_纯真年代_中心理现实主义的叙事技巧分析_王娇.docx

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1、1920 年获普利策奖的纯真年代的出版奠定了伊迪斯 华顿 (1862-1937)在美国文 学史上的地位。她拥有众多作品，是 20 世纪最重要的现实主义女作家之一。在纯真年 代中她分析了 19 世纪纽约上层社会的百态。 心理现实主义的本质是让人物心理和情节占有同等的地位，为了达到这样不同于传 统现实主义文学就需要叙事手法的改变。所以本篇论文的主旨就是论述为了达到心理现 实主义的本质，叙事技巧做了哪些改变以及它们在纯真年代中的应用。把心理现实 主义的本质和为了它改变的叙事技巧的结合是本文的突破点。 本论文一共分为五个部分。第一部分是介绍华顿的主要作品和她的叙事理论。华顿 一生的作品涉及到文学的各个

2、方面，尤其她对十九世纪末兴起的叙事技巧有浓厚的兴趣 , 她认为美国的叙事技巧应该遵守欧洲的古老的传统，她重视人物的可视性，她反对叙事 成规，这些观点和当时流行的叙事观点有相同也有不同，这样就形成了她自己独特的叙 事特点。 第二部分是介绍叙事学和心理现实主义。叙事学是一门年轻又古老的学科，它主要 研究作者叙述一个真实故事时所用的各种叙事技巧达到艺术效果的目的。心理现实主义 是产生于 19 世纪末的一种过渡文学创作方式 ，此类作品中生活现实和人物心理相互交织 在一起，形成有机的整体。同时人物的心理被描写的细腻，精美，对整个小说起到至关 重要的作用。 第二部分从叙事视角，人物话语不同形式和叙述层二方

3、面来讨论心理现实主义的叙 事特点。仔细的描写人物心理意味着传统小说中的叙事视角和人物话语的表现形式都必 须改变，因为传统小说的应用广泛的全知视角和间接引语的特点是不可能容许细致的心 理描写的。所以心理现实主义的作品大都选择第三人称有限视角和自由间接引语进行叙 述。心理现实主义的作品的第二叙事是人物心理，它和第一叙事的关系更为复杂， 而且 有自己独有的特点。 第四部分是分析在新的叙事技巧下纯真年代中两个女主人公的不同性格和命运， 男主人公的性格和社会的特点。直接引语和自由间接引语分别精彩的叙述出爱伦的人道 主义牺牲精神和心灵的引导者的形象。梅的性格和形象都是通过纽兰的有限视角表现出 来，纽兰对梅

4、的认识由完美的女神转变为社会的牺牲品，这些一方面说明梅的本质，另 一方面说明纽兰的成长。而双层的叙事结构叙事出社会的狭隘与冷漠和纽兰的双重性格 第五部分是结论部分。伊迪斯 华顿在纯真年代即做到了使全文有统一的结构， 同时又有侧重的把人物的 心理细腻的表达出来。新的写作手法和新的叙事技巧使这本小 说成为历久弥新的经典之作。 关键词纯真年代；心理现实主义；叙事技巧 ; 摘要 Abstract Abstract The Age of Innocence, published in 1920, marked the confirmation of Edith-Wharton status as a m

5、ajor American novelist. She had many famous literary works and she was one of the most remarkable woman writers in literary history. In The Age of Innocence she described various aspects of the upper class in 19th century. The essence of the psychological realism is to make the characters psychology

6、 as important as objective reality. In order to reach the effect that is different from that of the traditional realism novel, the narrative techniques must be changed. Therefore, the gist of the thesis is to discuss the changes of the narrative techniques as to make the narrative methods fit for th

7、e essence of the psychological realism and their applications in The Age of Innocence. The breakthrough point of this thesis is the combination of the psychological realism and its narrative characteristics. The thesis is divided into five parts. The first part introduces the novelist, her works and

8、 her narrative theories. In her whole career, her works involved many aspects of literature, among which she was very interested in the narrative techniques. In her opinion, American literature should follow the traditions of Europe. And she paid attention to the visibility of the character. Moreove

9、r, she objected to establishing the narrative rules. These views were her special ones. The second part is the relative conceptions about the psychological realism and narratology. The narratology is a young but old subject and its research aim is to reach the artistic effects through using various

10、narrative techniques when the narrator narrates the story. The psychological realism novel originated from the 19th century. This kind of novel includes the objective reality and characters psychology and the two parts form an organic unity. The characters psychology, which plays an especially signi

11、ficant role in the novel, is described precisely and minutely. The third part discusses the narrative characteristics of the psychological realism in the field of different states of character speech, narrative levels and the point of view. The exquisite psychological description means that the poin

12、t of view and states of characters speech of the traditional novels should be changed for these methods couldnt accomplish this aim. So most psychological realist novels choose the restricted point of view of character and the free indirect speech to narrate, which could embody the essence of this k

13、ind of novel. The second-degree narrative of psychological realism is the psychology of one character. It has more complicated relationship with the first narrative. Moreover, it has its own unique characteristics. II Abstract The fourth part is to analyze the two leading female characters? the char

14、acteristics of leading man and the features of the old New York in The Age of Innocence under the new narrative techniques. The direct speech and the free indirect speech respectively narrate Ellens image of the guide of the soul and her human sacrificial spirit. Mays image is described through Newl

15、ands restricted point of view. Newlands ideas about May change from the perfect goddess to the social victim, which not only displays the essence of May, but also proves the growth of Newland. And the narrative level displays the dual characters of Newland and the narrow and indifferent conventions

16、of the society. The fifth part is the conclusion. Edith -Wharton succeeds in making The Age of Innocence have the unified structure. Meanwhile, she describes the character inner world carefully. New writing method and new narrative techniques makes The Age of Innocence a classic novel. Key words The

17、 Age of Innocence; psychological realism; narrative techniques; in Contents Contents 摘要 . i Abstract . II 1 Introduction . 1 1.1 Edith- Wharton and Her Works . 1 1.2 Her Narrative Approaches . 3 1.2.1 Advocating the European Narrative Tradition. 3 1.2.2 Making the Visibility of the Character. 4 1.2.

18、3 Objecting to Establishing the Narrative Rules . 4 1.2.4 Literature Review . 5 2 Psychological Realism and The Narratology. 8 2.1 The Psychological Realism . 8 2.2 The Narratology . 10 3 The Narrative Characteristics of the Psychological Realism. 14 3.1 The Restricted Point of View of Character . 1

19、4 3.1.1 The Classification of the Point of View . 14 3.1.2 The Difference among the Third-person Narrative . 16 3.1.3 The Selection of Point of View of Psychological Realism . 19 3.2 Different States of Characters Speech . 22 3.2.1 The Classification of Different States of Characters Speech . 22 3.2

20、.2 The Reasons for the Psychological Realism Selecting States of Characters Speech . 23 3.3 Narrative Levels . 27 3.3.1 Explaining the Narrative Levels . 27 3.3.2 The Characteristics of the Second-degree Narrative of Psychological Realism .28 4 The Application of the Narrative Characters of Psycholo

21、gical Realism in The Age of Innocence. 32 4.1 The restricted point of view of character In The Age of Innocence . 32 4.1.1 Newlands Narrow Restricted Point of View and May Wellands Image of The Perfect Goddess . 32 4.1.2 Newlands Board Restricted Point of View and May Wellands Image of The Social Vi

22、ctim . 35 4.2 Different States of Characters Speech in The Age of Innocence . 37 4.2.1 The Direct Speech and Ellens Humane Sacrificial Spirit . 37 IV Contents 4.2.2 The Free Indirect Speech and Ellens Image of Guider of Newlands Soul . 42 4.3 The Narrative Level in The Age of Innocence . 47 4.3.1 Th

23、e Indifferent and Limited Conventions of the Old New York . 47 4.3.2 The Dual Characters of Newland Archer . 48 Conclusion . 52 Notes . 54 Bibliography . 56 Publications During M.A. Study . 58 Acknowledgements . 59 v 1 Introduction 1 Introduction 1.1 Edith* Wharton and Her Works In the first decade

24、of the 20th century, American literature was very brilliant. During that time, there was a female writer who devoted her whole life to writing. In her life time, she produced twenty-five novels and novellas, among which The Age of Innocence won the Pulitzer Prize* Besides, she also wrote eighty-six

25、short stories, three books of poetry, an autobiography, eleven books or pamphlets of nonfiction, and scores of articles, reviews and translations, and many books on the theory of fiction. She is Edith*Wharton (1862-1937), one of the most remarkable women writers in American literary history. At one

26、point, she even received an honorary degree from Yale University, the first such honor given to a woman by a major American university. When she was sixteen years old, she wrote Verses published in 1878. Before this book, she also wrote a novella Fast and Loose but it didn come off the press. From 1

27、891 she began to write novels and published them some famous presses. Fortunately she published her first novel in 1902 The Valley of Decision, when she was forty years old. Though the story of this book happens in Italy and it does not have any characteristics of Wharton5s other novels, it marks th

28、e beginning of Whartons writing career. After The Valley of Decision, her creation was continuous. Both Sanctuary(903) and the collection of the short novels The Descant ofMen(904) presented Whartons typical male protagonist who was aristocrat, educated, kind, but self-satisfactory. Through her unti

29、ring effort, The House of Mirth was published in 1905. It was the novel that secured her reputation as a popular yet serious writer. Finding her own theme and style, Old New York, is the most important gift given by The House of Mirth, She is familiar with it and has sharp eyes that she can see thro

30、ugh its appearance, which become her writing base. From The House of Mirth her novels began to be popular. From then on, she published nearly one novel every year. In The Custom of the Country (1913), Wharton came back to write about u01d New York,9 again. Before the novel, she published Madame de T

31、reymes (1907), The Fruit of the Tree (1908), Tales of Men and Ghost (1910), Ethan Frome (1911), The Reef (1912), all of these are far away from her former theme. With the publication of 77ze Whartons career reached her new peak. Meanwhile her attitude to the old society changed because of the viciss

32、itudes of the society. She couldnt help cherishing the conventions and traditions of old New York that she had ever made light of and wanted to get rid of urgently. Summer published in 1917, returned to more unusual. In 1914 World War I broke out. 东北林业大学硕士学位论文 The war shook Wharton. She was constant

33、ly and personally aware of the devastation: the dying, the agony of widows and orphans, the razing of homes and monuments and, it seemed, culture itself. When the war was over, she turned for relief to her past. The Age of Innocence was created against this background in 1920. Whartons plot was simp

34、le enough. May Welland was one of old New Yorks loveliest virgins while Newland Archer was the excellent young man of the same society. Both of them were the products of convention in the age Wharton dubbed “innocent” ： the American 1870s. Just after the afternoon when May Welland made Newland guess

35、 that she “cared” for him, the Mingoots (Mays family) brought Ellen Olenska， Mays cousin, who was originally an old New Yorker herself (though never a particularly conforming one) and had endured ten years of miserable foreign marriage. Ellen came to New York in order to get a divorce and build a ne

36、w life. Inevitably Newland and Ellen fell in love with each other not only because of the experienced, smart, knowledgeable characteristics of Ellen but also because of Newland5 s kindness, innocence and purity. However, they did not know their mutual love before Newland went to St. Augustine to beg

37、 May to marry him quickly. Due to wishing to protect May and the family, Ellen refused Newland suggestion that he could break off the engagement with May Soon afterwards, Newland married May while Ellen left Washington. From then on, Ellen and Newland met each other three times but there was no affa

38、ir between them. Newlarid desired to make Ellen become his mistress all the time. But out of many kinds of reasons, Ellen resolutely turned down the idea although she loved him very deeply. She would rather leave America than lead such a life. Finally, the false news of Mays pregnancy made Ellen go

39、back to Europe. Old New York ceremoniously sent the Countess Olenska back to Europe, and Newland Archer was left to live out his conventional life with his conventional wife, May. The book ended twenty-five years later with Newland? now a widower, gazing up at the Countess Olenska window in Paris bu

40、t deciding not to go up. He was afraid to upset his memories, afraid to see Ellen in the flesh. The Age of Innocence brings a brilliant close to Whartonfs literary career. Themes and issues that Wharton had begun exploring even before The House of Mirth echoed and twined until The Age of Innocence being rich by any standard, has the unmistakable texture and depth of a masterwork. After The Age of Innocence, critics agreed that the quality of Wh