语言学教程-第三版-第九章-文体学ppt课件.ppt

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1、认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Chapter 9Language and literature 主讲人主讲人 王如利王如利认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目9.1 Introduction9.2 Some General Features of the Literary Language 9.2.1 Foregrounding and Grammatical Form 9.2.2 Literal Language and F

2、igurative Language 9.2.3 The Analysis of Literary Language9.3 The Language in Poetry 9.3.1 Sound Patterning 9.3.2 Different Forms of Sound Patterning 9.3.3 Stress and Metrical Patterning 9.3.4 Conventional Forms of Metre and Sound 9.3.5 The Poetic Functions of Sound and Metre 9.3.6 How to Analyse Po

3、etry?9.4 The Language in Fiction 9.4.1 Fictional prose and point of view 9.4.2 Speech and thought presentation 9.4.3 Prose style 9.4.4 How to Analyse the Language of Fiction?9.5 The Language in Drama 9.5.1 How should we analyse drama?9.5.2 Analysing dramatic language 9.5.3 How to analyse dramatic te

4、xts?9.6 The cognitive approach to literature 9.6.1 Theoretical background 9.6.2 An example of cognitive analysis认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 Language and Literature What is language?Language is a set of commonly accepted signs and forms of communication considered pecu

5、liar to humankind.What is literature?Literature is a term used to describe written texts which are marked by careful use of language(including creative metaphors,well-turned phrases,elegant syntax,rhyme,alliteration,meter etc.)in a literary genre(poetry,prose fiction,drama)What is the relationship b

6、etween language and literature?(1)Literature is closely related to language.It reaches to human beings mostly via language.So we can say the existence of literature is based on the use of language.(2)Literary language has some special linguistic characteristics.Literature is marked by careful use of

7、 language,such as creative metaphors,well-turned phrases,elegant syntax,rhyme,alliteration,meter etc.The language used in literature is quite often different from language used in other fields,such as everyday use.(3)Literature has enriched language and is a pushing force in its change and developme

8、nt.Studying the language of literary texts can enhance our appreciation of the different systems of language,because the literary texts often reveal the nature of the language in which they are written.9.1 Introduction 认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 Style,Stylistics and

9、Literary StylisticsStyle refers to variation in the language use of an individual,such as formal/informal style,oral/written style etc.Literary style refers to ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers;the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words.Stylistics a branc

10、h of linguistics that“studies the features of situationally distinctive uses(varieties)of language,and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.”(Crystal 1980)the study of varieties of language whose

11、properties position that language in context.For example,the language of advertising,politics,religion,individual authors,etc.,or the language of a period in time,all belong in a particular situation.In other words,they all have place.also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the p

12、articular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language.Other features of stylistics include the use of dialogue,including regional accents and peoples dialects,descriptive language,the use of grammar,such as the active voice or passive voice,the distribution of sentence len

13、gths,the use of particular language registers,etc.Literary Stylistics is the bridge that connects linguistics and literary criticism.It studies how the author expresses the theme and enhances the aesthetic effects of the text through his particular choices of language.To put it simply,it focuses on

14、the study of linguistic features related to literary style.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 As a branch of linguistics,stylistics also develops with and is influenced by the other schools and trends of linguistic study.The 1960s was a decade of formalism,the 1970s a decade

15、 of functionalism,the 1980s a decade of discourse stylistics,and the 1990s a decade in which socio-historical and socio-cultural stylistic studies are a main preoccupation.(Carter and Simpson,1989)In addition to this,there is a trend of plural-heads development”(Shen,2000),i.e.different schools of s

16、tylistics compete for development and new schools emerge every now and then.The cognitive approach to literature is a case in point.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目一、一、选择题“formal”and“informal”are features of .对外经济贸易大学2005研A.slang B.lingua franca C.style D.jargon【答案】C二、填空二、

17、填空题The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is called .It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.人大2006研【答案】stylistics三、三、论述述题What is the relationship between language and literature?中山大学2006研【答案】(1)Literature is closely related to language.It re

18、aches to human beings mostly via language.So we can say the existence of literature is based on the use of language.(2)Literary language has some special linguistic characteristics.Literature is marked by careful use of language,such as creative metaphors,well-turned phrases,elegant syntax,rhyme,all

19、iteration,meter etc.The language used in literature is quite often different from language used in other fields,such as everyday use.(3)Literature has enriched language and is a pushing force in its change and development.Studying the language of literary texts can enhance our appreciation of the di

20、fferent systems of language,because the literary texts often reveal the nature of the language in which they are written.英英 语语 专专 业业 考考 研研 真真 题题 精精 选选认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 ForegroundingWhat seems to distinguish literary from non-literary usage may be the extent

21、to which the phonological,grammatical and semantic features of the language are salient,or foregrounded in some way.Originally coming from visual arts and in contrast with backgrounding,FOREGROUNDING is defined as“artistically motivated deviation”(Leech&Short,1981).It refers to the uncommon usage at

22、 all levels of language including vocabulary,sound,syntax,meaning,graphology,etc.Repetition is also a kind of deviation as it violates the normal rules of usage by over-frequency.In a purely linguistic sense,the term foregrounding is used to refer to new information,in contrast to elements in the se

23、ntence which form the background against which the new elements are to be understood by the listener/reader.In the wider sense of stylistics,text linguistics,and literary studies,it is a translation of the Czech aktualisace(actualization),a term common with the Prague Structuralists.In this sense it

24、 has become a spatial metaphor:that of a foreground and a background.The English term foregrounding has come to mean several things at once:the(psycholinguistic)processes by whichduring the reading actsomething may be given special prominence;specific devices(as produced by the author)located in the

25、 text itself.It is also employed to indicate the specific poetic effect on the reader;an analytic category in order to evaluate literary texts,or to situate them historically,or to explain their importance and cultural significance,or to differentiate literature from other varieties of language use,

26、such as everyday conversations or scientific reports.Thus the term covers a wide area of meaning.9.2 Some general features of the literary language认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 Devices of Foregrounding Outside literature,language tends to be automatized;its structures a

27、nd meanings are used routinely.Within literature,however,this is opposed by devices which thwart the automatism with which language is read,processed,or understood.Generally,two such devices may be distinguished,deviation and parallelism.Deviation corresponds to the traditional idea of poetic licens

28、e:the writer of literature is allowedin contrast to the everyday speakerto deviate from rules,maxims,or conventions.These may involve the language,as well as literary traditions or expectations set up by the text itself.The result is some degree of surprise in the reader,and his/her attention is the

29、reby drawn to the form of the text itself(rather than to its content).Cases of neologism,live metaphor,or ungrammatical sentences,as well as archaisms,paradox,and oxymoron(the traditional tropes)are clear examples of deviation.Devices of parallelism are characterized by repetitive structures:(part o

30、f)a verbal configuration is repeated(or contrasted),thereby being promoted into the foreground of the readers perception.Traditional handbooks of poetics and rhetoric have surveyed and described(under the category of figures of speech)a wide variety of such forms of parallelism,e.g.,rhyme,assonance,

31、alliteration,meter,semantic symmetry,or antistrophe.Levels of analysisSound effectsVocabulary Phraseology Grammar Implicature 认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目9.2.1 Foregrounding and the grammatical formThe following examples both describe the inner city decay in U.S.A.The

32、1960 dream of high rise living soon turned into a nightmare.(Observer,29 November 1995)Four storeys have no windows left to smash But in the fifth a chipped sill buttresses Mother and daughter the last mistresses Of that black block condemned to stand,not crash.The red-haired woman,smiling,waving to

33、 the disappearing shore.She left the maharajah;she left innumerable other lights o passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world.But Melchior she did not leave.(Angela Carter,Wise Children)认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目9.2.2 Litera

34、l language and figurative languageFriends,Romans and Countrymen,lend me your ears(Anthony in Shakespeares Julius Caesar)Simile is a way of comparing one thing with another,of explaining what one thing is like by showing how it is similar to another thing,and it explicitly signals itself in a text,wi

35、th the words as or like.O,my luve is like a red,red rose,Thats newly sprung in June;O,my luve is like the melodie Thats sweetly playd in tune.(Robert Burns)Metaphor,like a simile,also makes a comparison between two unlike elements;but unlike a simile,this comparison is implied rather than stated,i.e

36、.,the words like or as do not appear.All the worlds a stage,And all the men and women merely players;They have their exits and their entrances.And one man in his time plays many parts,His acts being seven ages (William Shakespeare)认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Metonymy r

37、efers to the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant,for example the turf for horse racing.There is no armour against fate;Death lays his icy hand on kings;Sceptre and Crown Must tumble down And in the dust be equal made With the poor crooked Scythe and Spade.

38、(James Shirley)Synecdoche refers to using the name of part of an object to talk about the whole thing,and vice versa.It is usually classed as a type of metonymy.They were short of hands at harvest time.(part for whole)Have you any coppers/nickels?(material for thing made)He is the Newton of this cen

39、tury.(individual for class)认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目9.2.3 The analysis of literary languageWe can approach literary texts in various ways.Depending on the kind of text we are dealing with and the aim of analysis,some of the following procedures may be of help in ana

40、lysing the grammatical structure and meaning of the text.Foregrounding on the level of lexisuse morphological analysis to look at new combination of wordsForegrounding on the level of word order and syntaxuse knowledge of word classes to analyze unusual or“marked”combinationsForegrounding on the gra

41、mmatical levelanalyze the structure of sentences or look for combinations and patterns in the use of different types of word groups,nominal and verbal groups which may contribute to a more literary usage of language.In all cases,you should find that being aware of the systems of the language,make it

42、 possible for you to identify the more deviant,marked or literary structures,from more everyday,non-literary usage of language,and thus be able to say more about the structural patterning in a text.Rewriting for comparative studiesStructural aspects of meaningThe significance of the ContextFigurativ

43、e language认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目一、一、术语解解释Foregrounding西安外国语学院2006研；北京交通大学2007研【答案】Originally coming from visual arts and in contrast with backgrounding,FOREGROUNDING is defined as“artistically motivated deviation”.It refers to the uncommon usage at all levels of

44、language including vocabulary,sound,syntax,meaning,graphology,etc.Repetition is also a kind of deviation as it violates the normal rules of usage by over-frequency.二、二、简答答题What are the differences between simile and metaphor?南开大学2004研【答案】Simile is a way of comparing one thing with another,of explain

45、ing what one thing is like by showing how it is similar to another thing,and it explicitly signals itself in a text,with the words as or like.For example,the phrase as cold as ice is a common simile.Although metaphor also makes a comparison between two unlike elements,this comparison is implied rath

46、er than stated.That is,it differs from simile in that the words such as like or as do not appear.For example,“All the worlds a stage”is a metaphor.英英 语语 专专 业业 考考 研研 真真 题题 精精 选选认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目三、三、论述述题What is the main difference between literal language and

47、figurative language?中山大学2008研【答案】The first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives is usually its Literal meaning.Literal language uses the words usual or most basic sense without metaphor or exaggeration.On the contrary,figurative language is not intended to be interpreted in a litera

48、l sense.Appealing to the imagination,figurative language provides new ways of looking at the world.It always makes use of a comparison between different things.Figurative language compares two things that are different in enough ways so that their similarities,when pointed out,are interesting,unique

49、 and/or surprising.Figurative language uses“figures of speech”to express something other than the literal meaning of the words,in other words,figurative language cannot be taken literally(or should not be taken literally only).Simile,metaphor,metonymy,synecdoche,personification,are all forms of figu

50、rative language.For example,the literal meaning of the word“tree”is“a large plant”.However,once we start talking about a tree in the context of“a family tree”for example,it is no longer a literal tree we are talking about,but a figurative one.The literal use of the word“tree”refers to an organism wh