MINERALS(矿物质).ppt

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1、SECTION 5 MINERALS（矿物质）（矿物质）一、一、Introduction Elements（元素）（元素）in human body 1.Total elements In human body is over 80.2.Essential elements in human body over 20,most of them(about 20)are mineral elements Microelements:Fe,Zn,Se,I,Cu,Co,Cr,F,Mn,Minerals Mo,Si,Ni,B,V.Macroelements:Ca,P,Na,K,Mg,S,Cl.Func

2、tion of minerals in body1.Composition of human body.2.Maintain the pH and osmotic pressure(渗透压)of body liquids.3.Regulating the exciting of nerve and muscle.4.Components of prosthetic group(辅基),hormone,vitamin,protein,nucleic acid,and activator（激活剂）of enzyme.5.The others 二、钙（二、钙（Calcium）1.Distributi

3、on of Calcium in human body1.Distribution of Calcium in human body Ca in the body:850-1200g 1.5%-2.0%of body weight Bone,teeth,99%:Hydroxyapatite（羟磷灰石）amorphous Ca（未定形钙）Combined form,0.5%:combined with protein and citric acid（柠檬酸）Ion,0.5%：Miscible Ca Pool（混溶钙池）In blood,extra-cellular fluid,soft tiss

4、ue,and exchangeable.2.Function of calcium in body1).Principal component of skeletal tissue Osteoblasts(成)Osteoclasts(破)Bone Ca(miscible Ca pool)Children:1-2 year Adult:10-12 y(2%-4%per year,700mg/d)After 40y:Ca in the bone decreased by 1%per year Earlier in females than in males;Most rapidly during

5、first 3 years After menopause;Taller people less rapidly.2).Regulating neuromuscular(神经肌肉)excitability,maintaining transmission of nerve impulses (神经冲动)and heart beats.(3)Influencing enzymereaction:Succinodehydrogenase(琥珀酸 脱氢酶).Lipase(脂肪酶),ATPase(三磷酸腺苷酶),proteinase(蛋白酶),(4)Others:hormone secretion,b

6、lood coagulation(凝结),acid-base balance,normal colloid(胶体).3.Absorption and Metabolism 1)Mechanism of absorption:Position:in the small intestine Transcellular(跨细胞):saturable(可饱和的)(active)transfer that involves a calcium-biding protein,calbindin(钙结合蛋白).Paracellular(同细胞水平):a nonsaturable (diffusional 扩

7、散)transfer that is a linear(一维的)function of the calcium content of the chyme(食糜).Ca,P metabolism2)Affecting factors Age children:75%0f ingested Ca;40%of food Ca adults:30%-60%;20%70y 1/3 of adults;female Physiological situation pregnancy and breast-feed others Body Ca conc.Dietary factors increasing

8、 Ca absorption:Vit.D,Lactose,Some amino acids:Arginine(精氨酸),lysine(赖氨酸)decreasing Ca absorption :phytate(植酸盐),oxalate(草酸盐),fibre,fatty acid,alcohol;thyroid hormone(甲状 腺素),cortisol(皮质醇),and antibiotics:penicillin,chloramphenical(氯霉素),neomycin(新霉素)膳食成分对钙吸收利用的影响提高吸收利用降低吸收利用无作用乳糖植酸盐磷某些氨基酸膳食纤维蛋白质Vit D草酸盐

9、Vit C脂肪（脂肪泻时）柠檬酸乙醇果胶3)Excretion Fecal Ca:194 73 mg/d in the American men from unabsorbed Ca and endogenous(内源性)CaUrine Ca:diets containing 600-800 mg/d ranges between 80-250mg in urine.Sweat Ca:20-30mg/d;1g/d at high temp.Milk Ca:150-300mg/d Renal tubular reabsorption of Ca is increased by parathyro

10、id hormone(甲状旁腺素),a fall in plasma Ca,metabolic alkolosis(代谢性碱中毒),and diuretics(利尿剂).Increased by saline diureses(含盐多尿症),carbohydrate ingestion,phosphate deprivation(丧失),metabolic acidosis(代谢性酸中毒),cortisal,thyroid and growth hormones,diets rich in protein and magnesium(镁).fecalVit.D and parathyin(甲状

11、旁 腺素):renal reabsorptionCalcitonin(降血钙素):inhibiting bone loss and increasing urine Ca.Calmodulin(钙调节素):regulating the Ca in the cell.4)Biologic control system for homeostasis (体内平衡)of Ca.ECF:Extracellular fluid Calcium balance On average,in a typical adult approximately 1g of elemental calcium(Ca2+)

12、is ingested per day.Of this,about 200mg/day will be absorbed and 800mg/day excreted.Approximately 1kg of(Ca2+)is stored in bone and about 500mg/day is released by resorption or deposited during bone formation.Of the 10g of(Ca2+)filtered through the kidney per day only about 200mg appears in the urin

13、e,the remainder being reabsorbed.4.DRIs of Ca(1)Estimation of DRIs（膳食参考摄入量）Infants:mean intake of breast milk(母乳)Others:Ca balance test(平衡试验)Direct measure(2)DRIs(mg/d)y:0 0.5 1 4 11 18 50AI:300 400 600 800 1000 800 1000 Y:pregnant women wet nurse（乳母）AI:1000(中期)1200(晚期)1200UL(tolerable upper intake

14、level,):2000mgNOAEL:1500mg5.Dietary source milk,small shrimps(小虾),kelp(海带),legumes(豆类):soy bean、black soy bean(黑豆),red bean(红豆),sesame paste(芝麻酱),and many Ca supplements(钙补充剂).常用食物中的钙含量（mg/100g食部）名称含钙量名称含钙量名称含钙量人 奶34海带(干)1177蚕 豆93牛 奶120发 菜767腐 竹280奶 酪590银 耳380花生仁67蛋 黄134木 耳357杏仁(生)140标准粉24紫 菜343西瓜子(

15、炒)237标准米10大 豆367南瓜子(炒)235虾 皮2000豆腐丝284核桃仁119猪肉(瘦)11豆 腐240277小白菜93163牛肉(瘦)6青 豆240大白菜61羊肉(瘦)13豇 豆100油 菜140鸡肉(瘦)11豌 豆84韭 菜105三、三、Iron(铁铁)1.iron in BodyBody iron(4-5g)Hemoglobin(血红蛋白)(60%-75%)Myoglobin(肌红蛋白)(3%)Heme enzymes(含铁酶)Cytochromes(细胞色素)Cytochrome oxidase(细胞色素氧化 酶)Peroxidase (过氧化物酶)Catalase (过氧化

16、氢酶)Ferritin(铁蛋白)Hemosiderin(含铁血黄素)4 mg as transport iron bound to transferrin(运铁蛋白)in the plasma.No free ion of iron in the body.Functional Fe(75%)Storage Fe(25%)iron in Body2.Physiologic functions(1)Important role in oxygen and electron transport Composition of hemoglobin and myoglobin:Oxygen trans

17、port.Composition of enzymes:electron transport.(2)Others:Catalyzing-carotene Vit.A;Promoting produce of antibody;Lipids transport in blood;Detoxifying（去毒）:drugs in liver Kidney and RBC3.Absorption and Metabolism AbsorptionFe3+Fe2+Food Fe duodenumJejunum空Ileum回colon Plasma iron (4mg)Fe3+transferrin (

18、3540mg turned over/d)Storage Fe 300400mg R-E system,liver,spleen,bone marrowBone marrow 2025mg/dhemoglosinHemoglobin catabolismUrine,sweet,bile,feces(0.51mg/d)TransportationUtilization and conservationStorageHemorrhage RBC lost in urine,menstrual loss 0.31mg/dAll body cellDeath cellsDesquamation(脱落)

19、of cells2025mgExcretion outline of iron metabolism in adultIron absorption and metabolism Human unable to excrete excess iron.Iron balance physiologically regulated by control of absorption 1)Absorption of nonheme iron(非血红素铁)Food FeGastric juice pH=7Solubility of(Fe2+Fe3+)AbsorptionCrypt at the base

20、 of villiFeTransferrindesquamationvilliBlood according to needFe2+rapid transit time in GI chylia(胃液缺乏),malabsorption syndromes precipitation(沉淀)by alkalinization(碱化),phosphates phytates(植酸),oxalate(草酸)and antacids(抗酸剂)iron dosage male:A0.022D female:A0.025D A:iron absorbed D:Iron dosage factors of

21、decreasing absorptionfactors of increasing absorption v iron dosage v vit.C,B2;amino acids:cysteine(半胱氨酸)v MFP factor(meat fish poultry factor，肉鱼禽因子)v Ca,Fe help each other to diminish the inhibitors；Zn,Fe have competitive absorption.2)absorption of heme iron(血红素铁)heme iron enzyme duodenum cell bloo

22、d(transferring)The absorption of heme iron is not influenced by inhibitors which decrease the absorption of nonheme iron.3)absorption rate of iron in the foods rice 1%corn 3%black bean 3%lettuce 4%flour 5%soybean 6%fish 11%hemoglobin 15%mustle,liver 22%2)Reason v Poor dietsv Poor absorption v Blood

23、loss:menstruation(月经),hemorrhage(出血),0.5 mg Fe per ml blood.v Pregnancy 1)Prevalence of IDA China:40%0f children under 3 y World:4y,0.6%-7.7%5-8y,5.5%young healthy women，35%-58%4.iron-deficiency anemia(IDA)Prevalence of anemia 3)The process assessment of IDA 1st stage iron decrease(ID):stored iron e

24、xhaustion,serum ferritin.2nd stage Iron-deficiency in erythrocytosis(红细胞生成缺铁期):serum Fe and ferritin,iron-biding capacity(saturation of transferrin,运铁蛋白饱和度),cons.of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin(FEP)(游离原扑啉)3rd stage IDA:hemoglobin and hematocrite(红细胞压积)values decline.4)Deficiency symptoms Immune s

25、ystem:Reduced resistance to infectionNervous/Muscular systems Reduced work productivity,tolerance to work;Reduced physical fitness(健康):weakness,fatigue(疲劳);Impaired cognitive function（损害认识功能）(children);Reduced learning ability;Increased distractibility (注意力分散);Impaired visual discrimination(识别力);Imp

26、aired reactivity and coordination(协调性)(infants).Skin Itching(痒);pale nailbed(指甲床)and eye membranes;palm creases(掌心起皱);concave nails(凹面指甲);impaired wound healing(愈合).General Reduced resistance to cold,inability to regulate body temperature,pica(clay eating,ice eating)（异食癖）Like the skin,the fingernail

27、s are a reflection of a persons state of health.Low levels of zinc and iron as well as thyroid problems can cause brittle nails.Reticulocytes：网状细胞：网状细胞 In the presence of some anemias,the body increases production of red blood cells(RBCs),and sends these cells into the bloodstream before they are ma

28、ture.These slightly immature cells are called reticulocytes,and are characterized by a network of filaments and granules.Reticulocytes normally make up 1%of the total RBC count,but may exceed levels of 4%when compensating for anemia.Checking for anemia(iron deficiency),which can be easily treated wi

29、th iron supplements.Anemia can cause low energy and fatigue,and can lead to fatal haemorrhaging in women during childbirth.Pakistan 5.DRIs v Men:15mg/d v Women:20mg/d v Pregnancy:25-35mg/dv Wet nurse:25mg/d Fe supplement in USA6.Food source 常用食物中的铁含量(mg/100g食部)食物含铁量食物含铁量食物含铁量稻 米2.3 黑木耳(干)97.4 芹 菜 0.

30、8标准粉3.5 猪肉(瘦)3.0 打油菜7.0小 米5.1 猪肝22.6 大白菜4.4 玉米(鲜)1.1 鸡肝8.2 菠 菜2.5大 豆8.2 鸡蛋2.0 干红枣1.6红小豆7.4 虾米11.0 葡萄干0.4绿 豆6.5 海带(干)4.7 核桃仁3.5芝麻酱58.0 带鱼1.2 桂 圆44.0四、碘四、碘（Iodine）tetraiodothyronine(T4),16.2%(甲状腺素)triiodothyronine(T3),7.6%(三碘甲状腺原氨酸)thyroid iodine (8mg)diiodothyronine(DIT),33.4%(二碘酪氨酸)monoiodothyronine

31、(MIT),32.7%(一碘酪氨酸)others In blood:protein-binding iodine(PBI),30-60 g/L1.Iodine in the body(20-50mg)Structure of T4 and T3(1)regulating oxidation reactions in cells and energy metabolism.(2)Regulating protein synthesis by linking to the processes of genetic control in the nucleus.(3)Promoting the sy

32、nthesis of cholesterol,intestinal absorption of carbohydrate and conversion of carotene to VitA.(4)Regulating the metabolism of water and electrolyte.(5)Influencing the growth and development,and mental development.(15%mental retardation in ID area in china)2.Function of iodine in body colloidTG:thy

33、roglobulin甲状腺球蛋白3.absorption and metabolism Thyroid glandTGT4T3DITMIT(d)(c)T4T3Dietary iodine肝中合成 葡萄糖酸酯或硫酸酯Fecal iodine 10%I-T4 bound/freeT3T3 T4EffectUrinary iodine 90%Sweet and milkTarget cells(g)bile(a)(b)(e)(f)(h)a:absorption dietary iodine is converted to inorganic form(iodine)and rapidly absor

34、bed from the gastrointestinal tract.b,c:circulating iodine is ether excreted into the urine or taken up by the thyroid gland.d,e:the pathway of T3,T4 synthesis.f:secretion of T4 and T3 into the blood.g:some of T4 is converted to T3 and some excreted into the bile.h:tissues convert T4 to T3 and some

35、of T3 is returned to the circulating in many tissues.4.iodine deficiency IDD Adults:goiter（甲状腺肿）Teenagers:influencing rowth,development of body and mental.Infants:dementia（痴呆）Supplement of iodide:iodized salt KI:1:100000 KIO3:1:2000050000 5.effects of excess iodine iodine goiter 6.DRIs Adults 150ug/

36、d Pregnancy 175ug/d Wet nurse 200ug/d v UL 850ug/d 7.Dietary source:sea foods kelp(海带)24mg/100g，sea slug（海参）0.6mg/100g，mussel(淡菜)1mg/100g，laver(紫菜)1.8mg/100g 五、锌（五、锌（Zinc）1.zinc in the body(2-3g)found in all human tissues(10-200ug/g)More in liver,spleen,heart,muscle,bone,eye,and skinblood(900ug/100m

37、l)prostate(前列腺)prostatic secretions Spermatozoa（精液）2.Functions and zinc deficiency(1)Essential constituent of over 100 enzymes,in each of the 6 major enzyme categories:oxidoreductase,transferase,hydrolase(水解)，lyase（裂合）,isomerase（异构）and ligase（连接）.(2)Influencing growth,development and sexual system.i

38、nvolving the synthesis of DNA,RNA protein(anorexia 厌食，failure to grow,testicular atrophy 睾丸萎缩,skin lesions)(3)Having normal appetite.(4)Promoting metabolism of Vit A.(5)Maintaining the reproduction of immune cells.(6)Involving in neoplastic（瘤的）processes.2.Functions and zinc deficiency Zinc finger 3.

39、Metabolism(shorten)4.Deficiency and Toxicity5.DRIs and dietary source 1)DRIs:1-9 y:10mg/d 10y:15mg/d pregnant and wet nurse:20mg/d 2)Dietary source:seafoods and meats.六、硒（Selenium）1.Se in the bodyBody size(14-20mg)In various amounts in all tissues of the body except fat the highest concentration is

40、in liver,heart,kidney and spleen blood Se is 0.22ug/ml 2.Function and Se deficiency 1).A constituent of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),antioxidant and anticancer.2).Detoxification:heavy metals,AFB1.3).Anticarcinogenic effect:skin,liver,colon,breast,et al.4).Enhancement of humoral,cell-mediated andno

41、nspecific immunity.5).Maintain heart and cardiovascular structure and function Keshan.6).Keeping normal growth:impairment of growth,sparse(稀少)hair,cataracts(白内障),et al.7).Reducing free radical reaction（自由基反应）and extending life span.Incidence of Cancer in Placebo and Se Treated Subjects 3.Toxicity:ga

42、strointestional disturbances,bad teeth,yellow skin,cardiorenal disease,loss of hair and nails,nervous system disorders et al.4.DRIs:50ug/d 5.food source:animal food and sea food.Se content of food depends on the soil in which the food was grown.Section 6 VitaminsPreface 1.Common properties(1)Distrib

43、uted in natural food stuffs but distinct from the main components of food(proteins,et al)(quantity,energy,component of body).(2)Eessential for body metabolism(coenzyme,or prosthetic group辅基)in minute quantities and absence of any one of which causes a corresponding specific deficiency disease.(3)Can

44、 not be synthesized in the body except VitD.2.Classification:(1)the order of discovery:A,B,C,D(2)function:ascorbic acid(3)chemical construction:popular(local)name:riboflavin(4)solubility:water-soluble:Bs,Cexcesses are excreted in the urine fat-soluble:A,Dlarge amount are toxic.3.Deficiency of vitami

45、ns(1)Cause:deficient intakes problem of absorption increase in requirement(2)Deficiency:critical deficiency:disease marginal deficiency:influence health without symptoms 一、一、Vit A retinal(A1)s-dehydroretinal(A2)retinol-carotene 1.structures and properties:structureA1A2(biopotency of A2 is 40%that of

46、 A1)Trans configuration Cis configuration-carotene(provitamin A)-carotene -carotenesolubility:soluble in fats and all the usual organic solvents,insoluble in water.Oxidation:be oxidized by light,air and oxidant such as MnO2(Manganese dioxide).Isomerization(异构化)：retinol is isomerized by light Stabili

47、ty:sensitive toward acids but stable to base.Color reaction:retinal and its esters have a yellowish-green fluorescence(荧光)。Acid reagents give blue color or purple(sulfuric acid)reaction with Vit.A Properties of Vit.A 2.Metabolism(1)absorption:-carotene retinal small intestine(水解)1/3(fat,bile acid)re

48、tinyl esterupper intestineretinolmucosal cell wallEsterifiedchylomicronmucosal cell(水解)（还原）from -carotene mucosal cell(2)Transport and storageretinyl esterslymphatic systemblood screamstorageliver(90%)Kidney Lung ,eyefree retinalblood screamTissue for metabolic requirement水解chylomicron The blood lev

49、el of Vit.A is independent of the liver reserve.Retinol is transported in plasma in association with a specific transport Protein RBP:Vit.A level in plasm is proportional to the level of RBP.(3).ExcretionVit.AIn liverVit.AGlucaronides(葡萄糖苷酸)blieReabsorbed Excreted with fecesliverVit.AIn tissuesMethy

50、lated metabolitesurine3.Function(1)in vision:George Wald was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1967 for his discovery of the role of VitA in the visual system.Retinal 11-cis form+protein+ospinIodopsin(蓝)Rhodopsin（红）High lightDim lightAll-trans retinal+proteinProducing a nervous exitationbrainV