实用全的英语基础语法.pptx

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1、实用全的英语基础语法实用全的英语基础语法一、名词名名词词具体名具体名词词抽象名抽象名词词普通名词普通名词专有名专有名词词个体名词个体名词集体名词集体名词名名词词可数名可数名词词不可数名词不可数名词单单数数复复数数第1页/共51页英语语法中，名词有两种数的形式：英语语法中，名词有两种数的形式：1）单数（表示一个人或事物）；）单数（表示一个人或事物）；2）复数（表示多于一个的人或数）。）复数（表示多于一个的人或数）。只有可数名词才有复数形式。只有可数名词才有复数形式。名词的数：名词的数：第2页/共51页名词复数形式的构成名词复数形式的构成形式形式变化规则变化规则发音发音例词例词一般情况一般情况+s

2、1.清辅音结尾的名词后清辅音结尾的名词后s2.浊辅音结尾的名词后浊辅音结尾的名词后z；3.元音结尾的名词后元音结尾的名词后z;books,cups,catsdogs,birds,armsdays,players以以-s,-sh,-ch,-x,-z结尾的名结尾的名词词+esizbus,brush,boxes,watch,大多数以大多数以-o结结尾的名词尾的名词+esztomatoes,potatoes以元音字母加以元音字母加o结尾的名词结尾的名词+szradios,pianos以辅音字母加以辅音字母加y结尾的名词结尾的名词把把y改成改成i再再加加eszstories,families,babie

3、s以以f和和fe结尾的结尾的大多数名词大多数名词把把f或或fe改改成成v再加再加eszthieves,knives第3页/共51页1.由元音字母的变化构成：由元音字母的变化构成：man-men,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,mouse-mice,woman-women2.有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样：有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样：sheep,deer,fish(但也可以是但也可以是fishes)3.有些名词变成复数时加有些名词变成复数时加-en:child-children,ox-oxen不规则名词的复数不规则名词的复数第4页/共51页Practise1.peach_

4、 2.zoo _3.glass _4.fox _5.lady _6.policewoman _7.house _8.photo _9.monkey _10.wife _11.rose _ 12.path _13.judge _ 14.map _peacheszoosglassesfoxesladiespolicewomenhousesphotosmonkeyswivesrosespathsjudgesmaps第5页/共51页二、人称代词主格：I we you she he it they宾格：me us you her him it them形容词性物主代词：my our your her h

5、is its their名词性物主代词：mine ours yours hers his its theirs 第一人称第一人称第二人称第二人称第三人称第三人称后跟名词后跟名词能够在句子中独立作能够在句子中独立作主语、宾语或表语主语、宾语或表语第6页/共51页Practise1._(他)is my brother.2.I had a letter from _(她).3.Its all right;its only _(我).4.Today _(我们)went in _(我们的)car;tomorrow _(我们)are going in _(他们的).5._(我)lend _(我的)book

6、s gladly to _(我的)friends and to _(你的).6.Can you help _(我)with _(我的)English.7.When _(你)go to see _(你的)father,please take these books to _(他).8._(他们)found _(它)difficult to learn German.HehermeweourwetheirsImymyyoursmemyyouyourhimTheyit第7页/共51页所有格所有格所有格的形式所有格的形式单数人称名词末尾加单数人称名词末尾加 schild-childs以以-s结尾的单数

7、人称名词末尾加结尾的单数人称名词末尾加swaitress-waitresss不规则的复数人称名词末尾加不规则的复数人称名词末尾加schildren-childrens以以-s结尾的复数人称名词末尾加结尾的复数人称名词末尾加girls-girls以以-s结尾的一些人名末尾加结尾的一些人名末尾加sJames-Jamess下列情况一般用下列情况一般用“of”结构：结构：1.东西东西(没有现成的复合名词时没有现成的复合名词时):the book of the film2.东西的一部分东西的一部分:the bottom of the box3.抽象的概念抽象的概念:the price of succes

8、s4.当当of短语中的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时：短语中的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时：Cant you look at the book of the boy behind you?双重双重第8页/共51页 s结构也可以用于结构也可以用于“of”结构之后，如：结构之后，如：a friend of my fathers,出现这种情况是因为在一个名词前通常只用一出现这种情况是因为在一个名词前通常只用一个限定词，又如：个限定词，又如：this son of mine,a friend of yours,a cousin of hers等等。等等。Isnt Frank a friend of yo

9、urs?That silly uncle of Toms has told me the same Joke five times.第9页/共51页冠词不定冠词不定冠词a,an定冠词定冠词the只能用于单数可数名词之前只能用于单数可数名词之前单数可数名词单数可数名词复数可数名词复数可数名词不可数名词不可数名词零冠词名词前可不用冠词名词前可不用冠词第10页/共51页不定冠词的用法：不定冠词的用法：1.表示表示“一一”，“任何一个任何一个”或或“不管哪一个不管哪一个”的意思。的意思。I have a sister and two brothers.2.在某些度量表示法中：在某些度量表示法中：We

10、have PE lessons three times a week.3.用在单数的表语名词前，以表示职业、行业、宗教、等级等。用在单数的表语名词前，以表示职业、行业、宗教、等级等。George wants to be an engineer.4.在以在以what引导的感叹句中，单数的可数名词前。引导的感叹句中，单数的可数名词前。What a pretty girl!5.一些常用短语中。一些常用短语中。have a good time,half an hour,have a headache.第11页/共51页定冠词的用法：定冠词的用法：1.用来表示用来表示“独一无二独一无二”的意思。的意思。

11、The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.2.表示表示“说话的人刚刚提到过的人或事物说话的人刚刚提到过的人或事物”。There is a boat in the river.The boat is made of wood.3.用在后面跟有限定性介词短语的名词前。用在后面跟有限定性介词短语的名词前。the letter from America,the fourteenth of April4.用在泛指的乐器名词前。用在泛指的乐器名词前。He plays the piano.5.一些常用短语。一些常用短语。by the way,in the

12、morning,Whats the matter?第12页/共51页零冠词的用法：零冠词的用法：1.泛指的抽象名词前。泛指的抽象名词前。Life is very hard for some people.2.泛指的物质名词前。泛指的物质名词前。Water is very useful.3.泛指的复数名词前。泛指的复数名词前。Books are my best friends.4.泛指的泛指的“餐餐”名前。名前。Come to have dinner/breakfast with me.5.大多数的专有名词前。大多数的专有名词前。He comes from France.6.语言的名词前。语言的

13、名词前。She can speak French.7.在季节和节日的名词前。在季节和节日的名词前。Winter is the best time for skating.8.当名词前已有一些代词修饰时。当名词前已有一些代词修饰时。My brother is a soldier.9.在体育项目的名词前。在体育项目的名词前。play basketball10.一些常用短语。一些常用短语。at home,go to school,at night第13页/共51页1.There is _notebook on my desk.I use _ notebook to keep a diary.2.Th

14、ere is _bottle on the table._ water in it is sweet.3.Wangs mother is _English teacher.She teaches in _ primary school.4.China is _ ancient country with _ long history.5.China has _ population of 12 hundred million._ Chinese people are _ great people.6.Her mother is _ university teacher.She is _ hone

15、st woman.7.None of _books should be taken out of _ room without _ permission of _ librarian.8._Party always teaches us to work for _ people heart and soul.9.She studies at _No.3 Middle School.She goes to _ school by _ bus every day.10.My elder sister is _student of _ English.She studies at _ college

16、.11._ Monday before _ Spring Festival was very cold.12.Have you had _dinner?PractiseatheaTheantheanatheThe/aanthethethe/The/aaThe/第14页/共51页四、动词四、动词 动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态或性质，动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态或性质，有时态、语态、语气等形式的变化。有时态、语态、语气等形式的变化。小学阶段所涉及的动词主要有：实义动词、小学阶段所涉及的动词主要有：实义动词、be动词、情态动词动词、情态动词can等。等。第15页/共51页Be动词am,is,ar

17、ewas,werebeen第16页/共51页Practise1.He _ very good at English.2.My father and I _ going to Beijing next month.3._ you on duty the day before yesterday?4.Mr.King _ in London two weeks ago.5.There _ many kinds of animals in the zoo.6.What _ the date yesterday?7.Look!A little girl _ flying a kite.8.Who _ n

18、ot at school last Monday?9.Have you ever _ to Japan?10.I _ not a nurse.I work as a doctor.isareWerewasarewasiswasbeenam第17页/共51页动词的基本形式原形第三人称单数现在式过去式过去分词现在分词studystudiesstudiedstudied studyingdodoesdiddonedoinghavehashadhadhavinglearnlearnslearned/learntlearned/learntlearning第18页/共51页第三人称单数现在式情况情况变化

19、规则变化规则例词例词一般情况一般情况+sworks,learns,eats,needs,says结尾为结尾为s,x,sh,ch,o+espasses,washes,teaches,goes,fixes结尾为辅音结尾为辅音字母字母+y变y为i+escarries,studies,flies,hurries,cries 动词动词be和和have的第三人称单数现在式的第三人称单数现在式分别是分别是is和和has。第19页/共51页动词的过去式 构成构成例词读音例词读音在动词在动词后加后加ed在以在以e结结尾的动词尾的动词后加后加ed在以辅音字母加在以辅音字母加y结尾的动词后，结尾的动词后，先变先变y

20、为为i再加再加ed在重读闭音节或在重读闭音节或r音节音节结尾而末尾只有一个结尾而末尾只有一个辅音字母时，须双写辅音字母时，须双写这个辅音字母再加这个辅音字母再加ed在清辅音后读在清辅音后读tlookedwashedpassedhopedlikedstoppeddropped在元音和浊辅音在元音和浊辅音后读后读dstayedcalledlivedstudiedtriedcarriedplannedpreferred在辅音在辅音t、d后读后读idtastedneededadmittedpermitted第20页/共51页现在分词情况情况变化规则变化规则例词例词一般情况一般情况+ingdoing,a

21、sking,helping以不发音的以不发音的e结尾结尾的动词的动词去去e加加inghaving,taking,writing,living以重读闭音节结尾以重读闭音节结尾而末尾只有一个辅而末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词音字母的动词双写最后一个辅音双写最后一个辅音字母，再加字母，再加ingrunning,swimming,putting,sitting第21页/共51页原形第三人称单数现在式过去式现在分词have givegetread sweepplay carry hashadhavinggivesgavegivinggetsgotgettingreadsreadreadingsweepssw

22、eptsweepingplaysplayedplayingcarriescarriedcarryingPractise第22页/共51页五、动词的时态动词时态是表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和表示方式的一种动词形式。动词时态是表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和表示方式的一种动词形式。小学阶段所学的时态有：小学阶段所学的时态有：1.一般现在时：work/works2.现在进行时：am/is/are working3.一般过去时：worked4.一般将来时：am/is/are going to work第23页/共51页一般现在时通常表示经常发生的或习惯性的动作或通常表示经常发生的或习惯性的动作或目

23、前的状态。目前的状态。常与时间副词连用：常与时间副词连用：always,often,usually,every,on Sundays,twice a week等。等。基本结构肯定句否定句一般疑问句I work.We work.I dont work.We dont work.Do I work?Do we work?You work.You dont work.Do you work?They work.They dont work.Do they work?SheHe works.ItSheHe doesnt work.It sheDoes he work?it第24页/共51页现在进行时通

24、常表示说话时或现阶段正在发生或通常表示说话时或现阶段正在发生或进行着的动作。它所表示的动作具有进行着的动作。它所表示的动作具有持续性、暂时性和未完成性。持续性、暂时性和未完成性。常见的与现在进行时有关的词有：常见的与现在进行时有关的词有：now,these days,look,listen等。等。基本结构基本结构肯定句肯定句否定句否定句一般疑问句一般疑问句I am working.We are working.Im not working.Were not working.Am I working?Are we working?You are working.You arent working

25、.Are you working?They are working.They arent working.Are they working?SheHe is working.ItSheHe isnt working.It sheIs he working?it第25页/共51页一般过去时通常表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或通常表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，其中也包括习惯性动作。存在的状态，其中也包括习惯性动作。常与表示过去的时间状语连用：常与表示过去的时间状语连用：yesterday,last,ago,just now,in 1998等。等。基本结构基本结构肯定句肯定句否定句否定句一

26、般疑问句一般疑问句I worked.We worked.I didnt work.We didnt work.Did I work?Did we work?You worked.You didnt work.Did you work?They worked.They didnt work.Did they work?She He worked.ItSheHe didnt work.It sheDid he work?it第26页/共51页一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或情况。表示将来发生的动作或情况。常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用：常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用：tomorrow,next,Be

27、 going to do表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事；也可以表示做某事；也可以表示“预见预见”，即现在已有迹象表，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。基本结构基本结构肯定句否定句一般疑问句Im going to work.Were going to work.Im not going to work.We arent going to work.Am I going to work?Are we going to work?Youre going to work.You arent going to work.Are

28、 you going to work?Theyre going to work.They arent going to work.Are they going to work?SheHe is going to work.ItSheHe isnt going to work.It sheIs he going to work?it第27页/共51页1.Peter _(play)basketball twice a week.2.Do you believe what he _(say)just now?3.Look!The lazy cat _(sleep)in the sofa.4.Ther

29、e _(be)a book and two pens on the desk.5._you _(see)a film tomorrow morning?6.She _(not play)the guitar at the moment.7.What _his father usually _(do)in the evening?8.They _(have)a meeting next week,arent they?9.Both he and I _(be)teachers.10.I _(not feel)very well yesterday.11.He put on his coat an

30、d _(go)out.12.Lei Feng often _(help)others and he was helpful.13.Next Sunday,we _(clean)up the park.14.Hurry!Your mother _(wait)for you at the school gate.Practiseplayssaidis sleepingisAregoing to seeisnt playingdoesdoare going to havearedidnt feelwenthelpsare going to cleanis waiting第28页/共51页六、介词六、

31、介词介词在句子中表示名词或代词等与其他词之间的关系。不能单独作句介词在句子中表示名词或代词等与其他词之间的关系。不能单独作句子成分，常位于名词或代词（或与之相当的其他词类、短语、从句）子成分，常位于名词或代词（或与之相当的其他词类、短语、从句）前面构成介词短语。介词后面的成分作介词的宾语。前面构成介词短语。介词后面的成分作介词的宾语。方方位位介介词词in,on,at,under,to,behind,beside,near,before,infrontof,nextto,between时时间间介介词词in,on,at,after,before,fromto,past,between其其它它of,

32、by,with,into,outof,for,第29页/共51页Practise1.Look _ the picture.Its picture_ my school.2.There is a school building _ my school.It has five floors._ the school building,there is a big playground._school,the children always play ball games there.3.My classroom is_ the fifth floor.Its big and clean.4.Mis

33、s Li is our class teacher.She comes _ school early every morning.She comes _bicycle.Then she does morning exercises _us.She likes sports.Tomorrow is her birthday.We will make a card _ her.We love her very much.5.There are some apples _ the tree.6.Wheres your study?Its next _ my bedroom.7.The car _ t

34、he tree is Jacks.8.The ball is_ the door,so you cant see it.9._ _ _the house,there are many trees.10.Listen!Someone is knocking _the door.11.There is something wrong _ my computer.atofinNearAfterontobywithforontounderbehindIn front ofatwith第30页/共51页七、数词1.表示数目的词称为基数词表示数目的词称为基数词2.表示数目顺序的词称为序数词表示数目顺序的词

35、称为序数词1.112的基数词的基数词：one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve1319的基数词：的基数词：thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen2090的基数词：的基数词：twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety2129的基数：的基数：twenty-one,twenty-two,twenty-three,twenty-four,twenty-five,twenty

36、-six,twenty-seven,twenty-eight,twenty-nine thirty-nine,forty-eight,fifty-seven.-teen-ty十位数和个位数之间要加连字符号十位数和个位数之间要加连字符号“-”第31页/共51页2.百位数百位数：one hundred,two hundred,three hundred,four hundredfive hundred and eight-six,six hundred and ninety-nine,seven hundred and eight,eight hundred and one3.千位数千位数：one

37、 thousand,four thousand,seven thousand one hundred and five百位数和十位数之间加百位数和十位数之间加and。注意注意英语中没有英语中没有“万万”这个单位，所以常用这个单位，所以常用thousand来表示。来表示。ten thousand,thirty thousand,fifteen thousand one hundred,five hundred and one thousand four hundred and thirty-two第32页/共51页1.英语序数词第英语序数词第1-19除了除了first,second与与third

38、有特殊形式外，其余的都有特殊形式外，其余的都由基数词加后缀由基数词加后缀-th构成。构成。注意：注意：fifth,eighth,ninth和和twelfth的拼法。的拼法。2.十位数的序数词的构成方法是：先把十位数的基数词的词尾十位数的序数词的构成方法是：先把十位数的基数词的词尾ty中的中的y变为变为i，然后加后缀，然后加后缀-eth,如：如：twentytwentieth,fortyfortieth3.十位数的序数词如果含有十位数的序数词如果含有1-9的个位数时，十位数用基数词，个位数用序的个位数时，十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，中间用数词，中间用“-”连字符。如：连字符。如：twenty

39、-fourth,ninety-fifth4.百、千、万等的序数词由百、千、万等的序数词由hundred,thousand,million等加等加-th,前面加有前面加有关的基数词构成。如：关的基数词构成。如：one hundredth,one thousandth 注意：序数词前的注意：序数词前的one不能用不能用a代替。代替。one hundred and twenty-first第33页/共51页Practise1.There are _ days in a year.A.three hundreds sixty-five B.three hundreds and sixty-five C

40、.three hundred and sixty-five D.three hundred and sixty five2._people visit this museum every day.A.Hundred B.Hundreds C.Hundred of D.Hundreds of3.There are two_ people in the meeting room.A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundreds of D.hundred of4._ trees have been planted in our school in the past 10 years.A

41、.Thousands of B.Two thousands C.Thousand of D.Two thousand of5.My brother is in_.A.Three Class,One Grade B.Class Three,Grade One C.Grade One,Class Three D.class three,grade one6.We are going to learn_ this term.A.book six B.six book C.the book six D.Book Six 7.We can say the number 78,645 in English

42、 like this_.A.seventy-eight thousand and six hundred and forty-five B.seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty five C.seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty-five D.seventy eight thousand six hundred and forty-fiveCDAABDC第34页/共51页8.The year 1999 should be read The year_.A.nineteen and ninet

43、y-nine B.nineteen ninety-nine C.one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine D.nineteen hundred and ninety-nine9.He will come here _ tomorrow morning.A.at fifth B.at ten C.on two D.till tenth 10.Every day he begins to do his homework _.A.at ten past seven B.at seven pass tenC.on ten past seventh D.unti

44、l ten 11.We all like the_ boy.A.of ten years old B.ten-year-old C.at ten old D.of age of ten 12.There are_ months in a year.December is the _ month of the year.A.twelve;twelve B.twelve;twelfth C.twelfth;twelve D.twelve;twelveth 13.During_ century,the world population has already reached 6 billion.A.

45、twenty B.the twentieth C.twentieth D.the twenty14.Jenny was born_.A.on July 10,1987 B.in July 10,1987 C.in 1987,July 10 D.on 1987,July 10 BBABBBA第35页/共51页八、形容词和副词形容词形容词是用来描写或修饰名词（或代词）的词。是用来描写或修饰名词（或代词）的词。副词副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词。句的词。1.He is a good student.2.The film is very inte

46、resting.3.There is something wrong with the bike.4.Lucy is older than Helen.1.The problem is very difficult.2.He wrote the letters carefully.方式副词：方式副词：carefully,quickly,suddenly2.地点副词：地点副词：here,there,up,down3.时间副词：时间副词：yesterday,today,now4.程度副词：程度副词：very,quite,much,just第36页/共51页形容词和副词的比较级和最高级情况情况比较级

47、比较级最高级最高级一般情况一般情况+er,如：如：taller,longer,faster,sooner+est,如：如：tallest,longest,fastest,soonest以以e结尾的词结尾的词+r,如：如：later,nicer,larger+st,如：如：latest,nicest,largest以重读闭音节结以重读闭音节结尾的词尾的词双写最后一个字母，再双写最后一个字母，再+er,如如:bigger,fatter双写最后一个字母，再双写最后一个字母，再+est，如：如：biggest,fattest以辅音字母加以辅音字母加y结尾的词结尾的词把把y改为改为i再再+er,如：如：

48、busier,earlier把把y改为改为i再再+est,如：如：busiest,earliest大部分多音节词大部分多音节词在前面加在前面加more,如：如：morecareful,morewonderfully在前面加在前面加most,如：如：mostcareful,mostwonderfully不规则的词：不规则的词：good/well,many/much,farbettermorefarther/furtherbestmostfarthest/further第37页/共51页比较级的用法1.用来把彼此独立的事和人进行比较，表示用来把彼此独立的事和人进行比较，表示“比比更更一些一些”的意

49、思，通常用一个由从属连词的意思，通常用一个由从属连词than引导的状语从句来表示和引导的状语从句来表示和什么相比。为了避免重复，从句中有些成分可以省略。如：什么相比。为了避免重复，从句中有些成分可以省略。如：Helen is taller than Lucy.He got more information than I did.He runs faster than I.2.如果我们要说两个东西在某一方面是一样的，我们就可以用如果我们要说两个东西在某一方面是一样的，我们就可以用“as+形容词形容词/副词副词+as”,形容词不用比较级而用原级。在作否定形容词不用比较级而用原级。在作否定比较时，可

50、以用比较时，可以用not asas,not soas,也可以用也可以用lessthan，如：，如：Jimmy is as tall as his father.I dont write as/so well as Helen.This film is less interesting than that one.第38页/共51页比较级的用法3.为了表示持续不断的变化，我们可以用为了表示持续不断的变化，我们可以用“双重比较双重比较”的方的方法，这种结构后面不可跟法，这种结构后面不可跟than引导的比较状语从句。如：引导的比较状语从句。如：He is crying harder and hard