历年大学英语四级考试翻译部分语法解析.doc

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1、一、 数词的用法1）倍数表示法 a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as我有你三倍那么多。b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length) of地球是月球的49倍。c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。二、 和more有关的词组1) the more the more越就越 The harder you work，the greater progress youll make.2) more B than A与其说

2、A不如说B less A than B He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.3) no more than 与一样，不比多The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less than与一样He is no less diligent than you.4) more than不只是，非常She is more than kind to us all.典型例题1）The weather in China is dif

3、ferent from_.A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America 答案：D. 本题意为中国的天气比美国热。比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced _ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice manyB. as many

4、 twiceC. twice as manyD. twice many as 答案C. 此句意为这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍。 表示倍数用倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象的句型。所以此句答案为C。This ruler is three times as long as that one.三3非谓语动词中的有关句型 （1）动名词作主语的句型 1）Doing.+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。 2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure,

5、a waste of time, a bore.)等名词+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。 It is a great fun playing football打篮球很有趣。 It is a waste of time trying to explain设法解释是浪费时间。 3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sthIt is useless speaking.光说没用。 It is nice see

6、ing you again真高兴又遇到了你。 It is good Playing chess after supper晚饭后弈棋挺好。 It is expensive running this car开这种小车是浪费。 4)There is no + doing.(there is no 表“不可能”) There is no telling what he is going to do说出他要干什么是不可能的。 There is no saying what may happen.说出将要发生什么是不可能的。 5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm

7、)+doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性) There is no use crying over spilt milk牛奶洒了，哭也无用。 6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing have作有解时，后接情感名词(in可省略)，再接动名词。这类词还有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time. 例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan我们执行计划有困难。 7)feel like + 名词 感觉像动名词 “ 想要” =would like

8、to +原形动词 I feel like a newborn baby我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。 Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗? I dont feel like studying tonight今晚我不想读书。 8) spend/waste time （in）doing sth. They spent a lot time (in) making preparations他们花了许多时间作准备。9)在require后只能用动名词，不能用不定式，尽管表示被动的意思也要用动名词的主动形式。 This problem requires studyi

9、ng with great care这个问题需要仔细研究。 10）cannot help doing sth.忍不住（做什么） I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser. 四、有关分词句型 1)在表示感觉和心里状态的动词see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，watch这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语+现在分词”的复合结构，这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词(人各等)，也可以是代词宾格(him，us等)。例如： She smelt something

10、burning and saw smoke rising她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升起来了。 I watched them rehearsing the play我看他们排演戏。 I could feel the wind blowing on my face我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。 2)表示“致使”等意义的动词，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述(1)的结构，有时也可跟过去分词结构。例如： I caught them stealing my apples我抓住他们偷我的苹果。 If she catches me reading her d

11、iary，shell be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。 We found him waiting to receive us我们发现他正等着接待我们。 3)go +现在分词表示“从事”之意，这时现在分词做主语补语。Go之后所接现在分词均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动。如：jogging慢跑，fishing钓鱼，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保龄球，shopping 购物，sightseeing游览，camping露营。 Ill go camping tomorrow我明天去露营。 Ill go shopping我去商店。 Would you l

12、ike to go skating with me?你想和我去溜冰吗? 4)be busy + v-ing(现在分词)忙着做 I am busy writing my thesis我正忙着写论文。 His assistant is busy(in) correcting papers他的助教忙于批阅考卷。 或者be busy with + n.忙着做某事。 He is busy with his work他忙着工作。 5)What do you say to + ing分词?(怎么样?) What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我们一起进餐，你看怎么

13、样? （3）有关动词不定式句型 下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法，只能用不定式形式。 can not help but do, can not but do, cannot choose but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. (4)there be的非谓语形式 there be

14、非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。(其中作宾语和状语在1991年和1994年测试过，定语见1996年题10。) The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams(作宾语如1991年题30) 1)作动词宾语时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如： We dont want there to be any comrades lagging be

15、hind，我们不希望有任何同志掉队。 They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他们不愿意处处都要排长队。 We have no objection to there being a meeting here我们并不反对在这里开会。 It isnt enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jims car out quite safely(作状语) 2)作状语多用there being结构，但若置于介词之后，for用there to be整个介词短语作程度状语，其它多半用ther

16、e being。 There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语) Its too early for there to be anybody up太早了，还不会有人起床。(作程度状语) There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语) 3)作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for引导则要用there to be。 It is not uncommon for th

17、ere to be problems of communication between old and young老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。 There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。 4)作定语。 There be结构作定语时，定语从句中谓语为there be，there之前的关系代词常常省略。如： This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking这是到南京的最快一班车。 I

18、must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。 5.2 非谓语动词在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。1）不定式时态语态 主动被动一般式to do to be done 完成式 to have doneto have been done2）动名词时态语态 主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having do

19、nehaving been done3）分词时态语态 主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done 否定形式： not +不定式，not + 动名词，not + 现在分词6. 动名词6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语1）作主语 南方与北方开战了。2）作宾语a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sthadmit 承认appreciate 感激,赞赏avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 认为delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受enjoy 喜欢escape 逃脱

20、prevent阻 fancy 想finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险suggest 建议face 面对 include 包括stand 忍受understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续举例：(1)Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? (2)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed

21、being caught.b. 词组后接doing admit to(允许，承认) prefertobe used to lead todevote oneself to object tostick to， be busy(in)，look forward to(to为介词) Its no goodno use,Its worth, as well as, cant help, be tired of （厌倦） ， be fond of ， be capable of ， be afraid of， be proud of， think of about, hold off（推迟）,put

22、off（推迟）, keep on ， insist on, count on / upon （依靠，指望）,set about, be successful in, good at,take up（开始从事，占据） ,give up,burst out,prevent (stopkeep) from3)作表语Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.6.2 worth 的用法worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj.意为值得。1. worth： be worth + n 当名词为金钱时，表示 值得

23、be worth doing sth.某事值得被做 2. worthy：be worthy of +n.当名词为抽象名词时表示值得be worthy to be done 某事值得被做3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth 值得做某事 worth while： It is worth while doing sth It is worth- while to do sth.典型例题1.This book is worth _. A)buying B) to buy C) of buying D) to be bought2.It is not _ to

24、 discuss the question again and again.A.worthB.worthyC.worth-whileD.worth while 7. 动词不定式7.1 不定式作宾语1) 动词+ 不定式 afford（买的起，负担的起） aim appearagree arrangeaskbe decidebother（烦恼，麻烦）care（关心，介意）choose come dare demanddesiredetermine expectendeavor(企图，谋求)hopefail happen to （碰巧） helphesitatelearn longmean mana

25、ge offer ought planpreparepretend promiserefuseseem tend wait wish undertake(担保，负责)举例： 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2）动词+不定式 ；动词+宾语+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help， intend， like， love, need， prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。 我想和汤姆谈话。. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。3） 动词+疑问词+ to (

26、不定式作宾语，在不定式之前加特殊疑问词whenwhwerewhathowwhowhom等。) decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell 请演示给我们如何去做。.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。The question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。7.2 不定式作补语1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

27、advise allow appoint believe cause challengecommand compelconsider declare driveenableencourage find forbid forceguess hireimagine impelinduce informinstructinvite judge know likeorder permitpersuade remind reportrequest requireselectsend state suppose tell think traintrust understandurge warn例句： a.

28、父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b.我们相信他是有罪的Find 的特殊用法： Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have典型例题:The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover, fancy(设想),feel find,guess,

29、 judge,imagine,know, prove,see(理解), show,suppose, take(以为), understand 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。典型例题Charles Babbage is generally considered_ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 3) to be +形容词Seem, appear,be said,be supposed, be believed,be thought,be known, be r

30、eported,hope, wish, desire,want, plan, expect, mean人们认为这本书没什么意思。4)there be+不定式believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstandWe didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best t

31、eacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。7.3 不定式主语1） Its easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了easy,difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible,comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enoughIts so nice to hear your voice.当你不用

32、车的时候，锁车是有必要的。2) Its very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。Kind,nice, stupid,rude, clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly, selfish(自私的)例句:It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。3) 当不定式作主语的句子中

33、又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is to的句型(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see.7.4 Its for sb.和 Its of sb.1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等： Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good,

34、 kind, nice , clever, foolish, right。 Its very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。for 与of 的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如： You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。 He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)7.5 不定式作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如： My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a d

35、octor.7.6 不定式作定语不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light7.7 不定式作状语1）目的状语To only to (仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such) as to (如此以便)他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。我来仅仅是向你告别。2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find noth

36、ing.3)表原因Im glad to see you.典型例题The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于形容词+动词不定式结构的末尾。7.8 用作介词的toto 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：admit to承认，confess to承认，be accu

37、stomed to 习惯于， be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意7.9 省to 的动词不定式1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：2） 使役动词 let, have, make：3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。注意

38、：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. 4） would rather，had better：5） Why / why not：6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。8） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be： 他应该是个好人。举例：

39、He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比较： He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例题1) - I usually go there by train. - Why not _ by boat for a change?A. to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try goi

40、ng2） Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 7.10 动词不定式的否定式Tell him not to shut the window She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。典型例题1）Tell him _ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut2)She p

41、retended _ me when I passed by. A.not to see B. not seeingC. to not see D.having not seen 3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _. A. not toB.

42、 not to doC. not do it D. do not to 5) The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating7.11 不定式的特殊句型tooto1）tooto 太以至于他太激动了，说不出话来。 - Can I help you ? - Well, Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 2

43、) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为不太。 Its never too late to mend.(谚语)改过不嫌晚。3)当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常 等于very。 Im only too pleased to be able to help you. He was but too eager to get home.7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。2)so kind as to -劳驾劳驾，现在几点了。7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why notWhy not +动词原形表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：为什么不? 干吗不?例如：干吗不去度假?7.14 不定式的时态和语态时态语态 主动被动一般式 to doto be done进行式 to be doing完成式 to have done to have been done完成进行式 to have been doing1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓