英汉翻译英语与汉语的不同之处.pptx

《英汉翻译英语与汉语的不同之处.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英汉翻译英语与汉语的不同之处.pptx（32页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、会计学1英汉翻译英语与汉语的不同之处英汉翻译英语与汉语的不同之处General Description1.1.English 表表音音 Chinese 表表意意2.2.English多多音节音节Chinese单单音节音节,四声四声3.3.English综综合型合型Chinese分分析型析型4.4.English重重形合形合Chinese重重意合意合5.5.English静静态语言态语言Chinese动动态语言态语言6.6.English无无灵灵 Chinese有有灵灵7.7.English多多样性样性 Chinese重重复性复性8.8.English多多长句长句Chinese多多短句短句9.9

2、.English后后开放开放 Chinese前前开放开放10.10.English多多被动被动Chinese多多主动主动11.11.Cultural differences第1页/共32页n n石室诗士施氏，嗜狮，誓食十狮。氏时时适市视狮。十时，适十狮适市。是时，适施氏适市。氏视是十狮，恃矢势，使是十狮逝世。氏拾是十狮尸，适石室。石室湿，氏使侍拭石室。石室拭，氏始试食十狮尸。食时，始识十狮尸，实十石狮尸。试释是事.第2页/共32页综合与分析型综合与分析型n n综合型语言综合型语言:指该语言主要通过词本身的形指该语言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义（格、数、时等）。态变化来表达语法意义（格

3、、数、时等）。e.g.hee.g.he（主格）（主格）himhim（宾格）（宾格）hishis（所有格）（所有格）dogdog（单数）（单数）dogsdogs（复数）（复数）She is doing her homeworkShe is doing her homework。She did her homework yesterday.She did her homework yesterday.She has done her homework.She has done her homework.n n分析型语言分析型语言:指该语言中的语法关系不通过指该语言中的语法关系不通过词本身的形态变化

4、来表达，而是通过虚词、词本身的形态变化来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表示。词序等手段来表示。e.g.e.g.克服困难；困难的问题克服困难；困难的问题第3页/共32页综合与分析型综合与分析型n n“比起来比起来,还是中国文化看得开些还是中国文化看得开些阴阳不分阴阳不分,古今同在古今同在,众寡通融众寡通融,真真是了无绊碍。文法这么简单是了无绊碍。文法这么简单,省下来省下来的时间拿来做什么呢的时间拿来做什么呢?拿来嘛拿来嘛西方人做梦也想不到西方人做梦也想不到拿来推敲拿来推敲平仄平仄,对对子了对对子了,哈哈哈哈!”余光中余光中第4页/共32页Verbs（动词）（动词）n n英文中的动词形态有人称、

5、数、时态和语英文中的动词形态有人称、数、时态和语态的变化；而汉语中的动词则相对简单，态的变化；而汉语中的动词则相对简单，没有人称和数的变化。没有人称和数的变化。n n英语动词有不定式、动名词、分词等多种英语动词有不定式、动名词、分词等多种非谓语动词形式；而汉语动词没有这些变非谓语动词形式；而汉语动词没有这些变化。但在汉语中，一句话可以有一个以上化。但在汉语中，一句话可以有一个以上的动词，英语中每句话只有一个谓语动词。的动词，英语中每句话只有一个谓语动词。n n汉语中的兼语句是英语中所没有的一种特汉语中的兼语句是英语中所没有的一种特殊句型。殊句型。第5页/共32页动词的变化动词的变化(数，时态，

6、数，时态，语态）语态）n nIt rainIt rains s everyday recently.everyday recently.最近天天下雨。最近天天下雨。n nIt rainIt raineded yesterday.yesterday.昨天下了场雨。昨天下了场雨。n nIt It is going tois going to rain.rain.要下雨了。要下雨了。n nIt It is rainingis raining hard outside.hard outside.外面正下大雨呢！外面正下大雨呢！n nThe window The window waswas broken

7、.broken.窗户被砸碎了。窗户被砸碎了。n nThey They lovedloved each other and there each other and there is is no love lost between no love lost between them.them.n n他们他们过去过去是相爱的，但现在已没什么感情可言了。是相爱的，但现在已没什么感情可言了。n nThis pot This pot is made ofis made of stainless steel.stainless steel.这个锅是这个锅是(用用)不锈钢做不锈钢做的。的。n nEnough

8、 attention Enough attention has been paidhas been paid to that problem.to that problem.那个问那个问题已经引起了足够的重视。题已经引起了足够的重视。第6页/共32页兼语句兼语句n n我见他正在读书。n n老师让他进去。n n真抱歉，让您久等了。n n大家选他当班长。n nI saw him reading booksn nThe teacher let him in.n nIm really sorry to have kept you waiting.n nWe made him our monitor.第

9、7页/共32页Nouns&Pronouns（名（名&代）代）n n英语中的名词有性、格、数的区别。而且有英语中的名词有性、格、数的区别。而且有些名词的单复数形式在意义上并不相同些名词的单复数形式在意义上并不相同 。n n英语中的代词分为人称代词、物主代词、反英语中的代词分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词、身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词、指示代词和关系代词八种；汉语中则主要是指示代词和关系代词八种；汉语中则主要是人称代词、疑问代词和指示代词。人称代词、疑问代词和指示代词。n n像名词一样，英语中的人称代词也有性、格像名词一样，英语中的人称代词也有性、格和数的变化

10、；而汉语中则只在书写上有性的和数的变化；而汉语中则只在书写上有性的区别，没有格和数的变化，需要时在人称代区别，没有格和数的变化，需要时在人称代词后加词后加“的的”表示所有格，加表示所有格，加“们们”表示复表示复数。数。第8页/共32页名词名词&代词例句代词例句n nwaiter-waitress-waiterwaiter-waitress-waiter s s服务员服务员-女服务员女服务员-服务员的服务员的n ncustom(custom(习惯习惯);customs();customs(海关海关)n nHe put his hands into his pockets.He put his h

11、ands into his pockets.他把手插进了口袋。他把手插进了口袋。n nThey had their lunch at half past twelve today.They had their lunch at half past twelve today.今天他们十二点半吃的午饭。今天他们十二点半吃的午饭。n nAnna,Anna,whowho was here a moment ago,left this note.was here a moment ago,left this note.安娜刚才来过，是她留下的这张条子。安娜刚才来过，是她留下的这张条子。n nWe use

12、d a plane We used a plane of whichof which almost every part carried some almost every part carried some indication of national identity.indication of national identity.我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个零件上都有国家的标志。我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个零件上都有国家的标志。n nGod helps those God helps those whowho help themselves.help themselves.自助者天助之。自助者天

13、助之。第9页/共32页Adjectives&Adverbs（形（形&副）副）n n形容词和副词的翻译需要注意英语中这两类词有相应的比较级和最高级形式，而汉语中则没有，需要加“一些”、“比较”、“还”、“较”、“最”、“很”、“十分”、“非常”等副词或其它手段来帮助体现比较级和最高级的意义。n n由动词的分词构成的形容词，其涵义不同，ed分词有被动和完成的意味，ing分词有主动和正在进行的意味。第10页/共32页形形&副例句副例句n nThis magazine is more interesting.这本杂志更有意思一些。n nThis book is the best one.这本书是最好的

14、。n nThe book is interesting.n nHe is interested in the book.n nThe film was very moving.n nAll the people were moved by the story.第11页/共32页Articles（冠词）（冠词）英语中有三个冠词：英语中有三个冠词：a,an,the,a,an,the,而汉语中没有这一词而汉语中没有这一词类。类。n na cup of tea a cup of tea 一杯茶一杯茶n nan English book an English book 一本英语书一本英语书n nHe i

15、s a student in our class.He is a student in our class.n n他是我们班的学生。他是我们班的学生。n nThe end does not justify the means.The end does not justify the means.n n即使目的正当，也不能不择手段。即使目的正当，也不能不择手段。n nI like the red one.I like the red one.n n我喜欢那个红的。我喜欢那个红的。第12页/共32页Compounds(连词）连词）n n英语重形合，是一种逐渐从综合型向分析型发展英语重形合，是一种逐

16、渐从综合型向分析型发展的语言；而汉语则重意合，是以分析为主的语言。的语言；而汉语则重意合，是以分析为主的语言。所以英语使用连词的频率比汉语高得多。所以英语使用连词的频率比汉语高得多。n nShe was so excited that tears came to her eyes.She was so excited that tears came to her eyes.n n她激动得热泪盈眶。她激动得热泪盈眶。（试比较：她是那么地激动，以至于眼泪流出（试比较：她是那么地激动，以至于眼泪流出来了。）来了。）n n你不走我也不走。你不走我也不走。n nIf you donIf you don

17、t leave,I wont leave,I won t leave either.t leave either.（试比较：（试比较：You donYou don t leave,I wont leave,I won t leave either.t leave either.）第13页/共32页Prepositions (介词介词)n n汉语中的介词不多，而英语中则有大量的介词。n nHe goes to school at seven oHe goes to school at seven o clock clock every morning.every morning.n n他每天早晨

18、七点钟上学。他每天早晨七点钟上学。（试比较：他每天早晨在七点钟（试比较：他每天早晨在七点钟去上学。）去上学。）n nAcross the street,he began to run Across the street,he began to run very fast.very fast.n n他穿过大街，飞跑起来。他穿过大街，飞跑起来。第14页/共32页Quantity words(量词量词)n n汉语中有量词，而英语中没有。汉语的量词分物汉语中有量词，而英语中没有。汉语的量词分物量词（修饰人或物的量词）和动量词（修饰行为量词（修饰人或物的量词）和动量词（修饰行为或动作的量词）。或动作的量

19、词）。n n打一拳打一拳give a punch give a punch n n看一看看一看 have a look have a look n n开一枪开一枪 fire a shotfire a shotn n踢一脚踢一脚 give a kickgive a kickn n一根头发一根头发a piece of haira piece of hairn n两张纸两张纸 two pieces of papertwo pieces of papern n三片面包三片面包 three pieces of breadthree pieces of breadn n四根木头四根木头 four piec

20、es of woodfour pieces of wood第15页/共32页形合与意合形合与意合n n在英文里在英文里,词性相同的字眼常用词性相同的字眼常用and and 来连接来连接:例例如如man and wife,you and I,back and forthman and wife,you and I,back and forth。但在中。但在中文里文里,类似的场合往往不用连接词类似的场合往往不用连接词,所以只要说所以只要说“夫妻夫妻”、“你我你我”、“前后前后”就够了。同样地就够了。同样地,一长串同类词在中文里一长串同类词在中文里,也任其并列也任其并列,无须连接无须连接:例如例如“

21、东南西北东南西北”、“金木水火土金木水火土”、“礼乐礼乐射御书数射御书数”、“油盐酱醋茶油盐酱醋茶”皆是。中国人绝皆是。中国人绝不说不说“开门七件事开门七件事,柴、米、油、盐、酱、醋以柴、米、油、盐、酱、醋以及茶。及茶。”谁要这么说谁要这么说,一定会惹笑。同理一定会惹笑。同理,中文只中文只说说“思前想后思前想后”、“说古道今说古道今”,英文却必须动英文却必须动用连接词用连接词,变成变成“思前和想后思前和想后”、“说古及道今说古及道今”余光中余光中第16页/共32页形合与意合形合与意合n nThe snake catches the toad The snake catches the toad

22、 thatthat eats the insect eats the insect thatthat nibbles the green grass.nibbles the green grass.n n枯藤老树昏鸦枯藤老树昏鸦小桥流水人家小桥流水人家古道西风瘦马古道西风瘦马夕阳西下夕阳西下断肠人在天涯断肠人在天涯 （意合）（意合）nAs the weather was fine,we decided to climb the mountain.na.因为天气较好，所以我们决定去爬山。nb.天气好，我们决定去爬山。第17页/共32页动态与静态动态与静态n nCarlisle Street ru

23、ns westward,across a great black bridge,down a hill and up again,by little shops and meatmarkets,past single-storied homes,until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.n n（卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过（卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着大片绿色草地中止了。）着大片绿色草地中

24、止了。）第18页/共32页无灵与有灵无灵与有灵nThe moment we stepped into the country，care and kindness surrounded us on every one side.na.一踏上国土，到处都是关怀与照顾包围着我们。nb.一踏上国土，我们就随时随地感受到关怀与照顾。nThrift and diligence make him roll up a fortune.n他靠着勤俭积攒了一笔财产。nIt is necessary for us to observe the traffic rules.n我们必须遵守交通规则。第19页/共32页多

25、样性与重复性多样性与重复性nJos was a soft fellow in anybodys hands,Dobbin most active in anybodys concerns but his own;the civilian was,therefore,an easy victim to the guileless arts of this goodnatured diplomatist and was ready to do,to purchase,hire,or relinquish whatever his friend thought fit.n好在乔斯是肯听人调度的，都宾

26、又是除了自己的事之外都肯出力死干的。这好性子的家伙手段实在圆滑，把那印度官儿笼络的言听计从，该买什么，该租什么，什么事该办，什么东西该脱手，全让他做主。第20页/共32页多样性与重复性多样性与重复性nHaving partaken of a copious breakfast,with fish,and rice,and hard eggs,at Southamptonn他在沙乌撒泼顿吃过一顿丰盛的早饭，有有鱼，有有米饭，有有煮老鸡蛋第21页/共32页长句与短句长句与短句n n请试译下列两句话，并将译文写在一张字条上：请试译下列两句话，并将译文写在一张字条上：n nIn the doorway

27、 lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.n nIt was an old woman,tall and shapely still,though withered by time,on which his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.第22页/共32页试比较：试比较：n n门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的雨伞。雨伞。n n门口放着一堆雨伞，少说有十二把，五颜六门口放着一堆雨伞，少说有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。色，大小不一。n n这是一

28、位年老的妇女这是一位年老的妇女,身材苗条高挑身材苗条高挑,尽管岁月尽管岁月留下的皱纹已经爬上了她的脸留下的皱纹已经爬上了她的脸,当他停下当他停下,转过转过身身,眼睛落在她身上眼睛落在她身上.n n他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，原来是个年他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，原来是个年迈的妇女。她身材修长，虽受岁月折磨而显迈的妇女。她身材修长，虽受岁月折磨而显得憔悴，但风韵犹存。得憔悴，但风韵犹存。第23页/共32页前开放与后开放前开放与后开放n nThis is the cat.This is the cat.n nThis is the cat that killed the rat.This is t

29、he cat that killed the rat.n nThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt.n nThis is the cat that killed that rat that ate the malt that lay in the This is the cat that killed that rat that ate the malt that lay in the house.house.n nTh

30、is is the cat that killed that rat that ate the malt that lay in the This is the cat that killed that rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.house that Jack built.n n这是那只吃了老鼠的猫。老鼠吃了堆放在屋里的麦芽。这是那只吃了老鼠的猫。老鼠吃了堆放在屋里的麦芽。那屋子是杰克盖的。那屋子是杰克盖的。n n好！好！n n她唱得好。她唱得好。n n我听她唱得好。我听她唱得好。n n开晚会的时候我

31、听她唱得好。开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。n n那天开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。那天开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。n n我们学校那天开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。我们学校那天开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。第24页/共32页句子重心句子重心n nHe has to stay at home because he is ill.He has to stay at home because he is ill.n n他病了他病了,只得呆在家里。只得呆在家里。n nHis chief contribution was making me realize how His chief contribution was ma

32、king me realize how much more than knowledge I had been petting from much more than knowledge I had been petting from him.him.n n他使我认识到，我从他那里学到的，远远不只是他使我认识到，我从他那里学到的，远远不只是知识，这是他最大的贡献。知识，这是他最大的贡献。n nThe people of a small country can certainly defeat The people of a small country can certainly defeat

33、aggression by a big country,if only they dare to rise in aggression by a big country,if only they dare to rise in struggle,dare to take up arms,and grasp in their own struggle,dare to take up arms,and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.hands the destiny of their own country.n

34、n小国人民只要敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器并掌小国人民只要敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器并掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能打败大国的侵略。握自己国家的命运，就一定能打败大国的侵略。第25页/共32页主动与被动主动与被动n nGreat progress Great progress has been madehas been made .Not only.Not only is is t the sun now he sun now usedused for cooking,but it also supplies power for such for cooking,but it also suppl

35、ies power for such things as beacon lights for ships and airplanes;it operates things as beacon lights for ships and airplanes;it operates telephone lines,movie cameras,portable radios,electric telephone lines,movie cameras,portable radios,electric clocks,and hearing aids.It clocks,and hearing aids.

36、It is is alsoalso being usedbeing used to operate to operate communications satellites.Some homes and office communications satellites.Some homes and office buildings in the United States buildings in the United States are now being heatedare now being heated with with solar energy.solar energy.n n人

37、们在使用太阳能方面取得了很大进展人们在使用太阳能方面取得了很大进展。太阳能现。太阳能现在不仅在不仅用来做饭用来做饭，而且用来为给轮船和飞机导航的，而且用来为给轮船和飞机导航的信标灯提供电能，它为电话线路、电影摄影机、袖信标灯提供电能，它为电话线路、电影摄影机、袖珍收音机、电钟和助听器提供工作电源。珍收音机、电钟和助听器提供工作电源。目前它还目前它还用于用于操纵通讯卫星。现在，美国的一些家庭和办公操纵通讯卫星。现在，美国的一些家庭和办公室室也靠太阳能供热也靠太阳能供热。第26页/共32页文化差异（文化差异（Cultural Differences）n n自然环境不同自然环境不同n n风俗习惯与观

38、念不同风俗习惯与观念不同 n n历史文化背景不同历史文化背景不同 n n宗教信仰不同宗教信仰不同 n n联想意义上的不同联想意义上的不同 第27页/共32页英汉语言转换时的突出问题英汉语言转换时的突出问题 n n长与短长与短长与短长与短(长句的翻译部分长句的翻译部分长句的翻译部分长句的翻译部分)n n主与被主与被主与被主与被(被动语态的翻译被动语态的翻译被动语态的翻译被动语态的翻译)n n肯与否（肯定与否定之间的转换）肯与否（肯定与否定之间的转换）肯与否（肯定与否定之间的转换）肯与否（肯定与否定之间的转换）n n动与静动与静动与静动与静n n抽象化与具体化抽象化与具体化抽象化与具体化抽象化与具

39、体化 n n有灵动词与无灵动词有灵动词与无灵动词有灵动词与无灵动词有灵动词与无灵动词 n n形合法和意合法形合法和意合法形合法和意合法形合法和意合法n n 第28页/共32页课堂练习课堂练习1.1.He was an He was an ableable and a and a successfulsuccessful one.one.2.2.You shouldnYou shouldn t be t be sensitivesensitive about ones clothing.about ones clothing.3.3.Their experiment has been Their

40、 experiment has been overover.4.4.I saw you I saw you outout with a boy yesterday.with a boy yesterday.5.5.It is chiefly It is chiefly characterizedcharacterized by its simplicity of by its simplicity of structure.structure.6.6.Pregnant women and women Pregnant women and women breast-feeding breast-

41、feeding their childrentheir children may need vitamins.may need vitamins.第29页/共32页课堂练习课堂练习7.7.The stars twinkled in The stars twinkled in transparent claritytransparent clarity.8.8.AngerAnger choked his words.choked his words.9.9.DawnDawn met him well along the way.met him well along the way.10.10.A

42、 lot of A lot of troublestroubles visited the poor family.visited the poor family.11.11.We took off We took off andand flew over the city flew over the city andand slowly gained height.slowly gained height.12.12.AsAs she talked on she got more and more excited.she talked on she got more and more exc

43、ited.第30页/共32页课堂练习答案课堂练习答案1.1.他为人他为人能干能干，事业，事业成功成功。2.2.你不要太你不要太注重注重衣着了。衣着了。3.3.他们的实验已经他们的实验已经结束结束了。了。4.4.昨天我看见你和一个男孩昨天我看见你和一个男孩上街上街了。了。5.5.它的它的主要特点主要特点是结构简单。是结构简单。6.6.孕妇和孕妇和哺乳期哺乳期的妇女可能需要维生素。的妇女可能需要维生素。7.7.星星在星星在清澈的夜空清澈的夜空中闪烁。中闪烁。8.8.他他气得话也说不出来气得话也说不出来。9.9.东方欲晓的时候东方欲晓的时候，他已走了一大段路了。他已走了一大段路了。10.10.这个贫困的家庭这个贫困的家庭遇到不少麻烦遇到不少麻烦。11.11.我们起飞了，我们起飞了，飞过城市飞过城市，慢慢飞高慢慢飞高。12.12.她她越讲越兴奋越讲越兴奋。第31页/共32页