whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to th

5、e utmost&brought greater suffering&poverty to the working mass.Critical Realism批判现实主义批判现实主义 The Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism,a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral&physical diseases as they are.To be true to life becomes the first requirement f

6、or literary writing.As the mirror of truth,literature has come very close to daily life,reflecting its practical problems&interests&is used as a powerful instrument of human progress(进步,发展).Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白戏剧独白 By dramatic monologue,it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis

7、,in which his characters are made to talk about their lives,&about their minds&hearts.In listening to those one-sided talks,readers can form their own opinions&judgments about the speakers personality&about what has really happened.Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity&perfection&

8、his My Last Duchess is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.p The Reform Bill of 1832 gave the middle class the political power.While the affluence of the middle class increased,the lower classes,thrown off their land and into the cities to form the great urban working class.p In 1837 when Quee

9、n Victoria came to the throne(王位王位),married women had no property rights,not even in the proceeds of their own earnings.They had no rights to custody（监护监护监护监护）of their own children and were excluded from universities and professions.The social changesThe social changes Darwins Origin of Species(1859

10、)and The Descent of Man(1871)shook the theoretical basis of the conventional religious faith.Background of the periodThe enlightenment movement.（启蒙运动）The enlighteners celebrated reason,equality and science,claiming that the reason should be the only and the final cause of the humans.They believe in

11、the eternal justice and natural equality and the eternal truth.Towards the middle of the 18 century,it has become the first powerful capitalist country.It is a period of economic expansion and population growth.Culturally,it is believed that self-reliance and hard work is the preferred social moral

12、and value.Features of the Victorian Literature Victorian literature,as a product of its age,naturally took on its quality of magnitude(大小大小)&diversity.It was many-sided&complex,&reflected both romantically&realistically the great changes that were going on in peoples life&thought.Great writers&great

13、 works abounded.Novel The Victorian age was the great age of the English novelrealistic,thickly plotted(紧凑的情节),crowded with characters,and long.It was the ideal form to describe contemporary life and to entertain the middle class.Major writers in the periodJohn BunyanThe Pilgrims Progress天路历程 Grace

14、Abounding to the chief of Sinners(上帝赐于最大罪人的无限恩惠)The Holy War圣战Vanity Fair名利场Daniel Defoe(丹尼尔.笛福16001731)lRepresentative works:Representative works:Robinson Crusoe(鲁滨逊漂流记)A Journal of the Plague(大瘟疫日记)Samuel Richardson(塞缪尔.里查森)Pamela(帕米拉)The History of Sir Charles Grandison (查尔斯先生的历史)Jonathan Swift(1

15、667-1705)乔纳森.斯威特Representative works:Representative works:Gullivers Travels(格利佛游记)A Tale of a Tub(一个木桶的故事)Nonfiction写实文学写实文学 Famous historians,critics,scientists and essayists abounded.Thomas Macaulay represents in the fullest degree the Victorian vigor and delight in material progress.Thomas Carlyl

16、e,the historian,social critic,and prophet（预言者，先知）,wrote a major history of the French Revolution.John Henry Newman,one of the prime movers of the Oxford Movement,wrote a series of essays on religion,philosophy,and education.John Ruskin,the foremost English art critic,revolutionized art criticism and

17、 wrote some of the most superb prose in the English language.John Stuart Mill,better known as the author of Principles of Political Economy（政治经济学原理）,was the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century.PoetryuVictorian poetry is obsessed by the great ideas of a fictionaliz

18、ed（小说化的）past,it functions as a popular encyclopedia（百科全书）or commentary to myth or folklore（民 间 传 说）and it is a fashionable commentary to a variety of ideas.uIts most representative poet is Alfred Tennyson.His production of poetry was steady,and its variety great.Alfred Tennyson（丁尼生)18091892 English

19、poet,one of the great representative figures of the Victorian Age.His writing encompasses many poetic styles and includes some of the finest idyllic poetry（田园诗）in the language.For man is man and master of his fate.人就是人，是自己命运的主人。WORKSWORKS：Poems Chiefly Lyrical 抒情诗集（1830）In Memoriam 悼念集（1850）Idylls of the king 国王叙事诗（1859）THANK YOU!