英语词汇学授课ppt课件.ppt

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1、Lexicology词汇学词汇学LexicologyvAbranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.vAimsatinvestigatingandstudyingthemorphologicalstructures(形态结构)ofwords,theirsemanticstructures,relations,historicaldevelopment,formationandusages.RelationwithotherdisciplinesvMorphology形态学（structure）vSemantics语

2、义学（meaning）vEtymology词源学（originandhistoricaldevelopment）vstylistics文体学（style）vLexicography词典编纂学词典编纂学（dictionary）vLexicologyembracesalltheabove.主要内容v英语词汇学是一门以当代语言学多种理论为指导，全面深入研究英语词汇的专业课程。v课程的主要内容包括：词汇学习和研究的基本概念、英语词汇的来源和发展演变、构词方法、词义的变化、词义关系、英语成语等。ChapterOneAGeneralSurveyofEnglishVocabulary英语词汇概述Keypoi

3、ntsv1.word:definitionv2.DevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary(history)v3.ClassificationofEnglishWordsWordvWord与字？vDefinition：vthetwooftenquoteddefinitionsfromBloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育家）andvaFrenchlinguist,AntoineMeillet（梅耶，法国语言学家）Bloomfieldv“somelinguisticforms（语言形态）,whichwecallboundforms(限定/非自由形态)arenever

4、usedassentences.vBoundforms:aspartofalargerformve.g.boyish/childishvFreeforms:occurassentencesve.g.Fire!/Help!/PoorJohn/Johnranaway.vAwordisafreeformwhichdoesnotconsistentirelyof(twoormore)lesserfreeforms.Inbelief,awordisaminimumfreeform.”(p.1,para.2)vThisdefinitionemphasizessyntax(句法)，butdoesnottou

5、chuponmeaning.AntoineMeilletv“Awordisdefinedbytheassociationofagivensensewithagivengroupofsoundscapableofagivengrammaticaluse.”(p.2,para.2)vMaincriteria（标准）ofaword:vSound,meaningandsyntacticfunction（音、义、形）Definitionvafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaningcapableofperf

6、ormingagivensyntacticfunction.（p.2.para.4）v言语的基本单位和最小自由形态；它是声音和意义的结合体，能发挥一定的句法功能。vWordsareeitherspokenorwritten.(口头和书面)AnExamplevTheyoungmanleftquietly.vSound:vMeaning:vSyntacticfunction(句法功能):partofspeech(词性)vThe:article冠词young:adj.形容词vMan：n.名词left：v.动词quietly:adv副词1.ThedevelopmentofEnglishVocabula

7、ry英语词汇的发展VocabularyvAllthewordsinalanguage：（p.3）vThebuildingmaterialsofalanguage.vImportanttohavesomeknowledgeofitsdevelopmentandgrowth.A:Historicalperspective历史的角度vDevelopmentofEnglishanditsvocabulary:v1.OldEnglish古英语/Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁撒盎格鲁撒克逊克逊（449-1100）vEngland：Celtic（凯尔特语）/450AD，invadedbyAngles盎格鲁盎格

8、鲁,Saxons撒克逊撒克逊,Jutes朱特人vVocabulary：5000-6000words，chieflyAnglo-Saxon/someOldNorse古斯堪的那维亚语vOldNorsewords(are,they,their,them,till,call,die,give,take,skin,window,ill,weak)vLatinwords:Romancontact(bargain,cheap,inch,pound,cup,dish,wall,wine)vChristianity基督教:abbot(修道院院长)altar圣坛candle，templeMiddleEnglish

9、（1100-1500）vTransitional过度的：vFrenchInfluencevNormanConquestin1066诺曼底征服vEnglishforthemassandFrenchfortherulersvVocabulary:vLossofalargepartofOldEnglishwordsvAdoptionofFrenchwords:vLawandgovernment:(judge,justice,state)vMilitary:(conquer,victory)vReligion:(confess,divine,sermon布道)vclothing:(coat,dress

10、,gown,robe)vFood:(beef,pork,dinner)vArt:(beauty,image)vLiterature:(chapter,poet,prose)vScience:(medicine,remedy,surgeon)vThecoreofthelanguage:StillEnglishModernEnglish(1500-present)v1.Renaissance:thestudyoftheclassicsvLatinloanwordsscienceandabstractideas(function,education,exist,scientific)vGreekwo

11、rds:literary,technicalandscientificwords:(drama,comedy,tragedy,physics)vFrench:caf,attach(专员)vSpanish：cigar,vanilla，cocoavItalian：concert,piano,solo,piazza.vPortuguese葡萄牙语:caste种姓制度，pagoda宝塔vGerman：zinc锌vDutch：dockvRussian：vodka,tsar沙皇v2.Exploration,colonizationandtrade-borrowfromnon-Europeanlanguag

12、evAustralian：kangaroovArabic：sugar，alcoholvIndian：coolie,khakivHebrew希伯来语:vChinese：yamenvJapanese:tycoonvAfrican:zebra,gorillaSummaryvTheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.v80%wordsareborrowed.vLatin,French,Greek,ScandinavianlanguagesvPortuguese,Italian,Spanish,Dutch.vOtherlanguagesoftheworld.vResult:v1.Vo

13、cabularyextremelyrichandheterogeneous多样化的（onemillionwords）v2.synonymsandidiomsB:rapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishVocabularyandItscausesvNeologisms(新词)afterWorldWarIIvReasons：v1.progressofscienceandtechnology科技v2.socio-economic,politicalandculturalchanges社会经济、政治和文化v3.theinfluenceofotherculturesandlangu

14、ages其他文化和语言的影响1.MarkedprogressofscienceandtechnologyvExamples:v1.Nuclearbombs:chainreaction连所犯反应,overkill过度杀伤,medium-rangeballisticmissiles中程弹道导弹v2.ExplorationofSpace:astronaut,countdown,spaceman,puterscience:software,hardware,input,output,memory,monitor,database2.Socio-economic,politicalandcultural

15、changesvA.newsocialhabitsandnewlivingconditions:hirepurchase(租购)，creditcardvB.Domestichabits:chores杂事,housesitter代为看管房屋的人,housesitting,supermarketvC.Drugaddiction药物成瘾:acidhead瘾君子瘾君子vD.Studentunrest:be-in(社交集会)love-in谈情说爱的集会gay/homophilevE.internalpoliticalstruggleintheUS:Sit-in静坐swim-in游泳抗议teach-in宣

16、讲会；座谈会（大学校园中就有争议的或重要的问题发表意见进行讨论）vF:Womens liberation movement:Ms,Chairperson,chairwoman,spokeswomen,saleswoman,feminism,sexism性别歧视vG.Struggleoftheblackpeople:blackstudies黑人研究blackpower黑人权利vH.changesinEducation:openclassroom,openuniversity,vI.NewEntertainment:call-in电话交谈节目vJ.Sports:skydiving跳伞运动3.The

17、influenceofotherculturesandlanguagesvDiscotheque迪斯科舞厅迪斯科舞厅vMaotaiSummaryvThedevelopmentofsciencevtherapidchangesinsocietyvThereceptiveandflexiblenatureofEnglishvResultedinadramaticincreaseinvocabulary.2.ClassificationofEnglishWords英语单词的分类Threecriteria三个标准v1.byorigin起源v2.bylevelofusage使用的等级v3.bynotio

18、n概念功能Byorigin:nativewordsandloanwordsvNativewords本族词:vWordsofAnglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊originorofOldEnglishvLoanwords外来词(borrowedwords):vwordsborrowedfromotherlanguagesvNaturalizedorusedastheyareintheoriginallanguage.(p.9)NativewordsvMostaremonosyllabic(单音节的)vThegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstock:vbasicwordst

19、ock基本词库:foundationofthevocabularyvAuxiliaryandmodalverbs:情态动词vNumerals数词，pronoun代词，preposition介词，conjunctions连词(p.10,para.2)Fundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstockv1.nationalcharacter:全国性v2.stability稳定性（relatively）v3.word-formingability:构词能力v4.abilitytoformcollocations:与其他词搭配的能力Questionsv1.Aretheremo

20、renativewordsormoreloanwordsinEnglish?v2.whichareusedmorefrequentlyineverydayspeechandwriting?vByorigin,Englishwordscanbeclassifiedinto_.Bylevelofusage使用的等级v1.Commonwords常用词汇:（p.11）vwordsconnectedwiththeordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife.vThegreatmajorityofEnglishwordsarecommonwords.v

21、Thecoreofthecommonwordsisthebasicwordstock.vAppropriateinformalandinformalwritingandspeech.v2.Literarywords书面词:vchieflyusedinwriting,especiallyinbookswritteninamoreelevatedstyle,inofficialdocumentsorinformalspeeches.vcomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.vExamples:p.12vForesee,outlinevs.visu

22、alize,adumbratevFatigued,retiredvs.tired,wenttobedvInEnglish,mostoftheliterarywordsareofFrench,LatinorGreekorigin.vEverydaysynonyms:P.12forexamples:Among the literary words,two categories are noteworthy:vArchaicwords:古体词vwordsnolongerincommonuse,althoughretainedforspecialpurpose.(Theyaresometimesemp

23、loyedinpoetry,businessletters,etc.)ExamplesvAbed-inbed;behold-see;belike-probably;natheless-nevertheless;perchance-bychance.vArchaicwordaremarkedas“arch”vdifferentfromobsolete（废弃的）words.Obsoletewordsarethosecompletelyoutofcurrentuse.Marked“obl,dated”vPoeticalwords:诗歌词语vPoeticalwordsarewordsthataretr

24、aditionallyusedonlyinpoetry.vArray-outfit;thedeep-thesea;stead-horse;morn-morning;vSomewordsarebothpoeticandarchaic:p.13forexamples.v3.Colloquialwords口语词:vusedmainlyinspokenEnglish,asinconversationamongfriendsandcolleagues.TheycanalsobeusedininformalwritingsExamplesvFeelingfatigued,Tomretired early.

25、(Literary)vTomfeltsodog-tired hehit the sackearly.(Colloquial)vJohnwasdismissedforpettythieving.(Common)vJohnwas firedforpettythieving.(Colloquial)vSlangwords:俚语词vlanguage,wordsorphrasesofavigorous,colourful,facetious滑稽的,ortaboonature,inventedforspecificoccasions,oruses,orderivedfromtheunconventiona

26、luseofthestandardvocabulary.”Colloquialvs.slangvSomeoverlapvColloquial:nottobeusedonformaloccasionsvSlang:notusedininformalconversations,unlessthespeakersareonintimateterms.vThechiefreasonfortheformationanduseofslangexpressionsistosecurefreshnessandnovelty.vBuzz-telephonecallvKnockout-给人留下深刻印象的人；绝代佳

27、人vNuthouse精神病院vToplayhooky逃学vTechnicalwords:专业术语vwordsusedinvariousspecialfields.vEverybranchofscience,everyprofessionortrade,art,andeverysortofsportshasitsowntechnicalterms.SummaryvSincelanguageisconstantlychanging,theclassificationofwordsbylevelofusageisnotabsolute.QuestionvBylevelofusage,Englishv

28、ocabularycanbeclassifiedinto_.vA.commonwords,literarywords,colloquialwords,slangwordsandtechnicalwords.B.nativewordsandloanwordsC.functionwordsandcontentwordsD.originalwordsandderivationalwordsBynotion意念:functionwordsandcontentwordsvFunction words:虚词虚词voftenshortwordssuchasdeterminers限定词,conjunction

29、s连词,prepositions介词,auxiliaries助动词,andsoforth.vTheydonothavemuchlexicalmeaning词汇意义andsomeofthemhavenolexicalmeaningoftheirown;vTheyhavegrammaticalmeaning.语法意义.vTheybelongtoarelativelysmallandpermanentsetofwords.vThetotalnumberoffunctionwordsisabout154.vContentwords:实词vWordsusedtonameobjects,qualities

30、,actions,processesorstates,andhaveindependentlexicalmeaning.vNouns,mainverbs,adjectivesandadverbsvContentwordsbelongtoanopenlist.SummaryvFunctionwords:smallinnumber,closedlist,mostfrequentlyusedvContentwords:largeinnumber,openlist,lowfrequencyofoccurrence.ChaptersummaryvWord:vHistoricaldevelopmentof

31、EnglishvocabularyvClassificationofEnglishwordsChapterIIMorphologicalstructureofEnglishwords英语词汇的形态结构1.Morphemes词素/语素Wordvafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning)capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunctionA.Basicinformation：v1.Themorphem

32、eisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.vExample:denationalization民营化（word）v-de+nation+al+iz+action（fivemorphemes）vAwordmaybeanalysableintooneormoremorphemes.vAmorphemeisalsoatwo-facetlanguageunitwhichpossessesbothsoundandmeaning.vDifferentfromaphone

33、me:音素-k/k/,u/ju:/va/ei,i/ai/vAbook,Ilovehim.vAmorphemeisnotidentical(同一的)withasyllable(音节),either,sincethelatterhasnothingtodowithmeaning.vBoy,child-onesyllable,onemorpheme.vlady-twosyllables,onemorpheme.vCrocodile-threesyllables,onemorpheme.B.Allomorphsv语素变体/同词素的异形词vAnallomorphisanyofthevariantform

34、sofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsound.vExamples:vSinBooks/s/,pigs/z/,horses/iz/vSuffix:后缀v-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationvInvent-inventionvDescribe-descriptionvJustify-justification,vmodernize-modernizationvExpandexpansion,vdecide-decisionvprefix前缀：im-/ir-/il-/in-vim-imperfect,impossible,imbal

35、ance,immobilevir-irresponsible,irregularvil-illogicalvininflexible,inexcusable2.Classificationofmorphemes词素的分类A:freeandboundvFree Morpheme自由语素自由语素:isonethatcanbeuttered说,讲alonewithmeaning.Itcanexistonitsownwithoutaboundmorpheme(限定语素/粘着语素).vAfreemorphemeisaword,inthetraditionalsense.vE.g.man,faith,re

36、ad,write,redvBound Morpheme限定语素限定语素:cannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.vE.g:un-unkind;-ly-happily;re-receive;s-dogs;exboxes;ed-worked.B.RootsandAffixesvmorphemes may be divided into roots词词根根(or root morphemes根词素根词素)and affixes词缀词缀(or affixati

37、onal morphemes词缀语素）Roots词根vArootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.vE.g.work,workable,worker,worked,workingvRootsarethecoresofEnglishwords.Historicallytherootistheearliestformofaword.Rootareeitherfreeorbound.Freeroots自由词根vInEnglish,manyrootsarefreemorphemes.

38、E.g.boy,moon,walk,blackvFreerootsbelongtothebasicword-stock基本词库,andhavethefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicword-stock.vAfreerootconsistsonemorpheme.Boundroots限定词根vTheyarenotwords,andsoarenotfreemorphemes;theycannotexistontheirown.Norcantheybeusedtoformnewwords.P.24vtain-contain,detain,retainvceive-recei

39、ve,deceive,conceiveSummaryvAroot,freeorbound,generallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword.vRevivevVitaminvVitalvvividAffixes词缀vAnaffixisacollectivetermforthetypeofformative(构词要素)thatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.P.25vAffixes,therefore,areconsideredboundmorphemes.Theymaybedividedintoinf

40、lectional（曲折变化）andderivational（派生）types.P.25InflectionalAffixes曲折变化词缀vAninflectionalaffixservestoexpresssuchmeaningasplurality复数,tense时态,andthecomparative比较orsuperlativedegree最高级.vInflectionalaffixdoesnotformanewwordwithnewlexicalmeaningwhenitisaddedtoanotherword.Nordoesitchangetheword-classofthewor

41、dtowhichitisaffixed.vThenumberofinflectionalaffixesissmallandfixed;Theyhaveonlytheirparticulargrammaticalmeaning.vPlural复数:-s-es-vGenitivecase属格：TomsvThirdpersonsingularpresenttense第三人称单数:worksvPresentparticiple现在分词:-ingvPasttenseandpastparticiple:-eddvComparative:slowervSuperlative:fastestDerivatio

42、nalaffixes派生词缀vWhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme,theyderivedanewword.vManyderivationalaffixeshaveaspecificlexicalmeaning词汇意义;ormorethanonemeaning.vE.g.p.25vDerivationalaffixeshavenotonlyindependentlexicalmeaningbutalsoaffectivemeaning情感色彩.vmis-/mal-/vTherearealsoderivationalaffixeswhichcanbeattached

43、towordsofdifferentword-classes.vv./n.+ablewashable/marriageablevThenumberofderivationalaffixes,althoughlimited,ismuchlargerthanthatofinflectionalaffixes.vcommonlysubdividedintoprefixes前缀andsuffixes后缀:vPrefixes:affixesbeforethewordarecalledprefixes.vSuffixes:affixesafterthewordarecalledsuffixes.vBoth

44、 prefixes and suffixes may be grouped according to:vTheirlinguisticorigin:Nativeaffixes(arethosethatexistedinEnglishintheOEperiodorwereformedformOEwords.)andForeignaffixes(cameasapartofloanwordsfromforeignlanguages.)Hybrid混合词v:MostforeignprefixesandsuffixeshavelongsincebecomenaturalizedinEnglish,and

45、manywordshavebeenformedformelementsofmixedorigins.vvExamples：p.27Theirproductivity生产能力vAffixesarecalledproductiveorlivingwhentheycanbeusedtoformnewwords.Thosethatarenolongerusedtoformnewwordsaretermeddeadorunproductive.Morphemev(Onthemorphemiclevel,wordscanbeclassifiedinto:simple,complexandcompoundw

46、ords.)vAccordingtothenumberandtypeofmorphemestheycontain,wordscanbeclassifiedinto:Simplewords简单的词vthoseconsistingofasinglemorpheme.E.g.)man,work,kind.Derivedwords派生词vthosewhicharetheresultofaderivationalprocess.E.g.)fruitless,fruitful,unfruitful.vCompoundwords:复合词vthosewhicharecomposedoftwoormorefre

47、emorphemes.vE.g.spacesuit,forget-me-not,jackofalltrades.SummaryvRefertop.29ChapterIIIWord-formation构词法ThethreemajorProcessofwordformation三种主要的构词法GeneralRemarksvWaysofformingwords:onthebasisoffrequencyofusage根据使用的频率vMajor：compounding复合法，derivation派生，conversion转化vMinor：acronym首字母缩略词，blending拼缀法，clippi

48、ng截短法，propernames专有名词，backformation逆构法，reduplication重叠法，neo-classicalformation新古典法，miscellaneous其他Percentageofnewwordscoinedbythedifferentword-formationv1.Thethreemajorprocessesofword-formation(55%ofthenewvocabulary.):vCompounding:vDerivation:vConversion:v2.Theeightminorprocessesofword-formation:(26

49、.5%ofthenewvocabulary)Somebasicconceptsofword-formationv1.word-formationrules:vTherulesofwordformationdefinethescopeandmethodwherebyspeakersofalanguagemaycreatenewwords.vP.32Root,stem,basevTermsusedinlinguisticstodesignatethatpartofwordthatremainswhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved.v词根v词干v词基Root词根vA root

50、isaformwhichisnotfurtheranalyzable（可分解的）,eitherintermsofderivational（派生的）orinflectional（屈折变化的）morphology.vItisthatpartofaword-formthatremainswhenalltheinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Arootisthebasicpartalwayspresentinalexeme（词位）.Examplevundesirables-therootis“desire”,towhichfirstth