实用英语语法教程八章 非限定动词.pptx
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1、实用英语语法教程八章实用英语语法教程八章 非限定动词非限定动词1.不定式 1.1 1.1不定式的基本用法不定式的基本用法 不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语以及宾语补足语等。不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语以及宾语补足语等。(1 1)不定式作主语。例如:)不定式作主语。例如:To hesitate means failure.To hesitate means failure.当主语较长而谓语较短时,常用当主语较长而谓语较短时,常用it it 作形式主语,不定式短语则放在谓语的后面。例如:作形式主语,不定式短语则放在谓语的后面。例如:It took me th
2、ree days to bring this work to an end.It took me three days to bring this work to an end.It is better to be envied than to be pitied.It is better to be envied than to be pitied.(2 2)不定式作表语。例如:)不定式作表语。例如:To know everything is to know nothing.To know everything is to know nothing.第1页/共53页 当句子的主语为当句子的主
3、语为aimaim(目的),(目的),ambition(ambition(志愿志愿),duty duty(责任),(责任),functionfunction(功能),(功能),goalgoal(目标)(目标),idea,idea(想法),(想法),intentionintention(意图),(意图),objectiveobjective(目(目的)的),plan,plan(计划),(计划),purposepurpose(目的)(目的),reason,reason(理由),(理由),suggestion suggestion(建(建议),议),wish wish(愿望)等抽象名词时,常常用不定式
4、作句子的表语。例如:(愿望)等抽象名词时,常常用不定式作句子的表语。例如:The goal of the exchange program is to promote the understanding between The goal of the exchange program is to promote the understanding between the two countries.the two countries.Her suggestion is to look into the matter immediately.Her suggestion is to look i
5、nto the matter immediately.第2页/共53页(3 3)不定式作宾语。例如:)不定式作宾语。例如:Mr.Smith promised to buy his son a birthday gift.Mr.Smith promised to buy his son a birthday gift.常跟不定式作宾语的动词有:常跟不定式作宾语的动词有:affordafford(负担得起),(负担得起),agreeagree(同意),(同意),aimaim(目标是),(目标是),applyapply(申请),(申请),askask(要求),(要求),attemptattempt(
6、试图),(试图),begbeg(恳求),(恳求),consentconsent(同意),(同意),decidedecide(决定),(决定),demanddemand(要(要求),求),determinedetermine(决心),(决心),expectexpect(期待),(期待),failfail(未能),(未能),hopehope(希望),(希望),intendintend(打算)等。(打算)等。不定式充当宾语时,如果后面再接一个宾语补足语,则需要用不定式充当宾语时,如果后面再接一个宾语补足语,则需要用it it作形作形式宾语,而将不定式移到补语后面。例如:式宾语,而将不定式移到补语后面
7、。例如:Tom found it hard to achieve the goal his parents set for him.Tom found it hard to achieve the goal his parents set for him.This has made it necessary for us to apply for a new licence.This has made it necessary for us to apply for a new licence.第3页/共53页(4 4)不定式作宾语补足语。例如:)不定式作宾语补足语。例如:I encourag
8、ed the students to ask more questions in class.I encouraged the students to ask more questions in class.常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:advise advise(劝告),(劝告),allowallow(允许),(允许),askask(要求),(要求),begbeg(乞求),(乞求),causecause(引起),(引起),commandcommand(命令),(命令),compelcompel(迫使),(迫使),encourageencourage(鼓励),
9、(鼓励),expectexpect(期望),(期望),forceforce(迫(迫使),使),getget(使得),(使得),instructinstruct(指示),(指示),intendintend(打算),(打算),inviteinvite(邀请),(邀请),orderorder(命令),(命令),permitpermit(允许),(允许),persuadepersuade(说服),(说服),preferprefer(宁愿),(宁愿),presspress(迫使),(迫使),remindremind(提醒),(提醒),requestrequest(要求),(要求),telltell(告诉
10、)等。(告诉)等。第4页/共53页(5 5)不定式作定语,例如:)不定式作定语,例如:They had their families to support.They had their families to support.This is the only way to break open the box.This is the only way to break open the box.下面的一些名词后常跟不定式作定语:下面的一些名词后常跟不定式作定语:ability ability(能力),(能力),agreement agreement(同意),(同意),ambitionambit
11、ion(志向),(志向),anxietyanxiety(渴望),(渴望),attemptattempt(试图)(试图)campaigncampaign(运动),(运动),claimclaim(宣称),(宣称),chancechance(机会),(机会),decisiondecision(决定),(决定),determinationdetermination(决心),(决心),eagernesseagerness(急切),(急切),efforteffort(努力),(努力),inclinationinclination(倾向,爱好),(倾向,爱好),intentionintention(意图),
12、(意图),impatienceimpatience(不耐烦)(不耐烦)一些词组如一些词组如the first,the second,the last,the best,the only thing,the most suitablethe first,the second,the last,the best,the only thing,the most suitable等后面也常跟不定式等后面也常跟不定式作定语。例如:作定语。例如:He is always the first to answer questions.He is always the first to answer quest
13、ions.Is a solicitor the best person to advise me about buying a house?Is a solicitor the best person to advise me about buying a house?第5页/共53页(6(6)不定式作状语)不定式作状语表示目的(为了加强语势,还可用表示目的(为了加强语势,还可用in order to/so as toin order to/so as to来引导不定式),例如:来引导不定式),例如:The whole family went to the beach to spend the
14、ir weekend.The whole family went to the beach to spend their weekend.表示结果(有时在不定式前加上表示结果(有时在不定式前加上onlyonly,表示出乎意料或令人不愉快的结果),例如:,表示出乎意料或令人不愉快的结果),例如:A few days later he came back only to find that the troops had left.A few days later he came back only to find that the troops had left.表示原因,例如:表示原因,例如:W
15、e shall be very happy to cooperate with you in the project.We shall be very happy to cooperate with you in the project.表示条件,例如:表示条件,例如:How can you catch the train to start so late?How can you catch the train to start so late?第6页/共53页【注】不定式作状语时,要注意【注】不定式作状语时,要注意so as to so as to 和和sosoas to as to 的区别
16、。的区别。so as to so as to 引导的是目的状语,相当于引导的是目的状语,相当于in order to,in order to,表示表示“以便以便”;而;而sosoas toas to引导是结果状语,引导是结果状语,soso后面跟形容词或副词,表示后面跟形容词或副词,表示“到这到这种程度以致种程度以致”。例如:。例如:You have to do twelve courses so as to obtain the degree.You have to do twelve courses so as to obtain the degree.He spoke so eloquen
17、tly as to move us to tears.He spoke so eloquently as to move us to tears.(7 7)不定式作独立成分(相当于句子状语),例如:)不定式作独立成分(相当于句子状语),例如:To make a long story short,this film is rather fantastic.To make a long story short,this film is rather fantastic.To tell the truth,I don To tell the truth,I don t like his dinnin
18、g etiquette at all.t like his dinning etiquette at all.此类不定式短语常见的有:此类不定式短语常见的有:to begin with(to begin with(首先首先),to make matters to make matters worseworse(更糟糕的是),(更糟糕的是),to put it straight(to put it straight(直截了当地说直截了当地说),to put to put it in another wayit in another way(换句话说),(换句话说),to be honestto
19、be honest(老实说),(老实说),to to sum upsum up(总而言之)等。(总而言之)等。第7页/共53页1.2 不定式的时式和语态 不定式有一般、进行、完成和完成进行四种时式,一般不定式有一般、进行、完成和完成进行四种时式,一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式(见下表):式和完成式有被动语态变化形式(见下表):第8页/共53页1.2.1 不定式的时式 不定式的时式包括不定式的一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行不定式的时式包括不定式的一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行式四种。式四种。(1)(1)如果不定式的动作发生在句子的谓语动词的动作之后,或与句如果不定式的动作发生在句子的谓语动
20、词的动作之后,或与句子的谓语动词的动作同时发生,通常使用不定式的一般式。例如:子的谓语动词的动作同时发生,通常使用不定式的一般式。例如:Mike decided to work hard this semester.Mike decided to work hard this semester.He is pleased to be my friend.He is pleased to be my friend.(2)(2)如果不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作发生在同一时间,如果不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作发生在同一时间,而不定式由动态动词充当,通常要用不定式的进行式。例如:而不定
21、式由动态动词充当,通常要用不定式的进行式。例如:They seemed to be watching TV.They seemed to be watching TV.The boys seem to be getting along quite well.The boys seem to be getting along quite well.第9页/共53页(3)(3)如果不定式表示的动作发生在句子的谓语动词表示的动作之前,如果不定式表示的动作发生在句子的谓语动词表示的动作之前,通常使用不定式的完成式。例如:通常使用不定式的完成式。例如:They are said to have fini
22、shed the project two months before.They are said to have finished the project two months before.They claimed to have shot down 22 planes.They claimed to have shot down 22 planes.(4)(4)如果不定式表示的动作发生在句子的谓语动词表示的动作之前,如果不定式表示的动作发生在句子的谓语动词表示的动作之前,并且该动作一直在进行着,通常使用不定式的完成进行式。例如:并且该动作一直在进行着,通常使用不定式的完成进行式。例如:To
23、m was happy to have been staying with his uncle.Tom was happy to have been staying with his uncle.He was too young to have been working for ten years.He was too young to have been working for ten years.第10页/共53页1.2.2 不定式的语态(1 1)不定式有主动语态和被动语态两种。如果不定式的逻辑主语)不定式有主动语态和被动语态两种。如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者,则要用不定式的被
24、动态。例如:是不定式动作的承受者,则要用不定式的被动态。例如:It It s an honor for me to be invited to speak here.s an honor for me to be invited to speak here.He is said to have been elected monitor of class two.He is said to have been elected monitor of class two.The football star refused to be photographed.The football star re
25、fused to be photographed.(2 2)在某些结构及习惯用法中,常用不定式的主动态表示被动含)在某些结构及习惯用法中,常用不定式的主动态表示被动含义。例如:义。例如:The old man is hard to convince.The old man is hard to convince.This fruit is not fit to eat in this season.This fruit is not fit to eat in this season.There is so much work to do.There is so much work to do
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