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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上初中英语语法: 动词八种时态、被动语态详解练习及答案:一、初中英语被动语态用法小结1一、语态概述 英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。例如:Many people speak Chinese.谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。例如:Chinese is spoken by many people. 英语English是动词speak的承受者。二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和
2、时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。一般现在时:amis/arespoken一般过去时:waswerespoken一般将来时:willshall bespoken现在进行时:amisare beingspoken过去进行时:was/were beingspoken现在完成时:havehas beenspoken过去完成时:had been + spoken三、被动语态的用法(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如:Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是
3、谁偷的)This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1981年。(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。例如:The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。Your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。四、主动语态变被动语态的方法(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be过去分词)(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形
4、式)。(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如:All the people laughed at him.He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory.The bikes are made by them in the factory.He cut down a tree.A tree was cut down by him.五、含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词be过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。We ca
5、n repair this watch in two days.This watch can be repaired in two days.They should do it at once.It should be done at once.六、特殊情况1.He made the boy work for two hours yesterday.The boy was made to work by him for two hours yesterday.2.Mother never lets me watch TV .被动语态同步达标练习】 .单项选择(选自各地中考题)( )1 .The
6、 medicine_in a dry and cool place .(2000年重庆市中考题)A .keep B .must keep C .must be kept D .must be keep( )3 .Today ,the forests have almost gone .People must_down too many trees . (2001年安徽省中考题)A .stop to out B .stop from cuttingC .be stopped to cut D . be stopped from cutting( )5 .The key _ for locking
7、 the classroom door . (2001年广西省中考题)A .uses B .is used C .is using D .use( )6 .A new school_over there in two years . (2001年四川省中考题)A .may build B .may be built C .is built( )8 .Computers are very useful .For example ,they can_sending e-mail .(电子邮件) (2001年苏州市中考题)A .use for B .be used of C .be used for
8、 D .use of( )9 .What a nice garden !It_every day . (2000年武汉市中考题 )A .is cleaning B .has cleaned C .must clean D .is cleaned( )10 .This work _next week . (2000年广西省中考题)A .may finish B .finish C .finishes D .may be finished( )11 .My house_in 1995 .We have lived there for nearly five years . (2000年广西省中考题
9、)A .was built B .has built C .is built D .were built( )12 .The lost boy_early this morning . (2000年四川省中考题)A .found B .was founded C .was found D .founded( )13 .That white building_two years ago ,but it is quite old now . (2000年河北省中考题)A .built B .was built C .is built D .builds( )14 .The big tree_by
10、my mother ten years ago .(2000年甘肃省中考题)A .was planted B .planted C .has planted D .was planting【综合能力训练】 .用括号中动词被动结构的适当形式填空。1 .English_widely_(use) in the world .2 .These pictures must (keep) well .3 .She_(fall) ill last night ,and she_(take) to the hospital at once .4 .Now rice and wheat_(grow) in my
11、 hometown ,too .Look !The crops_(grow) fast in the fields .5 .The Great Wall (know) all over the world .6 ._the street lights usually _(turn) on at seven in summer evening ?7 . _this kind of car_(produce) in Wuhan ?8 ._the doctor_(send) for last night ?9 .We used a teapot before the thermos_(invent)
12、 .10 .Three children_(take) good care of by the nurse .11 .Some new houses_(build) by the villagers themselves .12 .What language _(speak) in Japan ?13 .The black bike_(buy) in that shop three days ago .14 .The doctor said Jim must _(operate) on at once .15 .The big tree_(blow) down in the storm las
13、t night .【创新备考训练】 .将下列主动语态改为被动语态。1 .You neednt do it now .2 .You must finish your homework now .3 .We can do the work today .8 .They founded that hospital in 1996 .9 .Yesterday we played football after school .10 .People all over the world know the Great Wall .11 .He often helps his brother .一般现在时1)
14、 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。在这种情景中,句子常带有表示频率的时间状语:always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等,以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如:They raise ducks as a sideline .他们以养鸭为副业。She doesnt often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信,仅一月一封而已。I cycle to work
15、every day .我每天骑自行车上班。It seldom rains here .这儿很少下雨。2)仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。这里的目的是为了描述现阶段的动作或状态,其重点不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态。例如:He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。She majors in music .她主修音乐。All
16、 my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。顾名思义,客观的情况是没有时间概念的;也不会在意动作进行的状态。例如:The sun rises in the east .日出东方。The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。Ten minus two is eight.十减二等于八。Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的速度快。The United Stat
17、es lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。4) 根据英文语法规定,当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时,那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如:Ill tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时,我将告诉他这个消息。If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details.如果你接受这份工作,他们将和你谈谈细节。用于一般现在时的副词,除了上面提到的一些表示频率的以外,常见的还有:
18、now, today , nowadays等等。 一般过去时主要是用来描述在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。这一点在表达意义上与一般现在时相同,只是所在的时间区域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此,所以在使用一般过去时的句子里常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状语。这也是它与现在完成时的最大区别之一。一般过去时由谓语动词的过去式表示,也就是说动词词末要加-ed(除不规则动词外)。常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有:last night (week ,month , year , century , etc.) , yesterday , the
19、 day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago ( one week ago , tree years ago , )等等。使用一般过去时,在某种意义上说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存在于过去的某个时候。过去的时间概念有两层意思:一是指现在某个时间以前的时间;二是指说话、写文章的那个时间点以前的时间,在这个意义上,现在的那个时间点是很小很小的,甚至于小到无法量化的程度。例如:He got his driving license last month. 他上个月拿
20、到了驾照。-Wheres Jim? 吉姆在哪里? -He just went out.他刚刚出去。一般将来时主要用来描述将要发生的动作或存在于未来的情况。这里所说的“将来时间”是指“说话、写文章那一刻以后的时间”。它的表示方法主要有如下几种:1)shall / will + 动词原形这种表示方法是说,动作在现在或目前还未发生,要在将来的某个时间内发生;它没有主观性,是“纯粹的将来动作”。例如:I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。2) be( am / is /
21、are ) + going +不定式这种表示方法主要是说明 A)“说话人的意图、打算”;B)“某种可能性”。例如:A) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在伦敦度假。Who is going to speak first? 谁先发言?B) It is going to rain soon .马上要下雨了。Is he going to collect any data for us? 他会帮我们收集资料吗?If you go to New Zealand, you are going to like the place. 如果你去新
22、西兰,你会喜欢上那个地方的。3) be( am / is / are ) + 不定式表示方法描述两钟情况:按计划安排要发生的动作,这个动作发生的时间一般不会很远; 要求或命令他人做某事。例如:A) The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days. 新桥三天后通车。The factory is to go into production before National Day. 这家工厂国庆节前投产。B) You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-roo
23、m . 任何移动通讯工具都不得带入考场。You are to stay home until your mother comes back. 你妈回来之前你不要出去。4) 用一般现在时或现在进行时(限于某些动词)表示按计划安排要发生的事。主要强调“按计划安排要发生的事”。例如:Do you get off at the next stop? 你下一站下车吗?The plane takes off at 11:00 a.m. 那架飞机上午十一点起飞。Mr. Reider is leaving for New York next week. 里德先生下周动身去纽约。 过去将来时表示过去的某时以后将
24、要发生的动作。但这个将来时间绝不会延伸到“现在”;而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。由此可以看出,含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语,或是一个句子。这个时态常用于:A)宾语从句或间接引语中;B)表示过去习惯性的动作;C)表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”,多用于否定句。例如:A) When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would be . 当我考虑这件事时,我想知道他们的反应是什么。She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the
25、next day. 她告诉我,她第二天要去欧洲旅行。He didnt expect that we would all be there. 他没料到我们会全在那儿。B) During that period , he would do morning-exercises every day. 在那段时间,他每天早锻炼。Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。C) No matter how difficult the work was , he woul
26、d keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难,他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。They knew that we would never permit such a thing. 他们知道我们绝不会允许发生这样的事。Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave . 甚至在讲座结束之后,听众仍不肯离去。 现在进行时主要用来描述“说话、写文章的当刻”正在发生的动作,或是“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。它适用于下面的情况:1)“说话、写文章的当刻”正在发生的动作。例如:They
27、 are having a football match .他们正在赛足球。She is writing her term paper. 她正在写学期论文。Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你听电话。2)“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。这种情况并不是说某个动作在说话的那会儿正在发生,而是说某个动作在当前一段时间内一直在进行着,或是重复地发生着。例如:He is preparing for CET Band Six. 他在为大学英语六级考试作准备。How are you getting along with your new job? 你那份新工作
28、干得怎么样?3)表示说话人的情感,如:赞许、批评;喜欢、厌恶等。这时的动作并不是正在发生或进行,而是表示经常性,相当于“一般现在时”所描述的情况。例如: He is always thinking of others , not of himself . (表示赞许)他总是为他人着想,而不为自己。She is often doing well at school. (表示满意)她在学校学习挺不错的。Are you feeling better today? (表示亲切)你今天觉得好一些吗?One of my roommates is constantly leaving things abou
29、t.(表示不满)我的一个室友老是乱扔东西。Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .(表示不喜欢) 有些推销员老是敲我家的门,向我们推销他们的产品。4)表示在近期按计划或安排要发生的动作,用于这种情况仅限于少量的动词,如:go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch( 吃午饭 ) , return, dine ( 进餐,尤指晚餐 ) , work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear( 穿,戴 ) 等
30、。例如:Im dinning out with my friends this evening. 今晚我将和朋友在外面吃饭。An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon. 今天下午一位美国教授要来作报告。We are having a holiday next Wednesday. 下周三我们放假。Are you staying here till next week? 你要在这儿呆到下星期吗? 过去进行时主要表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作。由于它的定义是表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作,所以,句子常
31、带有一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语可能是短语,词组,或是一个从句。也可能是通过上下文来表达这层意思。过去进行时主要用于下面的情景中:1)表示在过去某时刻正在进行的动作,例如:At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.昨天这个时候,我正在收拾东西去露营。When I came to see her last time, she was writing an article.上次我来看她的时候,她正在写一篇文章。What were you doing at eight last night ? 昨晚八点钟你在做什么?2)用于故事的
32、开头,交代故事发生的背景情况。过去进行时所描述的动作是“正在进行”,所以,在这种情景中用“过去进行时”可以给读者一种“动感”,从而能使文章更加生动活泼。例如:One night, he was typing in his study . Suddenly , a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity .一天晚上,他正在书房里打字。突然,一个人闯进屋来,切断了电源3)(仅限少数动词)表示在过去的未来时间要发生的动作。例如:When National Day was coming near , they began to make
33、 a plan for the holiday .国庆节即将来临的时候,他们开始制订度假计划。She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday. 她告诉我她将去海南度假。My friend said to me that he was lunching with one of his customers that day .我朋友对我说,他今天要与他的一位客户一块儿吃午饭。We left there when its getting dark. 天快黑的时候,我们离开了那儿。 将来进行时主要表示:A)在将来某时候正在进行的动作;B
34、)预计、安排即将发生或势必发生的动作。例如:A)在将来某时候正在进行的动作:You can have a meeting in my office on Friday . I wont be using it. 星期五你可以在我的办公室开会。那会儿我不用它。What will you be doing tomorrow morning? 明天上午你做什么?It wont be long before that we will be making a new computer for more advanced calculation. 不久我们就要造一部新计算器进行更高级的运算。I cant
35、go to the party tonight . Ill be seeing off a friend .今晚我不能参加聚会了。我要给一位朋友送行。B)预计、安排即将发生或势必发生的动作:在这里,将来进行时与一般将来时很接近,但是前者强调动作按计划、安排要发生;间或也表示委婉、客气,而后者只表示动作会在未来时间发生。We shall be meeting at the school gate .我们在校门口见面。What shall we be doing next ? 我们干什么?If you dont do so , you will be facing great difficulti
36、es.你如果不这样做就会面临很大的困难。Shall I be interrupting you if I stay here for a while? 要是我在这儿呆一会儿,会干扰你们吗? 现在完成时对于初接触现在完成时的人来说,往往会产生一种茫然,因为它似乎与一般过去时相似。那就是,这两种时态描述的动作都始于过去。其实不然,现在完成时主要表示,发生在过去的动作延续到现在刚刚完成、或许还要延续;侧重于这个动作对现在带来的结果、产生的影响、积累的总和等等。而一般过去时则只不过是表示动作发生在过去的什么时候。弄清了这一区别,就很容易理解现在完成时了。它主要适用于下面的几种情况:1)表示截止现在业已
37、完成的动作By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到现在为止,我已收集到了我所需的全部资料。She has read 150 pages today .她今天已看了150页。We havent met for many years .我们已多年没见了。They have developed a new product .他们研制成功了一种新产品。2)表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚饭了吗?She has been to the United States. 她已
38、去美国了。You have grown much taller.你长高了许多。3)表示过去发生的动作持续到现在,并可能还要延续It has been five years since he joined the army .他参军五年了。They have learned English for eight years .他们已学了八年的英语了。So far weve only discussed the first five chapters.至今我们还只讨论了前五章。几点注意:1)一个句子应该用什么时态只能取决于它需要表达的意思,以及它所处的语言环境。例如:He speaks Englis
39、h .(一般现在时,说明动作发生的经常性。)He spoke English when he was in New Zealand .(一般过去时,说明动作发生的时间。)He is speaking English.(现在进行时,说明动作正在进行。)He has spoken English for three years since he came to the USA.(现在完成时,这里说明动作的总和。)He has been speaking English since he came to the USA. (现在完成进行时,强调动作的连续性。)2)在含有时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主
40、从复合句中,如果主句的谓语动词是一般将来时,那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般现在时来表示将来时;如果主句的谓语动词是过去将来时,那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。例如:I will not play tennis if it rains tomorrow.I would not play tennis if it rained the next day.3) 有些动词表示无法持续的动作,它们一般不宜用于进行时态中。这类动词常见的有:be , believe , consist , find , forget , hate , have , hope , hear , know
41、 , like , love , notice , prefer , remember , see , seem , smell , suggest , taste , understand , want , wish , sit down , stand up 等等。Be动词若是用于进行时态,可表示暂时、短暂的情况或表现。例如:Tom is being a good boy today .汤姆今天很乖。He is being childish .他这样做是耍孩子气。You are not being modest .你这样说不太谦虚。4)关于现在完成时的时间状语问题A. 凡是完成时态都表示,
42、不知道也不管动作发生的具体时间, 所以在使用现在完成时的句子里,不可以带有表示具体过去时间的状语,如:yesterday , last week ( month , year , etc. ) , two weeks ago , in 1999等;但常和有些副词连用,如: just , before , already , often , never , ever , notyet , always等等。B. 在以when提问的特殊疑问中不能用现在完成时。另外,ago不能用于现在完成时的句子里,因为它表示从现在算起的以前某个时间,属于表示具体过去时间的状语。但是可以用before 来表示以前的
43、意义,因为它只表示以前,而不知什么时候的以前。C. 如果是不表示连续性的动词用于现在完成时的句子,不可以和以for表示的一段时间的状语连用。在这种情况下,应该用It has been ;since的句式来表达。如:He has joined the army for five years. (错误)It has been five years since he joined the army.(正确) 初中英语时态练习1.I will tell him as soon as he _ backA. come B. comes C. will come D. came2. Mary _ on s
44、hoes when she _ them.A. triesbuys B. tries buies C. trys buys D. trys buies3. The girl often _ cold when she _.A. cathcsdances B. catches dances C. catchsdancees D. catches dancee4. _ he _ himself there? No, I dont think so. A. Doenjoy B. Does enjoies C. Does enjoys D. Doesenjoy5. _ your teacher _ f
45、rom them very often? Certainly.A. Dohear B. Doeshear C. Do receive D. receive6. _ your mother _ some cleaning on Sundays?A. Doesdoes B. Dodoes C. Doesdo D. Do do7. _ Tom _to work hard to help his family ? Yes, he _.A. Has xdoes B. Hasxdoes C. Doeshashas D. Does havedoes8. Which teacher _ lessons to you every day ?A. does gives B. does give C. do give D. gives 9. Smith does not go fishing on weekdays, _? _ , he does.A. does heNo B. does heYes C. doesnt heNo D. doesnt heYes10.Mr Black often _ fishing on Sundays, _ he ?A. goesdoesnt B. goesisnt C. doesn
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