学术英语-综合-第二单元教学内容.ppt

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1、学术英语-综合-第二单元College EnglishUnit2BusinessEthicsTextAStrikingtheRightBalanceCollege EnglishCollege EnglishCollege EnglishCollege EnglishBusiness EthicsBusinessethicsmeanswrittenandunwrittencodesofmoralstandardsthatarecriticaltothecurrentactivitiesandfutureaspirationsofabusinessorganization.Theycandiff

2、erfromonecompanytoanotherbecauseofdifferencesinculturalperspectives,operationalstructuresandstrategicorientations.Theguidingframeworkofbusinessethicsexistsalllevelsoftheorganization.Itisabouthavingthewisdomtodeterminethedifferencebetweenrightactionsandwrongdecisions.Insimplerterms,businessethicsprov

3、idesthemoralitystandardsandbehavioralpatternsexpectedofindividualsandthebusinessasawhole.Thesemoralstandardscanbeperceivedintermsofthemicroenvironmentandmacroenvironmentofthebusiness.6College EnglishStakeholderVSShareholderTherearetwoschoolsofthoughtregardinghowcompaniesshouldapproachadefinitionforb

4、usinessethics:theshareholderperspectiveandthestakeholderperspective.College EnglishStakeholderVSShareholderShareholderPerspectiveThosewhoapproachethicaldecisionmakingfromashareholderperspectivefocusonmakingdecisionsthatareintheownersbestinterest.Decisionsareguidedbyaneedtomaximizereturnoninvestmentf

5、ortheorganizationsshareholders.Individualswhoapproachethicsfromthisperspectivefeelthatethicalbusinesspracticesareonesthatmakethemostmoney.College EnglishStakeholderVSShareholderStakeholder PerspectiveThephrasecorporate social responsibilityisoftenusedindiscussionsofbusinessethics.Theideabehindthisco

6、nceptisthebeliefthatcompaniesshouldconsidertheneedsandinterestsofmultiplestakeholdergroups,notjustthosewithadirectfinancialstakeintheorganizationsprofitsandlosses.Organizationsthatapproachbusinessethicsfromastakeholderperspectiveconsiderhowdecisionsimpactthoseinsideandoutsidetheorganization.Stakehol

7、dersmayinclude:employees,suppliers,customers,competitors,governmentagencies,thenewsmedia,communityresidentsandothers.Theideabehindstakeholderbasedethicaldecisionmakingistomakesoundbusinessdecisionsthatworkforthegoodofallaffectedparties.College EnglishImportanceofEthicalBusinessDecisionsCompaniesandp

8、eoplewhobehaveinasociallyresponsiblemanneraremuchmorelikelytoenjoyultimatesuccessthanthosewhoseactionsaremotivatedsolelybyprofits.Knowingthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongandchoosingwhatisrightisthefoundationforethicaldecisionmaking.Inmanycases,doingtherightthingoftenleadstothegreatestfinancial,socia

9、l,andpersonalrewardsinthelongrun.College EnglishCorporate Social ResponsibilityDefinitionsCorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)isabouthowcompaniesmanagethebusinessprocessestoproduceanoverallpositiveimpactonsocietyCorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)referstoabusinesspracticethatinvolvesparticipatinginacti

10、vitiesthatbenefitsociety.11College EnglishPyramid of Social Responsibility(Carroll1991)12College EnglishText A Striking the Right BalancePara1In1776,AdamSmithdescribedhowan“invisiblehand”guidescompaniesastheystriveforprofits,andthathandleadsthemtodecisionsthatbenefitsociety.Smithsinsightsledhimtocon

11、cludethatprofitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusinessandthatthefreeenterprisesystemisbestforsociety.College EnglishText A Striking the Right BalanceButtheworldhaschangedsince1776.Firmstodayaremuchlarger,theyoperatedglobally,theyhavethousandsofemployees,andtheyareownedbymillionsofstockholders.Thismak

12、euswonderifthe“invisiblehand”stillprovidesreliableguidance.Shouldcompaniesstilltrytomaximizeprofits,orshouldtheytakebroaderviewandtakemorebalancedactionsdesignedtobenefitcustomers,employees,suppliers,andsocietyasawhole?College EnglishPara 2MostacademicstodaysubscribetothefollowingmodifiedversionofAd

13、amSmithstheory:Afirmsprincipalgoalshouldbetomaximizethewealthofitsstockholders,whichmeansmaximizingthevalueofitsstocks.College EnglishPara 2Freeenterpriseisstillthebesteconomicsystemforthecountryasawhole.Underthefreeenterpriseframework,companiesdevelopproductsandservicesthatpeoplewantandthatbenefits

14、ociety.However,someconstraintsareneeded-firmsshouldnotbeallowedtopollutetheairandwater,toengageinunfairemploymentpractices,ortocreatemonopoliesthatexploitconsumers.College EnglishPara 3Theseconstraintstakeanumberofdifferentforms.Throughthepoliticalprocess,societyimposesawiderangeofregulationsthatare

15、designedtokeepcompaniesfromengaginginpracticesthathurtsociety.Anothersetofconstraintsarethecoststhatareassessedoncompaniesiftheytakeactionsthatharmsociety.Properlyimposed,thesecostsfairlytransfervaluetosufferingpartiesandhelpcreateincentivesthathelppreventsimilareventsfromoccurringinthefuture.Colleg

16、e EnglishPara 3Tworecentexamplesdramaticallyillustratethesepoints.First,manyWallStreetfirmsengagedinextremelyriskyactivitiesthatpushedthefinancialsystemtothebrinkofcollapsein2007and2008.Savingthefinancialsystemrequiredabailoutofbanksandotherfinancialcompanies,andthatbailoutimposedhugecostsonthetaxpa

17、yers,andalsohelpedpushtheeconomyintoadeeprecession.College EnglishPara 3Apartfromthehugecostsimposedonsociety,thefinancialfirmsalsopaidaheavyprice-anumberofleadingfinancialinstitutionssawahugedropintheirstockprice,somefailedandwentoutofbusiness,andmanyWallStreetexecutiveslosttheirjobs.Morerecently,i

18、n2010,themassiveBPoilspillintheGulfofMexicohadaterribleenvironmentalandeconomicimpactoftheGulfregion.College EnglishPara 3Inthethreemonthsfollowingtheinitialexplosion,BPsstocklosthalfofitsvalue,andnooneknewhowhighitstotalcostwouldbeandwhetherthecompanywouldsurvive.ThespillhasalsoledtheUnitedStatesan

19、dothernationstore-examinetheirpoliciesregardingdeep-waterdrilling,andthatmighthaveaseriousadverseeffectonlong-runoilsupplies.College EnglishCREDIT CRISISCollege EnglishbackgroundUSFederalReservelowertheinterestratestoonly%after911.Investor:lowreturnfor1%,Bank:borrowmoneyfromFedfor1%,cheapcredit(低息贷款

20、),gocrazywithleverage,earnlotsofmoney,TheninvestorsofWallStreetalsowantstoearnmoremoney.College EnglishLeverage is borrow money to amplify the outcome of a deal$10,000College EnglishHow did that happen?HousebuyersInvestorsWallstreetCollege EnglishHow did it work?mortgageCollege EnglishBad result sub

21、-prime mortgage crisis College EnglishEndCollege EnglishPara 4Still,somearguethatthecostsimposedonBPareinsufficienttocoverthedamagesthatwereincurred,andthatthetheoryofconstrainedprofitmaximizationisinadequate.Forexample,GEChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO)JeffreyImmeltbelievesthatjustobeyingthelawisnotenoug

22、h,andthatcompaniesshouldstrivetobehaveethicallyandcontinuallyoperatewithsocietysinterestsinmind.College EnglishPara 4Immeltfurtherarguesthatvalueandreputationgohandinhand,andthathavingagoodreputationwithcustomers,suppliers,employeesandregulatorsisessentialifvalueistobemaximized.Inhiswords,“Thereason

23、peoplecometoworkforGEisthattheywanttobepartofsomethingbiggerthanthemselves.College EnglishPara 4Theywanttoworkhard,winpromotions,andbewell-compensated,buttheyalsowanttoworkforacompanythatmakesadifference,acompanythatsdoinggreatthingsintheworlditsuptoGEbetoagoodcitizen.Notonlyisthatanicethingtodo,but

24、itsgoodforbusinessandthusthepriceofourstock.”College EnglishPara 5GEisnotalone.Anincreasingnumberofcompaniesseetheirmissionasmorethanjustmakingmoneyfortheirshareholders.Googleswell-knowcorporatemottois“DontBeEvil.”Consistentwiththismission,thecompanyhasitsownin-housefoundationthathasmadelargeinvestm

25、entsinawiderangeofphilanthropicventuresworldwide.Thereareotherinstanceswherecorporateleadershavedonatedpersonalfunds.College EnglishPara 6In2008,MicrosoftCorporationsBillGatesgaveaspeechtotheworldEconomicForuminwhichhemadethecasefora“creativecapitalism”.Gatesstatedthat,“suchasystemwouldhaveatwinmiss

26、ion:makingprofitsandalsoimprovinglivesforthosewhodontfullybenefitfrommarketforces.”College EnglishPara 7Gateshascertainlybeentruetohisword.In2000,heandhiswifeestablishedtheBill&MelindaGatesFoundation.Todaythefundhasassetstotaling$33.5billion.Itreceivedanotableboostin2006whenfamedinvestorWarrenBuffet

27、tannouncedthathewoulddonateahugeshareofhisfortunetotheFoundation.College EnglishPara 7Todate,Buffetthascontributedmorethan$6billion,andovertimeheisscheduledtocontributeadditionalstockthatisnowworthinexcessof$40billion.Theseeffortsshowthatthereismoretolifethanmoney,butitoftentakesmoneytodogoodthings.

28、College EnglishBill Gates was born on Oct,28 in 1955 and grew up in Seattle with his two sisters.His father was a lawyer and his mother was a teacher.Bill Gates had his elementary school and high school education is Seattle.BillGatesCollege EnglishAnditwasduringthattimeBillfoundedthathisinterestslyi

29、nginwritingprogramsandbegantowriteprogramsat13.College EnglishIn 1973,Bill Gates was admitted by Harvard but he quitted from Harvard three years later.He put all his time and energy into designing programs for Microsoft Cooperation which established in 1975 by Bill and his friend Paul Allen.College

30、EnglishBillGatesmarriedMelindaFrenchGatesonJanuary,1stin1994.Theyhavethreechildren.Inthesparetime,Billhaspassioninreadingbooksandplayinggolf.College EnglishWarren Buffett LifeuHisfinancialcareerbeganattheageof14.uAt26,hesetuphisfirstinvestmentpartnershipforfamilyandfriendswith$174,000.uAttheendof200

31、8,hispersonalfortunewas$60billionandBerkshireHathaway,hisholdingcompany,wasvaluedat$200million.uBuffettlovescharity,preparingtocontribute$37billion,accountingfor85%ofhisproperty.College Englishwords for his sonHissondoesntfollowinhisfootsteps,butkeepsthefaithofWarrenBuffett,thatis:Enjoyingwhatyouare

32、doingeverydayisatruesuccess.Earningalotofmoneymaymakeyourich,butthatmeansseekingameaninglesslifebysacrificingyourhappiness.Thatmaybestupid.College EnglishText A OverviewCritical reading and thinking1.Scan Text A and completing the following table.The original version The modified versionThe invisibl

33、e hands guides companies to strive for profits.Profit maximization is the right goal for a business.Free enterprise system is best for society.A firms principal goal should be to maximize the wealth of its stockholders.Free enterprise is still the best economic system for the country as a whole.Some

34、 constraints are needed for firms.Unit 2Business EthicsCollege EnglishExercise 2Argument11)awiderangeofregulationsareimposed2)assessingcostsoncompanies;BPoilspillArgument21)behaveethically;valueandreputation2)DontbeEvil3)creativecapitalism4)contributedmorethan$6billionCollege EnglishLanguage buildin

35、g upTask1-11.无形的手2.自由企业制度3.股东4.经济体制5.开发产品和服务6.市场力量7.金融机构8.严重衰退9.破产College EnglishLanguage building up10.stockprice11.mission12.corporatemotto13.assets14.maximizeprofits15.financialsystemCollege EnglishLanguage building upTask 1-2 1.Whenpoliticiansandeconomiststalkabout【market force】,theymeantheecono

36、micfactorsthataffecttheavailabilityofgoodsandthedemandsforthem,withoutanyhelpfromorcontrolbythegovernment.2.Thedramaticchangeinbusinessenvironmentmakesallindustriesfacedrasticcompletion.Thisisalsohappenedinthe【financial institutions】.College EnglishLanguage building upTask 1-2 3.A【free enterprise sy

37、stem】canbecontrastedwithasocialisteconomicsystem,whichdependsheavilyongovernmentplanningandpublicownershipofthemeansofproduction.4.TheoilpriceincreasespushedtheEuropeaneconomyinto【deep recession】.College EnglishLanguage building upTask 1-2 5.AdamSmithsfamous【invisible hand】theoryhasbeenmodifiedtocat

38、ertothecurrenteconomicsituation.6.Anindividualororganizationthatownsstocksinacorporationcanbecalled【stockholder】.College EnglishLanguage building upTask 1-2 7.Ineconomics,【profit maximization】istheshort-runorlong-runprocessbywhichafirmdeterminesthepriceandoutputlevelthatreturnsthegreatestprofit.8.As

39、ocialistmarket【economic system】hasnowtakenshape,andthebasicroleplayedbythemarkethasbeenimprovedinthesphereofresourceallocation.College EnglishLanguage building upTask2-Signpostlanguage1.and2.Another3.also4.Notonly,but5.otherCollege EnglishLanguage building upTask 3-formal English 1.Smiths insightsle

40、dhimtoconcludethatprofitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusinessandthatthefreeenterprisesystemisbestforsociety.(understanding)2.Mostacademicstodaysubscribe tothefollowingmodifiedversionofAdamSmithstheory.(agree with)College EnglishLanguage building upTask 3-formal English 3.Throughthepoliticalprocess,

41、societyimposes awiderangeofregulationsthataredesignedtokeepcompaniesfromengaginginpracticesthathurtsociety.(forces to be accepted)4.andthatmighthaveaseriousadverseeffectonlong-runoilsupplies.(bad)College EnglishLanguage building upTask 3-formal English 5.Anincreasingnumberofcompaniesseetheirmissiona

42、smorethanjustmakingmoneyfortheirshareholders.(purpose)6.Consistentwiththismission,thecompanyhasitsownin-housefoundationthathasmadelargeinvestmentsinawiderangeofphilanthropic venturesworldwide.(charitable)College EnglishLanguage building upTask 3-formal English 7.Thereareotherinstanceswherecorporatel

43、eadershavedonatedpersonalfunds.(given)8.Itreceivedanotableboostin2006whenfamedinvestorWarrenBuffettannouncedthathewoulddonateahugeshareofhisfortunetotheFoundation.(famous)College EnglishText B Two views of social responsibility Para1:Governmentregulationandpublicawarenessareexternalforcesthathaveinc

44、reasedthesocialresponsibilityofbusiness.Butbusinessdecisionsaremadewithinthefirmandthere,socialresponsibilitybeginswiththeattitudeofmanagement.Twocontrastingphilosophies,ormodels,definetherangeofmanagementattitudestowardsocialresponsibilityCollege EnglishPara 2The economic modelAccordingtothetraditi

45、onalconceptofbusiness,afirmexiststoproducequalitygoodsandservices,earnareasonableprofitandprovidejobs.Inlinewiththisconcept,theeconomicmodelofsocialresponsibilityholdsthatsocietywillbenefitmorewhenbusinessisleftalonetoproduceandmarketprofitableproductsthatsocietyneeds.Theeconomicmodelhasitsoriginsin

46、the18thcentury,whenbusinesseswereownedprimarilybyentrepreneursorowner-managers.Competitionwasvigorousamongsmallfirms,andshort-runprofitsandsurvivalweretheprimaryconcerns.College EnglishPara 3Tothemanagerwhoadoptsthistraditionalattitude,socialresponsibilityissomeoneelsesjob.Afterall,stockholdersinves

47、tinacorporationtoearnareturnontheirinvestment,notbecausethefirmissociallyresponsibleandthefirmislegallyobligatedtoactintheeconomicinterestofitsstockholders.Moreover,profitablefirmspayfederal,state,andlocaltaxesthatareusedtomeettheneedsofsociety.Thus,managerswhoconcentrateonprofitbelievethattheyfulfi

48、lltheirsocialresponsibilityindirectlythroughtaxespaidbytheirfirms.Asaresult,socialresponsibilitybecomestheproblemofgovernment,variousenvironmentalgroups,charitablefoundations,andsimilarorganizations.College EnglishPara 4The socioeconomic modelIncontrast,somemanagersbelievetheyhavetheresponsibilityno

49、tonlytostockholders,butalsotocustomers,employees,suppliers,andthegeneralpublic.Thisbroaderviewisreferredtoasthesocioeconomicmodelofsocialresponsibility,whichplacesemphasisnotonlyonprofitsbutalsoontheimpactofbusinessdecisionsonsociety.College EnglishPara 5Recently,increasingnumbersofmanagersandfirmsh

50、aveadoptedthesocioeconomicmodelandtheyhavedonesoforatleastthreereasons.First,businessisdominatedbythecorporateformofownershipandthecorporationisacreationofsociety.Ifacorporationdoesnotperformasagoodcitizen,societycanandwilldemandchanges.Second,manyfirmsarebeginningtotakeprideintheirsocialresponsibil