英语四级完形填空资料讲解.ppt

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1、英语四级完形填空一、完型填空题的设计一、完型填空题的设计l填空(Cloze)又称综合填空，其命题原理是格式塔心理学。格式塔心理学强调整体感知，完形填空测试的就是考生结合上下文的语境(context)对英语的整体感知能力。l一篇完形填空测试考生什么能力,与短文空格设计密切相关。如果空格要求填连词、介词、冠词等，则空格为功能性空格；如果要求填名词、形容词、动词等实义词，则空格为语义空格。目前，完形填空试题的题目难度不断加大，重点从传统项目题逐渐转到对整体预感的测试和整个语篇的理解，根据上下文选择题目比例正在增大。一、完型填空题的设计一、完型填空题的设计 设计者遵循一定的要求和准则遵循一定的要求和准

2、则，以保证测试的信度和效度。约250250字的文章中每隔816字就有一个空，按照一定间隔并根据语法或词汇测试的标准设计的。这些空格表面看起来没有什么意义，实际上综合了词汇、语法结构以及阅读理解所要测试的内容，不仅测不仅测试在词汇和句子水平上运用语言的能力试在词汇和句子水平上运用语言的能力，还测试在语还测试在语篇上综合运用语言结构的能力。篇上综合运用语言结构的能力。完形填空中所填的词是与文章的上下文紧密联系的，难度较大，往往成为学生失分较严重的题项。一、完型填空题的设计一、完型填空题的设计 从题裁看，完型填空涉及说明文，议论文等从题裁看，完型填空涉及说明文，议论文等众多文体体裁，而内容更涉及到社

3、会领域的众多文体体裁，而内容更涉及到社会领域的方方面面，政治、经济、文化、教育、医学、方方面面，政治、经济、文化、教育、医学、天文、体育、科技等等。所以考生具备大量天文、体育、科技等等。所以考生具备大量的背景知识也是格外重要的。的背景知识也是格外重要的。二、完型填空题的做题步骤二、完型填空题的做题步骤 完形填空实际上就是要求把每个句子中删掉的词完形填空实际上就是要求把每个句子中删掉的词恢复出来。因此，要做好完形填空，必须要在通读全恢复出来。因此，要做好完形填空，必须要在通读全文、把握结构与大意的前提下，根据所提供的选项及文、把握结构与大意的前提下，根据所提供的选项及句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息

4、，通过句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息，通过逻辑推理、对逻辑推理、对比比等手段确定答案。根据完形填空这一测试特点，一等手段确定答案。根据完形填空这一测试特点，一般采取以下五个步骤进行。般采取以下五个步骤进行。步骤步骤1，通读全篇，把握总体，了解知识背景。通读全篇，把握总体，了解知识背景。注意：去掉20个空不影响对整篇的理解，短文的前1、2句话不设题。细读文章首句，可以判断体裁、把握判断体裁、把握背景、推测大意、主题或结构背景、推测大意、主题或结构。在阅读文章的过程中，学生积极搜集头脑中已有的相关知识，结合文章内容形成对文章的整体把握，称之为图式(schema)，它能够帮助猜测文章内容，能够简化推断

5、，并在阅读中，不断修正，以求与原文一致。比如，lThree girls went walking in the woods.They were enjoying themselves so much that they forgot the time and stayed too long.A dragon kidnapped them.As they were being dragged off,they cried for help.Three heroes heard the cries and set off their horses to rescue the girls.接下来是什

6、么呢？猜测内容接下来是什么呢？猜测内容 Possible result:The heroes came and fought with the dragon and rescued the girls.Then the heroes returned the daughters to their places.Maybe,you can guess that the three girls married the three men respectively.如果熟悉文章，那么文章内容与你头脑中的图式如果熟悉文章，那么文章内容与你头脑中的图式相结合，解题会势如破竹。又如：相结合，解题会势如破竹

7、。又如：l Writing in a diary,watching television,talking with friends,speaking on the telephone,and reading a menu-what do they have in common?.Thus,_ may be defined as the means by which people exchange feelings and ideas with each other.A.information B.learning C.communication D.acquisition 步骤二，选择答案步骤

8、二，选择答案。l两种方法：两种方法：1，不看选项，猜测答案，在选项中选择，不看选项，猜测答案，在选项中选择最接近自己猜测的一项。最接近自己猜测的一项。2，将选项带入空格内检测。，将选项带入空格内检测。l按照先易后难原则，先选出根据上下文就能确定、按照先易后难原则，先选出根据上下文就能确定、直接、明显答案。增强信心，减轻心理压力。再瞻直接、明显答案。增强信心，减轻心理压力。再瞻前顾后，不要忘记首尾照应。要牢记文章中心思想，前顾后，不要忘记首尾照应。要牢记文章中心思想，每个空白处的含义应与前后句的意义联系起来。每个空白处的含义应与前后句的意义联系起来。步骤三，为不确定答案寻找线索步骤三，为不确定答

9、案寻找线索 前面空格有可能要到文章末尾才能找到答案。所以对难度颇高的空格要在字里行间寻找线索。一定要上下连贯，合乎逻辑。步骤四，返回补缺步骤四，返回补缺 在一个题上不要耽误太多时间，先暂时放过继续做下面的题，等通篇做完后再回头考虑这个选项。切忌，一定要保证思维的连续性和统一性。步骤五，核实答案步骤五，核实答案 1)所选是否符合本句内容，上下文连贯？所选是否符合本句内容，上下文连贯？2)所选是否符合某种固定搭配？所选是否符合某种固定搭配？3)所选是否符合某种句型、时态、语态的特殊要求？所选是否符合某种句型、时态、语态的特殊要求？4)所选本身或附近的词有无特殊要求，如有些动词后所选本身或附近的词有

10、无特殊要求，如有些动词后面只接动名词而不能接不定式。面只接动名词而不能接不定式。5)保持自信，不轻易否定所选。必要时对个别答案推保持自信，不轻易否定所选。必要时对个别答案推敲，发现不妥，重新考虑，但应慎重，无确实把握，敲，发现不妥，重新考虑，但应慎重，无确实把握，仍应相信第一印象。仍应相信第一印象。完型天空题的考完型天空题的考查内容？查内容？词汇：词汇：四级完形考察词汇不外乎同义词、反义词、形近词，和词的精确用法。我们应该了解高频词的近义词、反义词，形近词和词汇的基本义。例如，1)Geographers compare and contrast _ places in the world.A.

11、similar B.various C.distant D.famous 2)The findings _ that issues of trust and betrayal are central to friendship.A.secure(保护)B.assure（保证）C.confirm（证实)D.resolve（决心，解决）3)The big shops,beautifully decorated and brightly lit,stay open long after dark.Shop owners like Christmas because it is a time when

12、 people _ presents.A.change B.exchange C.transfer（转移）D.transform（转变）|词汇词汇第一、词义辨析（词）（单词的掌握，基本义）例例1 That“something special”was men creative individuals who could invent machines,find new 75 of power,and establish business organizations to reshape society.A)origins(由来,出身)B)sources C)bases D)discoveries

13、l第二、第二、形近词辨异形近词辨异例例1 Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper,she 75 everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines or at least how to drive a car.A)inquired B)insured C)informed D)instructed例例2 Following 88 ,the man guided the plane toward the ai

14、rfield.A.impression B.information C.inspections D.instructions例例3 Never ask a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never discuss likes and dislikes in front of him or allow 66 else to do so.A.everybody B.anybody C.somebody D.nobody第三、第三、词语搭配词语搭配例例1 The man had to circle the airport several

15、times in order to become 85 with the controls of the plane.A)intimate B)familiar C)understood D)close例例2 Did you ever have someones name on the tip of your tongue and yet you were unable to recall it?When this happens again,do not try to recall it.Do something 73 for a couple of minutes and the name

16、 may come into your head.A)simple B)apart C)else D)similar例例4 Take it _69_ granted that he likes everything and he probably will A.with B.as C.over D.for例例5 But these various means of communication differ in important ways _68_ human language.A.about B.with C.from D.in例例6 the great tit(山雀)is a case

17、_77_point.A.in B.at C.of D.for7)We judge race usually _ the coloring of the race:a white race,a brown race,a yellow race and a black race.A.in B.from C.at D.on 8)Unlike other social roles that we are expected to _1_-as citizens,employees,members of professional societies and _2_ organizations,it has

18、 its own principle.A.keep B.do C.show D.play A.all B.any C.other D.those第四种：结构识别第四种：结构识别 but,not only but also,some others,等词组结构和一些重要的句型结构。等词组结构和一些重要的句型结构。There is no doubt that,so/suchthat,the sameas,it is that强调句型等等。强调句型等等。lRich as our country is,the qualities of our living are by no means satisfa

19、ctory.lThe harder you work,the more progress you make.1）They also suggested that our readers do not look for friends only among those who are most like them,_ find many who differ in race.A.only B.and C.but D.then 2）Lets look at this definition in more detail because it is language,more than anythin

20、g else,_62_ distinguishes man from the rest of the animal world.A.that B.it C.as D.what 第五种：一些重点单词的特殊用法第五种：一些重点单词的特殊用法 1、Professors should _ repeating in lectures material that is in the textbook.A.refuse B.prohibit C.prevent D.avoid 2、Despite the growing rate of divorce,but couples are now taking a

21、 different approach _ those wedding vows(誓言誓言).A.making B.make C.to making D.to make 第六种：语法第六种：语法l主要考察：定语从句、状语从句、非谓语动词、主主要考察：定语从句、状语从句、非谓语动词、主谓一致、逻辑主语、宾语，句型句式等。谓一致、逻辑主语、宾语，句型句式等。l1）The king placed wealth and power at Wagners disposal and made possible the building of a place-house,_ Wagners works co

22、uld be performed.A.and B.because C.there D.wherel2）Formal learning is de-contextualized from daily life and indeed,_ Scibner and Cole have observed,may actually“promote ways of learning and thinking”.A.like B.as C.what D.which 语法：语法：第一、第一、指代关系指代关系例例1 The foreign research scholar usually isolates 76

23、in the laboratory as a means of protection;However,what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system quite different from 79 at home.76.A)himself B)oneself C)him D)one 79.A)those B)which C)what D)that例例 2 No two speakers speak in exactly the same way.We can always hear differen

24、ces 74 them,74.A)between B)among C)of D)from例例 3 We can change an utterance by replacing one word in it with _73_.A.ours B.theirs C.another D.others例例4 They also suggest that our readers do not call for friends only among those who are most like them,but find many_78_ differ in race.78.A.people B.wh

25、o C.what D.friends第二、第二、虚拟语气虚拟语气例例1 Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works;They expect students,particularly graduate students,to be able to exhaust the reference sources in the library.Professors will help students who need it,but 84 that their students should not

26、 be too dependent on them.84.A)hate B)dislike C)like D)prefer例例 2 A geographer might be described as one who observes,records,and explains the differences between places.If places 87 alike,there would be little need for geographers.87.A)being B)are C)be D)were例例 3but _63_ you were to move the skin y

27、ou would not tell anything about the race to which the individual belonged.A.since B.if C.as D.while第三、第三、倒装倒装知识要点知识要点:倒装分完全倒装与部分倒装两种类型，重点是部分倒装，即只有系动词、助动词和情态动词参与的倒装。常见的倒装结构可以分为四大类：1否定倒装。hardly,seldom,scarcely,never,little,nowhere,not once，under no circumstances,in no way，no sooner than 用于句首时倒装。如：Vit

28、amins do not provide energy,_42_ do they construct or build any part of the body.A.either B.so C.nor D.never 第四、从句和强调句型第四、从句和强调句型 例例 1 The word geography comes from two Greek words,ge,the Greek word for“earth”and graphing,75 means“to write”.A)what B)that C)which D)it例例 2 but a bird has a single alar

29、m cry,_75_ means“danger!”A.this B.that C.which D.it例例 3 These secondary routes may go up steep slopes,along high cliffs,or down frightening hillsides to towns lying in deep valleys.Through these less direct routes,longer and slower,they generally go to places 88 the air is clean and the scenery(风景)i

30、s beautiful,A)there B)when C)which D)where 第三、第三、语篇考查语篇考查（篇）（篇）例例 1 The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time.Although these wide modern roads are generally smooth and well maintained,with 7

31、3 sharp curves and many straight sections,a direct route is not always the most _75_ one.Large high ways often pass 76 scenic areas and interesting small towns.73.A)little B)few C)much D)many 75.A)terrible B)possible C)enjoyable D)profitable 76.A)to B)into C)over D)by 例例 2 When research is assigned,

32、the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with 79 guidance.It is the students responsibility to find books,magazines,and articles in the library.Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works;79.A)maximum B)minimum C)possible D)practical完型填空的

33、解题技巧 技巧一：词汇手段技巧一：词汇手段 1、原词复现原词复现 例例 1but it is the subconscious(下意识的)78 to go to work to dig up a dim memory.Meanwhile,deeper mental activities in the subconscious mind are taking place.A)deeds B)activities C)movements D)procedures2、同根词复现、同根词复现 l例 1：Even if a grade is not given,the student is 77 for

34、 learning the material assigned.It is the students responsibility to find books,magazines,and articles in the library.A)criticized B)innocent C)responsible D)dismissedl例例2 India or West Africa,where there is a long 81 of speaking English for general communication purposes,you should On the other han

35、d,if you live in a country where there is no traditional use of English，A)custom B)use C)tradition D)habit 3、上下义或同义词复现、上下义或同义词复现例：例：Both the visiting professor and his students lack background in each others cultures.Some _of what is already in the minds of American students is required by the forei

36、gn professor.A.concept B.feeling C.plan D.intelligence 例例3：As a result,the trip had to be canceled,and they returned home _ and unhappy.A.disappointed B.disappointedly C.tired D.tiredly 4、解释型复现、解释型复现例例1：Our new house is very _ for me as I can get to the office in five minutes.A adaptable B comfortab

37、le C convenient D available5：同现：同现 词汇的同现关系指词汇共同出现的倾向性。词汇的同现关系指词汇共同出现的倾向性。在语篇中，围绕一定的话题，一定的词往往会在语篇中，围绕一定的话题，一定的词往往会同时出现，这些词语属于同一个词汇套，形成同时出现，这些词语属于同一个词汇套，形成词汇链，遇到其中一个词语，根据情境便会联词汇链，遇到其中一个词语，根据情境便会联想到词汇套中的其他词语。比如，提到教室一想到词汇套中的其他词语。比如，提到教室一词，下面出现的词可能就是：词，下面出现的词可能就是：blackboard,blackboard,desk,students,chair

38、,floor,lights,desk,students,chair,floor,lights,etc.etc.例1：My grandmother worked hard all day,making butter,washing clothes,cleaning the house,and even _ in the field when help was scarce.A.worked B.working C.did D.doing 例2For example,there was the time I called in a _to fix my air-conditioner before

39、 it was too warm.A.worker B.fixer C.repairman D.painter 例3：I usually have the problem of parents coming in and telling me how they really _ their kids.They tell me they stand over them when they do their homework.They check their work and make a big fuss over their grades.They criticize the kids ove

40、r everything having to do with school A.like B.treat C.hate D.make Within the next fifteen years man had gone to the moon,searching beneath its _ and dusty soil for signs of life.A.wet B.damp C.moist D.dry 第二种：运用上下文逻辑关系填词第二种：运用上下文逻辑关系填词。对上下文逻辑关系的考察是完形填空题区别于对上下文逻辑关系的考察是完形填空题区别于单纯句子理解的要点之一，也是处理单纯句子理解的

41、要点之一，也是处理语篇语篇的重要特的重要特点。是四级考察综合运用语言能力的题型之一。语点。是四级考察综合运用语言能力的题型之一。语篇结构，是指在一定的情景下，作者的谋篇布局、篇结构，是指在一定的情景下，作者的谋篇布局、衔接连贯、提供信息等。为把文章很好组织起来，衔接连贯、提供信息等。为把文章很好组织起来，作者除了在句子内部用指代（前指，后指）、省略、作者除了在句子内部用指代（前指，后指）、省略、连接外，还运用到一些句与句之间的连词来表达并连接外，还运用到一些句与句之间的连词来表达并列、转折、对比、列举、原因、结果、让步、补充列、转折、对比、列举、原因、结果、让步、补充等关系。常考的连接词：等关

42、系。常考的连接词：l表示并列关系的：表示并列关系的：and,on the one hand,on the other,l表示转折关系的：表示转折关系的：however,nevertheless,still,though,yet,in spite of,at any rate,in any case,etc.l表示对比关系的：表示对比关系的：on the contrary,in contrast,by contrast,in comparison,by comparison,conversely,l表示补充关系的：表示补充关系的：also,further,furthermore,likewise

43、,similarly,moreover,in addition,whats more,notbut,not only but also,etc.l表示让步关系的：表示让步关系的：although,though,no matter,even if,l表示原因关系的：表示原因关系的：because,since,as,for,now that,considering that,seeing that,in that,in as much as,on account of the fact that,for fear that,on the ground that,etc.l表示结果关系的：表示结果关

44、系的：so,therefore,thus,hence,accordingly,consequently,as a result,etc.l表示列举关系的：表示列举关系的：first,second,third,firstly,secondly,next,in the first place,for one thing,to begin with,to conclude,etc.1)There are four types of blood._ types are found in every race,and no type is distinct to any race.A.All B.Mos

45、t C.No D.Some 2)The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection;_ what he really needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system.A.otherwise B.moreover C.however D.also 3)Earths animals are disappearing faster than they reproduce.Becau

46、se there is too little research and too much ignorance,_is aware of how much we are losing.A.anyone B.no one C.someone D.either one 4)This act(法案法案)was formed to protect endangered species._,land developers and factory owners disagree.A.However B.Furthermore C.Therefore D.ThoughTipsl不要题海战术，四六级内容知识量有

47、限，过多的新知识让人失去信心学会研究题目，举一反三l词汇是基础，语法是支撑点两者兼顾l要学会学习的迁移无论考试的哪一项，其实都是考察学生的综合能力。A Pelican holds many fish in its 71.72 may last a 73,but they wont last a week.A pelican is nearly as tall as you,and its beak is as long as your arm.A long skin sack,or pouch,hands down from its tremendous beak,74 it look ver

48、y different from other birds.The pelican is a great fisherman,and it uses the skin pouch 75 a kind of fishnet.It doesnt fish 76 on the shore or sitting in a boat as people do.It files 77 the top of the water,flapping its huge,strong 78.When it sees a 79 of fish below,it dives into the water,making a

49、 big splash and often 80 up several fish in its enormous beak.It squirts the 81 from its beak and leaves the flopping fish in its pouch.Pelicans can fly and 82 gracefully,but you would laugh to see them 83.They have webbed feet,as ducks do,and on the ground they are even 84 than ducks.They cant sing

50、 or whistle 85.They can only grunt.Pelicans 86 in big groups and usually fly in a line and 87 for fish 88.Their 89 are built on the shore with sand,dirt,and a 90 of sticks.l71.A.pawsB.stomachC.beakD.wingsl72.A.ItB.The pelicanC.TheyD.Fishl73.A.dayB.minuteC.secondD.yearl74.A.soB.makingC.makeD.andl75.A