初中英语总复习知识点归纳(基本全了)(23302).doc

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1、1/14初中英语总复习知识点归纳初中英语总复习知识点归纳冠词 a/an 的用法a 用于辅音音素前 a useful book,a university,a“u”Once a weekhave a swim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/resthave a cold/headache/fever/coughhave a good timehave a tryin a hurryafter awhilekeep a diarygo for a walkin a minutein a wordin a short whilean 则用于元音音素前 an hour,an ho

2、nest boy,an“A E F H I L M N O R S X”keep an eye on定冠词 the 的用法：1）特指双方都明白的人或物：Give me the book.2）上文提到过的人或事：-Do you know the lady in blue?Yes,she is a teacherof a university.3）指世上独一物二的事物 the sun(sky/moon/earth/world/nature/universe)4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元;The lion is a wild animal.或与形容词或分词连用，表示一

3、类人：the rich/poor/blind/aged/living/impossible5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，与形容词 only，very,same 等前面：I live on thesecond floor.6）用在表示身体部位的名词前：She caught me by the arm.7）用在表示乐器和表方位的名词之前：She plays the piano violin guitar inthe north of China8）用在普通名词构成专有名词前：the Peoples Republic of Chinathe UnitedStates the Great Wall t

4、he Summer Palace9)用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：the Greens are playing the piano.10)in the day,in the morning(afternoon，evening),in the middle(of),inthe end,all the timeat the same timeon the whole,by the way,go to thecinema at he age of six at the beginning of the twenty-first centuryon the otherside ofat the

5、momentthe day after tomorrowthe day before yesterday,thenext morning,in the sky(water，field，country)in the dark,in the rain,不用定冠词的情况1)国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：China,Europe 欧洲 Lei Feng 雷锋2）物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词 Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。3）在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；Child

6、rens DayMothers DayFathers Day4）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；He is captain of the team.5）在三餐、四季，球类运动、学科、娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如：have breakfast/supper/lunch，play basketball/football/volleyball/chess,in spring/summer/autumn/winter6）当 by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词；by bus/train/taxi/bus/ship2/147）Day and night face to fac

7、e side by side step by stepwatch TV at school/work/home at first/last in danger in trouble on foot on duty on watch inbed on timein time go to schoolgo to work by taxi/bike at noon at night onTV at town部分词组有无冠词的区别in hospital 生病住院 in the hospital 在医院里in front of 在-的前面 in the front of 在-部的前面go to scho

8、ol 上学 go to the school 到学校去a number of=a lot of 许多，谓语动词用复数。The number of-的数目，-的总数，谓语动词用单数（第三人称单数）名词：专有名词和普通名词（个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词）可数名词的单数变复数一般情况加 s 以 s,x sh ch,等结尾的词加-esbus-buses watch-watches 以 o 结尾的名词，无生命的加 s，如：photo-photospiano-pianos 有生命的 es，如：potato-potatoestomato-tomatoes 均可，如：zero-zeros/zeroe

9、s以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词，去 f,fe 加 ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolves wife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves（加 s，如：belief-beliefsroof-roofs safe-safesgulf-gulfs；）以辅音字母+y 结尾的词，变 y 为 i，再加 esbaby-babies不规则：a.单复数形式一样。Sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese.People,police,scissors,trousers b.其他的。footfeet tooth-teet

10、h childchildren mouse-miceman-men woman-women businessman-businessmenGerman-Germanswomen doctors集体名词:People,police,(一般表示一个整体，谓用复数)class,family,glasses不可数名词：常见的不可数名词有：information,news,room（空间），work,work,weather,advice,bread,food,milk,tea,ice,glasses,meatA little,a bit of,some,much,a lot of,quite a lo

11、t of 常修饰不可数名词.不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。如果用 and 连接两个不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Time and money are-A cup glass bottle box kilo group crowd class pair ofTwo and a half kilos of=two kilos and a half of名词所有格 在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下：1）单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾没有 s，也要加 s，如 the boys bag，me

12、ns room Childrens Day Mothers Day Fathers Day2）若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加 ，如：Teachers Day ladiesroom twenty minutes walk3）凡不能加s的名词，都可以用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系，如：thetitle of the song 歌的名字;A picture of family;a map of China4）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barbers 理发店。3/145）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示分别有；只有一个s，则表

13、示共有。Johns and Marys room（两间）John and Marys room（一间）6）复合名词或短语，s 加在最后一个词的词尾。如：a month or twos absence7）双重所有格 a friend of mine/hers/his/theirsa friend of Marysmothers代词、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词Imemyminemyselfyou youyouryourself(yourselves)hehimhishishimself sheherherhersherselfitititsitsitselfweusouroursourselve

14、stheythemtheirtheirsthemselves人称顺序 you,he,she,I;we,you,they主格作主语；宾格作宾语，动词和介词之后通常作宾格；形容词性物主代词不能单独使用，通常放在名词之前；名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词名词，“of名词性物主代词”表示所属关系。A friend of mine 我的一位朋友;teacher of hers她的老师代词 it 的用法：指代前面提到过的事物。表天气。表距离。指婴儿和不明身份的人。-John,someone in your class phoned you this morning.-Oh,who was it?用作形式主语

15、。Its kind/good/nice/clever/polite/foolish of sb.to do sth.Its important/necessary/possible/easy/difficult for sb to do sth,Its time to get up.Its time for lunch.Its ones turn to doIt seems thatIt takes sb.some time to do sth.用作形式宾语。Find/think/feel+it+adj+to do sthIt one 的区别It 特指上文提到的同一对象，同一事物。one 同类

16、而不同一。that 常用于比较结构中，代替前面提到的名词，以避免重复。反身代词构成规则：一、二物主，三为宾。运用：hurt/teach/wash/buy/enjoy oneselfby/Help oneself(one selves)to-/Look after oneself/Say tooneself/Come to oneself、不定代词 little,a little,few,a few=several(some),some,any much,toomuch,much too,more then=over,less than=nearlysomething 某事，某物，用于肯定句。注

17、意：由复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。Everyone is here.修饰不定代词的形容词后置。I have something important toanything 任何事物，某事物，用于否定句、疑问句。everything 每件事，一切事物，用于各种句型。4/14tell you.在反意疑问句中，表示人的复合代词在述句中作主语时，附加问句中的主语用 he 或 they，表物的用 it。nothing 没什么，没有任何东西。=not-any thingsomebody 某人，有人=someoneanybody 任何人(用于否定句、疑问句，条件从句中)nobody 没有人l

18、ittle，几乎没有，表示否定意思，用以修饰不可数名词。A little 一点点，表示肯定，用以修饰不可数名词。Only a little 仅一点点.也可修饰形容词和副词。一点点，放在动词、动词宾语后。few 几乎没有，表示否定意思，用以修饰可数名词。a few=several 几个，一些，表示肯定意思，用以修饰可数名词。some 一些，修饰可数名词，后跟复数形式名词或 ones,也可修饰不可数名词。在表示请求、委婉语气的疑问句和表示希望得到对方的肯定回答的问句中，常用 some.Could yougive me some apples?any 一些，任何一些。一般用于疑问句中或否定句中和 I

19、F 引导的条件句中。much 许多。修饰不可数名词，放在不可数名词前，可用 a lot of 替换。too much 太多的，用法相当于 much，放在不可数名词前。Heath is very importantto us.We should eat more vegetables and fruit instead of too much rich food.much too 太，用法相当于 too,放在形容词和副词前。Keep quiet!Its much toonoisy here.more than 超过，多于。=overmore or less 或多或少，差不多。=aboutat l

20、east 至少a lot 许多，修饰动词。Thanks a lot.a lot of=lots of 许多的，可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。a number of 许多的,=many 只用于修饰复数形式名词，放在可数名词复数前。every 用于三个或三个以上，着眼于整体。后可跟数词。词组有 every ten minuetseach 用于两个或两个以上，着眼于个体。词组有 each ofeither 两个中任何一个either-orboth 两个都both-and-both of-neither 两个中一个也没有e.g.-Do you like talking with your friends

21、 onthe telephone or mobile phone?-Neither,I enjoy using.neither-nor-any 三个以上中任何一个all 三个以上中全部none 三个以上中一个也没有。None of-中没有一个，表示三个或以上数目的人或物中没有一个，表否定，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。others 表示“泛指”除自己外，别的人。Some-,others-the other 表示两个中的另一个。One-,the other-the others 表示特指的另一些。5/14another 后跟单数名词。表示泛指另一个人。后跟带数词的复数名词，表示“再，还要”的意思

22、。other 别的，另外的，一般后跟复数名词或 ones,在 other 前可加 some,many 或数词，表示“几个，一些别的”Such a tall buildingsuch an exciting football matchso many peopleeach other 相互，彼此，指两个或两个物时。one another 相互，彼此，指三者或三者以上的彼此。one anothers 相互的，彼此的。数词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一、基数词和序数词1）基数词写法和读法：百位与十位，用 and,十位与

23、个位，写时用“”先确定分节号，从右至左，每隔三位数是一个分节号。第一个分节号是千位 thousand 4 第二个分节号是千位 million 第三个分号节是十亿位 billion.1,234,567,892onebillion two hundred and thirty-four million five hundred and sixty-seven thousandeight hundred and ninety-two2）分数表示法 构成：分子基，分母序，分子大于 1 时，分母在序数词后加 S：1/2 ahalf1/3 one-third；2/3 two thirds 3/4 thre

24、e quarters=three fourths 2-3/4two and three fourths3）表示年代，用 in+the+数词复数；in the 1980s（20 世纪 80 年代）4）表某人几岁时:in+物主代词+数词的复数形式 in ones twenties5）He lives in Rom 88.One plus two is three.Three times five is fifteen.6）hundred,thousand,million 等词前有具体的数字时，不能加 S 如 threehundreds 这种说法是错误的7）hundreds ofthousands

25、ofmillions of8）a 21-year-old girlthree days and a half=three and a half days one anda half hours=one hour and a halfwell have two weeks holiday(two-weekholiday)9）（基数词变序数词的口诀）一、二、三特别记，th 从四以上记;怎么加很容易，八减 t，九减 e;f 来把 ve 替，见 y 变 ie;若是遇到几十几，变换个位就可以。One-first two-second three-third five-fifth eight-eighth

26、 nine-ninthtwelve twelfth thirteen-thirteenth fifteen-fifteentheighteen-eighteenth twenty-twentiethtwenty-one-twenty-first thirty-thirtieth forty-fortieth fiftyfiftieth sixty-sixtieth seventy-seventieth eighty-eightieth ninety-ninetieth序数词的缩写形式：first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st形容和副词修饰 something,a

27、nything,everything,anybody 等不定代词的形容词，形容词要放在不定代词之后。I have Something important to tell you.enough 修饰形容词、副词时，enough 要放在形容词和副词之后。Far enough6/14interesting,exciting,boring,amazing,surprising,moving 主语为物。Interested,excited,amazed,surprised,frightened,tired,pleased 主语为人。Much,far,a lot,a little,even 等后要用形容词

28、或副词的比较级。I fell evenworse now.5.连系动词 be,感官动词(look,smell,taste,sound,feel)三个变(get,become,turn,)keep 后跟形容词.既可作形容词又可作副词的词有：hard 作形容词=difficult,作副词，放在 work,rain 等后,表努力地做。well 作形容词身体好;作副词，做得好。long 作形容词，表事物的长度，作副词，放在 last,talk 等后,表动作持续。Fast 作作形容，放在系动词后，作副词放在 rain,make sth.等词后，表“做得快”。High 作形容词“山，海浪的高。作副词,放在

29、 fly,jump 等后表飞得高，跳得高。五、形容词变为副词+lyuseful,wide,strong 改 y 为 i,再加 ly healthy,heavy,happy,lucky,noisy,goodwell terrible-terriblyprobable-probably多数以 ly 结尾的词是副词。但 friendly,lonely,lovely,likely,daily,lively是形容词。China is larger than any other county in Asia.（同一围）China is largerthan any county in Afirca.（不同

30、围）how many 对可数名词数量的提问。How many people are there in your family?How much 对不可数名词数量的提问和提问价格。How long 多久，多长时间。回答常用：for+段时间 since+点时间。How soon 多快，多久以后。回答常用：in+段时间How often 多长时间一次，提问频率。回答常用：once(twice)a week,three timesa day,oftenHow far 多远，对距离提问。回答常用：fifteen minutes walk,10 meters away形容词和副词的比较级和最高级：原级:a

31、s+原级+as;not as/so+原级+as=反义词+thanEnglish is asinteresting as Chinese.Mr.Zhang isnt as old as Mr.Li.=Mr.Zhang is youngerthan Mr.Li.比较级的标志词 than,Lilys bag is bigger than hers.much,far,a little,even,next timewhich/who-A,B?Which is more beautiful,Tom,Jim?the+比较级-,the+比较级-The more we get together,the happ

32、ier wellbe.比较级+and+比较级（多音节词和部分双音节词用 more and more+原级）越来越-harder and harder,our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful.最高级标志词：the+最高级+of/inShanghai is the biggest city in China.One of the+最高级+名词复数Zhou Jiekun is one of the mostpopular singers.Which/who-+最高级,A,B or C?Who city is the most beautifu

33、l,Beijing,Shanghai or Kunming?序数词+最高级，表“第几最-”Chang jiang is the first longestriver in China.the second largest population7/14形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成规则（略）不规则:good/well-better-bestbad/badly/ill-worse-worstmany/much-more-mostlittle-less-leastfar-farther（较远）-farthestfar-further（进一步）-furthesttired-more tired-th

34、e most tired(right,tired,glad.pleased.real)动词的时态时态名称结构标志词被动语态难点与要点一般现在时?am is are?therebe 结构?行为动词sometimes,often,usually,always,every day,once aweekam/is/are+done注意第三人称单数情况现在进行时am/is/are+Vingnow,look,listen,right now,atthe moment,its+几点am/is/are+being+done动词ING 形式的构成一般过去时?was/were+表语结构?Vedyesterday,

35、last,ago一家;just now,inthe old days,amoment ago,long ago,ih the1990swas/were+done注意动词的过去式的构成一般将来时?will/shall+V 原形?begoing to+V原形tomorrow,nextyear,this year,atthe end of this term,from now on,in the future,in a few daystimewill/shall+be+donebe going to+be+done注意动词过去分词的构成(与过去式的区别)P255过去进行时was/were+Ving

36、at+具体时间,atthis time.,when+一般过去时从句was/were+being+done与一般过去时的区别现在完成时have/has+donealready,yet,just,never,ever,for,since,so far注意瞬间动词在现在完成时中的运用过去将来时?would/should+V 原形?was/were going宾语从句中,从句动作在主句动作之后发生.Would/should+be+donebe going to+be+done8/14to+V 原形过去完成时had+doneby+过去某一时点;before+过去某一时间点;by the time+从句;

37、从句动作在主句动作前发生Had+been+done情态动词情态动词+be+done注:不规则动词过去式和过去分词详见初三课本的 255 页。祈使句 祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。1）祈使句否定在句首加 Dont：Dont move.Dont be late.2）Lets-shall we?let us him-will you/wont you?感叹句How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语+其它How lovely the baby is!What a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语+其它What a clever boy he is!What+形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语+其

38、它What wonderful ideas(we have)!What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语+其它What cold weather it is!反意疑问句1)述部分用 no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little,too-to 等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。Some plants never blown(开花),dothey?2)述部分有 have to+v.(had to+v.)，疑问部分常用 dont+主语（didnt+主语）。We have to get there at eight tomorrow,

39、dont we?3)述部分的谓语是 used to 时，疑问部分用 didnt+主语或 usednt+主语。He used to take pictures there,didnt he?/usednt he?4)述部分有 had better+v.疑问句部分用 hadnt you?Youd better read it by yourself,hadnt you?5)述部分由 neither nor,either or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。Neither you nor I am engineer,are we?6)述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词 everyth

40、ing,that,nothing,this,疑问部分主语用 it。Everything is ready,isnt it?7)述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：a.并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr.Smith had been to Beijing for several times,he should have been in Chinanow,shouldnt he?b.带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：He is not the man who gave us a talk,is he?He said he wan

41、ted to visit Japan,didnt he?c.上述部分主句谓语是 think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine 等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。I dont think he is bright,is he?We believe she can do it better,cant she?9/148)述部分主语是不定代词 everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one 等，疑问部分常用复数 they，有时也用单数 he。Everyone knows the answer,dont they?(d

42、oes he?)Nobody knows about it,do they?(does he?)9)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用 will you。Dont do that again,will you?Go with me,will you/wont you?注意：Lets 开头的祈使句，后用 shall we?Lets go and listen to the music,shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句，后用 will you?Let us wait for you in the reading-room,will you?10)述部分是there be结构的，疑

43、问部分用 there 省略主语代词。There is something wrong with your watch,isnt there?There will not be anytrouble,will there?11)否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。It is impossible,isnt it?He is not unkind to his classmates,is he?并列句and 和，并且，work hard,and you can pass the exam.but 但是he is rich but he is not happy.Or 否则，要不然，或

44、者（在否定句中表和）Hurry up,or youll be late.so 因此，所以 Kate was ill so she didnt go to school.For 因为 I have to stay up late,for I have a lot of work to do.状语从句当状语从句的引导词为 If,when,before,after,until,as soon as 等，主句和从句有下列情况：主句从句一般将来时(主将从现)一般现在时I will go to the park if it doesntrain tomorrow.祈使句一般现在时含有情态动词的句子一般现在

45、时一般过去时一般过去时英语句子中如果一看到Thought-but-;because-so-这种结构,就是错误.倒装句so+助动词BE 动词情态动词+另一主语，表示后者与前者一致。so+上句主语+助动词BE 动词情态动词，真的，确实如此。Tom watched TV last night,so did Ann.Tom didnt watch TV last night.Neither did Ann.-Youve left the light on.-So I have.Ill go and turn it off.宾语从句?从句用述句语序。?主句与从句的关系。10/14A主现从不限；B主过从过

46、；C真金不怕火炼。The earth moves around the sun.常见的宾语从句。She says that-I hope/think/feel/wonder-I wonder if he will join us in the discussiontonight.Could you tell/show me-Could you please tell me where the teachersoffice is?Do you know-Do you know where Mr.Li lives?Please tell me-She asked me-I dont know-I

47、dont know whether Tom will go or not.定语从句that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用which。(1)先行词为 all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much 等不定代词时。I am sure she has something(that)you can borrow.(2)先行词被 all,every,no,some,any,little,much 等修饰时。Ive read allthe books that are not mine.(3)先行词

48、被序数词或最高级修饰时。This is the first book(that)he has read.(4)先行词被 the only,the very,the same,the last 修饰时。This is the very book that belongs to him.一般用 that 而不用 who(1)先行词是 who 或 who 引导的主句。Who is the girl(that)drove the car?Who(that)broke the window will bepunished.(2)主句以 There be 引导时。There are 200 people(

49、that)didntthat 和 which 在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用 which 而不用 that。(1)关系代词在限制性定语从句中紧跟介词作宾语（介词提前）。Those are many trees under(which)they can have a rest.(2)在非限制性定语从句中。Football,(which)is a very popular game,isplayed all over the world.后跟 ing 的词有Finish doingBefore 2008 Beijing we will finish building the

50、Olympic Park.enjoy doing 喜欢做某事 I enjoy reading English loudly.mind doing 介意（反对）做某事 would you mind opening the window?practice doing sth.练习做某事 we should practice speaking English as oftenas possible.be busy doing sth.忙于做某事be worth doing sth.值得做某事feel like doing sth=want to do sth.想要做某事11/14spend-(in)