语言学-第一章ppt课件.ppt

《语言学-第一章ppt课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学-第一章ppt课件.ppt（37页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、Chapter 1 Introduction认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目要求n1 无特殊情况不得请假n2 如果在书上做笔记，用蓝色笔做；以后用红色笔划重点n3 要合理利用时间记忆吸收所学过的东西n4 要整理一些题目的答案认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目I What is linguistics?n-Linguistics is the scientific study of language.n-it studies n

2、ot any particular language,but languages in generaln-It tries to answer“what is language?”“how does language work?”“what do all languages have in common”“what makes languages change?”“how does a child acquire his mother tongue?”and so on n-A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.认识到了

3、贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目II The major branches of linguisticsGeneral linguistics is the study of language as a whole,which deals with the basic concepts,theories,descriptions,models and methods applicable in any linguistic studyApplied linguistics is the studies of how

4、to apply linguistic findings to solving some practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability and teaching a foreign language and so on.Applied linguistics is often referred to language teaching,especially second language teaching认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目nT

5、heoretical linguistics 2.1 Phonetics(语音学）is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication，e g.how a person make a sound2.2 Phonology(音位学）studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication,for example,the sound/l/in leap and feel are two different sounds,but they are interc

6、hangeable and make no differences in meaning,we can just leave them as one phoneme(音位）/l/认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目2.3 Morphology(形态学）studies how the symbols are arranged and combined to form words English we can never put“p,t,d,m”these 4 letters together to form a w

7、ord no matter in what kind of order because an English word must have a vowel in it,pure consonants can hardly form a word(except hmm and some abbreviations缩略词）2.4 Syntax(句法学）studies the rules governing the words to form grammatically permissible sentences,eg,we can say“I love you”but we can never s

8、ay“I you love”because there is a rule that we should put the subject at the beginning of the sentence and put the object after the verb.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目2.5 Semantics(语义学）can be simply defined as the study of meaning.For example,the basic meaning of the word

9、 dog:an animal with 4 legs and a tail,often kept as a pet or trained for work such as hunting or guarding buildings.A:I like dogsB:I saw a lot of dogs yesterday.The meaning of the word dog in these 2 sentences are different for in A,it refers to dogs in general but in B,it refers to some particular

10、dogs.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目2 The scope or major branches of linguisticsnUse of linguistics2.6 Pragmatics(语用学）is the study of meaning in a context of language use.Wife:Oh,darling,I like this gold earring very much.Husband:You know,Im now out of job.What is the sem

11、antic meaning of the 2 sentences?What is the pragmatical meaning?认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目2.7 Sociolinguistics(社会语言学）is the study of social aspects of language and its relation with society,for example,dirty words are spoken in different social classes,but the exten

12、t of speaking it is varied concerning different area,education background and so on.2.8 Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）is the study of language that relates to psychology such as how our mind works when we use language,how we memorize and how we process the information we receive in communication.认识到了贫困户贫困

13、的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 Some important distinctions in linguisticsn3.1 Descriptive vs.prescriptivenDescriptive(描写性的）-describe or analyze linguistic facts observed or language people actually use(modern linguistic)nPrescriptive（规定性的）-lay down rules for“correct”linguistic be

14、havior in using language(traditional grammar)认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目3.2 Synchronic vs.diachronicnSynchronic study（共时的）-description of a language at some point of time(modern linguistics)nDiachronic study（历时的）-description of a language through time(historical devel

15、opment of language over a period of time)认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目3.3 Speech vs.writingnSpeech(言语)-primary medium of language.Spoken language is prior to writing,it plays a greater role than writing language.Even today there are still some languages without written

16、formnWriting（文字）-it is later developed and is only the“revised”record of speech.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目3.4 Langue vs.parole(F.de Saussure 索绪尔索绪尔)nLangue-the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of the speech community.(ie,Chinese linguistic system,Engl

17、ish)nParole-the realization of langue in actual use.It differs from person to person,and from time to time.(ie.he had said that)nSaussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目3.5 Co

18、mpetence and performance(Chomsky)语言能力语言能力 语言应用语言应用 乔姆斯基乔姆斯基nCompetence-the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language nPerformance-the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication nChomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a pro

19、perty of the mind of each individual.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目3.6 Traditional grammar vs.modern linguisticsnTraditional grammar-prescriptive,written,Latin-based framework nModern linguistics-descriptive,spoken,not necessarily Latin-based framework 认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开

20、始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 What is language?n4.1 Language can meannwhat a person says(e.g.bad language,expressions)nthe way of speaking or writing(e.g.Shakespeares language,Luxuns language)na particular variety or level of speech or writing(e.g.language for special purpose,colloquial

21、language)认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目nthe abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community(e.g.Chinese language,first language)nthe common features of all human languages(e.g.He studies language)na tool for human communication.(soci

22、al function)n a set of rules.(rule-governed)认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Sapirs definition(1921)萨丕尔萨丕尔n“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.”认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后

23、药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Halls definition(1968)霍尔霍尔nLanguage is“the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.”认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Chomskys definition(1957)n“From now

24、on I will consider language to be a set of(finite or infinite)sentences,each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目4.2 Language can be generally defined asa system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communi

25、cation.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Language is a systemni.e.elements in it are arranged according to certain rules and cant be combined at will.e.g.*bkli,*I apple eat can not hold its ground 认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Language is arbitra

26、rynThere is no intrinsic connection between the linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for,or say,between a word and the thing it denotes,e.g.“pen”by any other name is the thing we use to write with.nA rose by any other name would smell as sweet”-Shakespeare 认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国

27、家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Language is vocalnvocal-the primary medium for all languages is sound.Writing system came into being much later than the spoken forms.Children acquire spoken language before they can read or write.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Language is human-sp

28、ecificnHuman-specific-different from the communication systems of other forms of life possess,e.g.bird songs,bee dance,animal cries,we cannot call the sounds from animals language 认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 The design/defining features of human language(Charles Hocke

29、tt)ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCultural transmission认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目5.1 Arbitrariness there is no logical(motivated or intrinsic)connection between sounds and meanings.When we say language is arbitrary we should also notice that l

30、anguage is not entire arbitrary,nOnomatopoeic words(拟声词）(which imitate natural sounds)are somewhat motivated(English:rumble,crackle,bang,.Chinese:pu tong,sha sha,ding dang)，nSome compound words are not entirely arbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopy认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药

31、到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目5.2 Productivity/creativity能产性能产性创造创造性性 -Peculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before,e.g.we can understand sentence like“A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”,though it does not describe a

32、common happening in the world.nProductivity is unique to human language.The bee dance does have a limited productivity,as it is used to communicate about food sources in any direction.But food sources are the only kind of messages that can be sent through the bee dance;bees do not“talk”about themsel

33、ves,the hives,or wind,let alone about people,animals,hopes or desires 认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目5.3 Duality(double articulation)双层双层性性nLanguage is a system consisting 2 sets of structures or 2 levels:nLower level-sounds(meaningless)nHigher level-meaning(larger units

34、of meaning)nA communication system with duality is considered more flexible than one without it,for a far greater number of messages can be sent.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目nA small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning(w

35、ords),and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences.(we make dictionary of a language,but we cannot make a dictionary of sentences of that language.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目5.4 Displacement 移位性移位性-Language can be used t

36、o refer to things,which are not present:real or imagined matters in the past,present or future,or in far-away places.nA gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last yearnThere is something special about the bee dance though.Bees communicate with other bees about the food sources they have

37、found when they are no longer in the presence of the food.In this sense,the bee dance has a component of displacement.But this component is very insignificant.For the bees must communicate about the food immediately on returning to the hive.They do not dance about the food they discovered last month

38、 nor do they speculate about future discoveries.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目5.5 Cultural transmission 文化传承性文化传承性-Language is culturally transmitted(through teaching and learning;rather than by instinct).nAnimal call systems are genetically transmitted.All cats,gibbons

39、and bees have systems which are almost identical to those of all other cats,gibbons and bees.nA Chinese speaker and an English speaker are not mutually intelligible.This shows that language is culturally transmitted.That is,it is pass on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning,rathe

40、r than by instinct.nThe story of a wolf child,a pig child shows that a human being brought up in isolation simply does not acquire human language.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 Functions of language n6.1 three main functionsnDescriptive/cognitive/referential/propositiona

41、l function(描写认知指称命题功能）：the function to convey factual information,e.g.China is developing country.nExpressiveemotiveattitudinal function（表达表情表态功能）:the function to express the users feelings,preferences,prejudices and values,e.g.I dont like being flattered.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重

42、视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目nSocial function（社会功能）:is the interpersonal function to establish and maintain social relations between peoplene.g.Can I help you,young lady?认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Roman Jakobsons theory罗曼雅各布森nAddresser 发话人emotive 情感功能nAddressee受话人conative 称呼意动功能nCo

43、ntext语境referential 指称功能nMessage信息poetic 诗性功能nContact接触phatic 寒暄功能nCode代码metalinguistic 元语言功能认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目practicenI answer the following questionsn1 What is language?n2 what are the design features of language?nII term explanationn1 arbitrarinessn2 duali

44、tyn3 languenIII fill in the blanksn1 _is the father of modern linguistics认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n2 Langue and parole are proposed by_ from_ point of viewn3 Competence and performance are proposed by_ from_ point of viewIV chose the right answer for each blanknmodern linguistics is _while traditional grammar is _ nA prescriptive B arbitrary C descriptive D motivated