英语被动语态语法讲解-.pdf

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1、初中被动语态语法讲解（一）语态分类英语动词有两种语态主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态They will build a new bridge over the 表示主语主动）A new bridge will be built over the river.C 被动）是动作的“号”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：承受者。如：river.C 汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”助动词be及物动词的过去分词构成（二）被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与东动词列表如下：一般现在时：am/is I are+done 一般将来时：shallI will+be

2、 done would+be done 现在进行时：amI is I are+being+done would+have been+done being+done 现在完成时：haveI has+been+done 将来完成时：shall/will+have been+done be的变化形式完全一样。以give为例，一般过去时：wasI were+done 一般过去将来时：shouldI 过去进行时：wasI were+过去完成时：had+bee n+done 过去将来完成时：shouldI 注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时（三）常见的八种时态中的被动语态1.一般现在时：C 1)Pe

3、ople grow rice in the south of the country.(2)The school does nt allow us to en ter lab without a teacher.2.一般过去时：(1)They agreed on build ing a new car factory last mon th.(2)The stude nts did nt forget his less ons easily.3.一般将来时：(1)They will send cars abroad by sea.(2)They will give pie nty of job

4、s to school-leavers.5.现在进行时：(1)The radio is broadcast ing En glish lessons.(2)We are pain ti ng the rooms.6.过去进行时：(1)The workers were mending the road.(2)This time last year we were pla nting trees here.7.现在完成时：(1)Some one has told me the meeti ng might be put off.(2)He has brought his book here.（四）

5、含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词及物+be+动词的过去分词”构成。(1)You must hand iny our homework after class.(2)Heca n writea letter with the computer.by短（五）被动语态的使用1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用Mr.White,the cup was broken after class.2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。These records were made by John Denver.The cu

6、p was broken by Paul.3.当主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in名词作状语，而代替by短语。These cars were made in Chi na.（六）主动语态变被动语态的方法(1)My auntinvitedmeto her dinner party.主语i胃语宾语T lwas invited(bymy aunt)to her dinner party.主语谓语宾语(2)The schoolset up a special class to help poor readers.TA special class to help poor rea

7、ders was set up in the school.1.把王动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in地点名词作状语。（七）语态转换时所注意的问题1.把主动语态变为被动语态其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保捋一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保捋一致。We have bought a new new computer has bee n bought.A new computer have bee n bou

8、ght.（错误）2.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多My uncle gave mea present on my birthday.I was give n a prese nt on my birthday.如果把直接宾语（指物）改为主语，则在间接宾语（指人）前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：A prese nt was give n to me yesterday.注意：1.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,s

9、how,take,teach,tell 等。(1)The book was showed to the class.(2)My bike was lent to her.2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for，女口：build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing 等。(1)A new skirt was madefor me.(2)The meat was cooked for us.(3)Somecountry music was played for us.3.由动词介词或

10、副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆干干或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词介词，如：agreeto,ask for,laugh at,operated on,liste n to,look after,think of,talk about等。The patient is being operated on.The problem is solved.It neednt be talked about.及物动词亘U词：如：bringabout,carry out,find out,give up,handin,make out,pass on,poin

11、t out,put away,put off,think over,turn down,work out,turn out等。His request was tur ned dow n.The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather 4.带复合宾语（宾语宾补）的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：(1)Wealways keep the classroom clean.f The classroom is always kept clean.(2)She told us t

12、o follow her in structi ons.f We were told to follow her in structi ons.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listen to,look at,make,feel 等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。We ofte n hear him play the guitar.f He is ofte n heard to play the guitar.5.当主动句的主语是nobody,no one等含有否定意

13、义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody,f乍by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。女口：Nobodycan an swer this questio n.i吴：Thequestion can be answered by nobody.an swered by an ybody.6.当否定句中的宾语是anything,anybody,anyone 正：Thequestion can not be 等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing,nobody,no one 作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。女口：Theyhave nt done anything to

14、makethe river clea n.误：Anythinghas nt been done to makethe river clean.正：Nothinghas been done to makethe river clea n.7.以who为主语干干头的疑问句，变被动时，用bywhom放在句酋：Whcwrotethe story 误：Whowas the story written 正：Bywhom was the story written 8.有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily 等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，

15、这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write,read,clea n,sell,wash,cook 等。如：C 1)The cloth washes easily.这布很好？先。他）The new product sells well.这新产品很畅销。对比：Thebooks sell well.C主动句）The books were sold out.C被动句）The meat didnt cook well.C主动句）The meat was cooked for a long time.（被动句9.下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：第一，j器官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义如：sound,rema

16、 in等。(1)the material-Yes,it feels very soft.very soft.(2)food is tasted delicious.(3)误：Thepop music is sounded beautiful.feel,look,seem,taste,一Doyou like 误：Itis felt The food tastes delicious.i吴：TheThe pop music sounds beautiful.第二，谓语是及物动词leave,en ter,reach,suit,have,ben efit,lack,own 等。如：He entered

17、 the room and got his book.book was got.误：Theroom was entered and his She had her hand burned.误：Herhand was had burned.第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态：take place,break out,belong to,lose heart,consist of,add up to等。Thefire broke out in the capital building.i吴：Thefire was broke out in the capital building.第四，不及物动

18、词没有被动语态如：rise,happe n,succeed,remai n,lie 等。Whe n we got to the top of the mountain,the sun had already rise n.sun had already bee n rise n.误：TheAfter the earthquake,few houses rema in ed.误：Afterthe earthquake,few houses were remain ed.第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：I taught myself English.t

19、aught En glish.v-ing形式及抽象名词等误：Myselfwas We love each other.i吴：Eachother is loved.10.在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示例如：据说.It is said that 据报导.It is reported that 据推测.It is supposed that 希窒.It is hoped that 众所周知.It is well known that 普遍认为.It is gen erally con sidered that 有人建议.It is suggested that 1)It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.2)It is well known that Thomas Edis on inven ted the electric lamp.