第五章句子的翻译.ppt

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1、第五章句子的翻译现在学习的是第1页，共35页5.1英汉句子对比及翻译技巧v形合与意合v树状与竹状 v主语与主题 v静态与动态 v被动与主动 v物称与人称 现在学习的是第2页，共35页引言v英语属于印欧语系(Indo-European Family)v汉语属于汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan Family)现在学习的是第3页，共35页v5.1.1 形合与意合（hypotaxis vs.parataxis)英语国家沿袭了古代希腊人非常严格和规范的语词系统。古代希腊人认为，语词系统与思维系统是相一致的，要表达一个清晰合理的思想就离不开清晰合理的词形和句法。而在一个毫无条理的陈述结构中，思想肯定也是

2、杂乱无章的，而杂乱无章的思想事没有意义的。英语形合的特征正是在这样一种背景下形成的。与之相反，中国人重直觉，强调意念流，只要能够达意，词的形式是无关紧要的，词语之间的关系常在不言中，语法意义和逻辑关现在学习的是第4页，共35页 系常隐藏在字里行间。正所谓“辞，达而已矣”(论语卫灵公）。如“小桥流水人家”。在不同的语言中，句子内部连接或外部连接几乎都是用三种手段：句法手段（syntactic devices),词汇手段（lexical equivalence)和语义手段（semantic connection)。用前两种手段连接即是形合，用后一种手段连接则是意合。英语句法结构重形合，句中各成分的

3、相互结合常用适当的连接词语，以表示其结构关系。汉语句法结构重意合，句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的贯通，语境的映衬，少用连接词语。（方梦之,2005）现在学习的是第5页，共35页v Hypotaxis(形合）is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives.English sentence building is featured by hypotaxis.v 为标明词语与词语之间，短语与短语之间，句子与句子之间的关系，英语经常借助于显性的衔接手段。英语达到形合的手段

4、主要有三种：1.借助于语法手段，如时态语态主谓一致性人称与数的一致动词的曲折变化等等。2.借助于介词。3.借助于关联词（包括关系词who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,how和连接词and,or,but,yet,so,however,as well现在学习的是第6页，共35页vas,neithernor,when,while,as,since,until,sothat,unless,lest）。或综合运用以上各种形合手段。v例：The isolation of the rural world,because of distance and

5、lack of transport facilities,is compounded by the paucity of the information media.v译文：由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝。这种状况又因为通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。v回译文：Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities,the rural world is isolated.This isolation has become more serious because there a

6、re not enough information media.现在学习的是第7页，共35页vParataxis(意合法）is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.Chinese sentence building is featured by parataxis.v雨是最寻常的，（它）一下就是两三天。（不过）（你）可别恼，（你试着向外边）看，它正在下着，像花针，（也）像细丝，（它）（那么）密密地斜织着，（以至于）（人家的）屋顶上全笼

7、着一层薄烟。现在学习的是第8页，共35页v 相比之下，汉语的衔接方式是隐性的，汉语一般借助于词语的排列顺序，紧缩句，四字格，或修辞手段如重复等来组织句子。如：v人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。（语序）We will not attack unless we are attacked.v有饭大家吃。（紧缩句）（=如果有饭的话，那就让大家吃吧。）Let everybody share the food if there is any.v打死我也不说。（紧缩句）Even if I were to be beaten to death,I will not tell.v物极必反。（四字格）Once a

8、 certain limit is reached,a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.现在学习的是第9页，共35页v翻译下面的句子，注意英语的形合与汉语的意合是如何转换的。v1）你今天来明天来都可以。v You can come today or tomorrow.v2)总之，前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。v In a word,the prospect is bright but the road has twists and turns.v3)月亮渐渐地升高了，墙外马路上孩子们的欢笑声，已经听不见了；妻在屋里拍着闰儿，迷迷糊糊地

9、哼着眠歌，我悄悄地披了大衫，带上门出去。现在学习的是第10页，共35页v A full moon was rising high above in the sky:the laughter of the children playing outside had died away;in the room,my wife was patting the son,Run-er,sleepily humming a cradlesong,shrugging on an overcoat,quietly,I made my way out,closing the door behind me.(朱纯深

10、译）现在学习的是第11页，共35页v5.1.2树状与竹状v “西文句中名物字，多随举随释，如中文之旁支，后乃遥接前文，足意成句。”（严复）英语句子“多随举随释”，枝杈蔓生，呈树状结构，分叉处有介词，关系代词连接。而汉语按时间顺序或逻辑顺序逐层展开，节节延伸，犹如竹子。（郭丽君）v英语的词组与词组、句子与句子之间结构关系和逻辑联系必须交代得十分清楚。英语的关系词（包括介词、关系代词、关系副词、连接词等）十分丰富，英语正是靠这些关系词的过渡和连接，从形态上来维系句内和句间的各种关系的。因此英语现在学习的是第12页，共35页v句子结构呈树状，往往有一主干（复合句中的主句或简单句中的某主要成分），主干

11、上枝蔓横生：句子成分随时可加以修饰，而修饰语中的某成分又可被别的成分修饰。由此往往形成长句。v汉语句子结构呈竹状，逐节（短语或小句）展开。汉语的句子可以在同一施事或主题语之下按逻辑顺序铺陈，虽然小节间有逗号隔开，但语句的联系仍是紧密的。这样，汉译时经常由英语的树状结构转化为汉语的竹节状。（方梦之，2005）现在学习的是第13页，共35页v例如：The boy,who was crying as if his heart would break,said,when I spoke to him,that he was very hungry because he had had no food

12、for two days.v译文：男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃东西了。v 从上例可以看出，英语十分注重句子的形式和结构的完整，上面英语句子的主干为the boy said，但节外生枝，叠床架屋，竟有5个从句，用了who,as if,when,that,because等多个连接成分，形成一个空间构架，犹如枝繁叶茂的参天大树，呈树状。而相应的汉语节节展开，言简意赅，语意连贯，结构紧凑，呈竹状。现在学习的是第14页，共35页v我们的国家大，人口多，经济落后，农业要搞上去，最重要的还是要依靠一系列正确的政策调动农民的积极性，自力更生，艰苦奋斗。vAgriculture ad

13、vance in so vast a country,with such a large population and backward economy in China,requires above all else mobilizing,by means of a series of correct policies,the initiative of the farmers to work hard and self-reliantly.现在学习的是第15页，共35页v冀鲁豫边区革命纪念馆是在杨得志、段君毅、赵健民等老同志的倡导和组织下，经中共中央和国务院批准，由河北、山东、河南三省共同

14、筹资，菏泽社会各界大力奉献，并得到国家和贵州省资助，在菏泽市区中心赵王河畔兴建的大型跨省革命历史纪念馆。vWith the approval of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council,and advocated and organized by the senior revolutionaries Yang Dezhi,Duan Junyi and Zhao Jianmin,Ji-Lu-Yu Border Region Revolutionary Memorial,a large

15、 trans-provincial revolutionary memorial,was founded in the downtown area of Heze city beside the Zhaowanghe River,for which the three provinces of Hebei,Shandong and Henan have raised money.The founding of the memorial has also been supported by all walks of life in Heze,the central government and

16、Guizhou government.现在学习的是第16页，共35页v5.1.3 主语突出与主题突出v 中国传统哲学主张“天人合一”，“万物与我为一”，反映在语言上就是施事主体可以蕴含在行为事件的主观表现中。因此在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。正如王力所说：“就句子结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。法治的不管主语用得着用不着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律，人治的用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要能使人听懂说话人的意思，就算了。”正因为汉语缺乏主语，语言学家从语言类型学的角度出发，认为汉语是主题显著现在学习的是第17页，共35页v（topic-prominent）的语言。（曾剑

17、平，2005）英语是注重主语的语言，造句离不开主语。这是英语民族“主客二分”的哲学思维方式在语言中的反映。英译汉时处理方法：v1.英语主谓结构与汉语”主题+述题”结构对译。例：vIve been wondering something.v有件事儿我一直很纳闷.vI tried everything I could think of.v我能想到的,我都试过了.现在学习的是第18页，共35页v2.英语的主谓结构译成汉语无主句v1)Its raining hard.v 下大雨了.v2)What happened?v 发生什么事了?v3)Is that a true story?v 真有这事吗?汉译英

18、时处理方法：v应首先为英语句子找到合适的主语,根据语境及译入语的行文习惯处理 现在学习的是第19页，共35页v1)路上只我一个人,背着手踱着.vI am on my own,strolling,hands behind my back.v2)在这种气候里想把这种花养活,我还没有这种本事.vIn a climate like this,it is far beyond my capacity to grow such precious flower.v3)他什么苦都吃得,从不贪图安逸,追求享受.vHe could withstand any hardship and never sought e

19、ase and comfort.现在学习的是第20页，共35页v4)这种水泵的主要特点是操作简便。vThis pump is chiefly characterized by its simple operation.v5)五四运动是反帝国主义的运动，又是反封建主义的运动。vThe May 4 th Movement was an anti-imperialist as well as an anti-feudal movement.现在学习的是第21页，共35页v翻译下面的句子，注意话题与主语的转换：v此后短短半个世纪里，人类的外空探索活动突飞猛进，取得了辉煌的成就。vIn the shor

20、t period of half a century later on human being have made great progress in the exploration of space.v博鳌论坛的经历给了刘晓宁不小的打击，生活上的拮据让他开始反思自己做公务员两年多的经历。vThe experience in Boao Forum is a great hit for Liu Xiaoning,and that things were tight make her to reflect on the two years of her being a public servant

21、.现在学习的是第22页，共35页v在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。对干部和共产党对干部和共产党员来说，员来说，廉政建设廉政建设要要作为大事作为大事来抓。来抓。还要靠法制，还要靠法制，搞搞法制靠得住些。总之，只要我们的生产力发展，保持一法制靠得住些。总之，只要我们的生产力发展，保持一定的经济增长速度，坚持两手抓，定的经济增长速度，坚持两手抓，社会主义精神文明社会主义精神文明就就可以搞上去。可以搞上去。vThroughout the process of reform and opening,we must combat corruption.Cadres an

22、d Party members should consider it of prime importance to build a clean government.But we still have to rely on the law,which provide a firm guarantee.In short,so long as we develop our productive forces,maintain a reasonable economic growth rate,promote reform and opening and,at the same time,crack

23、 down on crime,we shall be able to build a socialist society with advanced ethical standards.现在学习的是第23页，共35页v5.1.4 静态与动态(static vs.dynamic)v英语有一种少用（谓语）动词，或用其他手段表示动作意义的自然倾向：而汉语则有一种多用动词的固有习惯。英语每个句子中只能使用一个限定式动词（finite verb),唯一例外形式是并列句动词谓语；而汉语中却存在着“连动式”和“兼语式”，如“他到了火车站发现火车已经开走了”，以及紧缩句，如“我们下雨也去”，有的句子几乎全句都

24、是动词，如“打得赢就打，打不赢就走，不怕没办法。”（包彩霞，2003）v英语的限定动词只能做谓语，而汉语中的动词（包括动宾词组、主谓词组等）无处现在学习的是第24页，共35页v不在，不仅作谓语，也可以做主语，如“理论联系实际是我们党的优良传统”；做宾语，如“鲁迅主张打落水狗”；作定语，如“讨论的问题很重要”；作状语，如“一定要批判地继承我国的文学艺术遗产”和补语，如“小溪旁那些女人们听得笑起来了”。（包彩霞，2003）v汉语为数不多的介词，大都是从古代汉语动词演变而来的，有些还具备动词的一般特点，兼属于介词和动词两类，因此有些与法学家称它们为“半动词”、“副动词”，“汉语中的绝大多数的介词，应

25、该划归动词的范畴，只是入句时，表现了相当于英语介现在学习的是第25页，共35页v词的作用“，如“他在家”中的“在”为动词，而“他在家看书”中的“在”则为介词。（包彩霞,2003)v由此可见，英语是“静态”的语言，而汉语则是“动态”的语言。英语的静态修辞实质是名词优势和介词优势，而介词优势优势名词优势的必然结果。因为名词与名词之间要借助介词来联结。“（蒋坚松，2002）因此，在英译汉时常常要变“静”为“动”，摆脱名词化的框架和大量介词的干扰，突出原文的动态色彩。现在学习的是第26页，共35页v试翻译以下几个句子，看怎样把英语的静态转化为汉语的动态。v1)He has someone behind

26、 him.v有人给他撑腰。v2)He walked around the house with a gun.v3)A study of that letter leaves us in no doubt as to the motives behind it.v4)The very first sight of her made him fall in love with her.v5)Party officials worked long hour on meager food,in cold caves,by dim lamps.现在学习的是第27页，共35页v6)The doctors

27、extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.v7)He is a good eater and a good sleeper.v8)I used to be a bit of a fancier myself.现在学习的是第28页，共35页 v5.1.5 被动与主动(passive vs.active)vPassives in various forms are frequently used in English

28、 mainly due to the following reasons:v1.When the agent of an action is self-evident or unknown,or it is unnecessary or impossible to mention the agent.e.g.The murderer was caught yesterday,and it is said that the will be hanged.v2.Syntactic factors:for cohesion,balance,end focus,end weight,etc.e.g.I

29、 was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job.现在学习的是第29页，共35页v3.Rhetorical factors:for variation,etc,e.g.There are many ways to vary the basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object.The basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object can be varied in many ways.v4.Stylistic fact

30、ors:more passives in informative writing,notably in the objective,non-personal style of scientific articles,news items,and governmental communications.e.g.The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are known.现在学习的是第30页，共35页v英语被动句的处理方法v1.保留主语，谓语动词可用“被”结构，也可转换为主动语态。例如：v1）Th

31、ey were defeated by themselves,rather than by their enemies.v2)Many basins were formed by the subsidence of the earths crust.v2.用“我们、人们、大家”等表泛指的代词充当译语主语。例如：v1)The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time.现在学习的是第31页，共35页v2)After many years,regular mail carriers on horseback were hired.v3

32、.译成无主句，特别是英语中一些表示观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召的被动句。例如：v1）Felling trees is forbidden.v2)Where can you be reached?v3)Quality mustnt be neglected.现在学习的是第32页，共35页vBy contrast,active forms,including those in passive sense(notional passive 意义被动式),are often used in Chinese.There are some reasons for the limited use of th

33、e Chinese passive forms marked by 被，or 让，给，叫，挨，受，遭，蒙，etc.:v 1.The Chinese passive form marked by 被 is traditionally felt to be an“inflictive voice”(不幸语态），mainly expressing things unpleasant or undesirable to the subjective person,as“被捕“，“被杀”，“被剥削”，“被压迫”，现在学习的是第33页，共35页v 2.The Chinese passive form sh

34、ould generally have an agent after“被”，which restricts the use of the passive form when the agent is unknown or difficult to mention.Instead,Chinese generally prefers to use active forms；besides,there are many other ways to denote passive sense which is usually expressed in the English passive form.F

35、or example:v Notional passives(意义被动式）：active in form but passive in sense.Pattern:receptor subject(受事主语）+verb+agent 现在学习的是第34页，共35页 1）昨晚我盖了两条被子。（不说“被两条被子盖着）Last night,I was covered up with two quilts.2）困难克服了，问题也解决了。（实际上是“困难被克服了”）The difficulties have been overcome,and the problem has been solved.3）你想死我们了！（实际上时“被思念着”）We miss you very much.3.Subjectless or subject-omitted sentences when the subject is self-evident,unknown or implied in the context.though there is a modern tendency to denote things desirable or neutral,现在学习的是第35页，共35页