英语四级阅读理解习题.doc
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1、Unit oneElementary Schools in early AmericaWhat accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America - breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the countrys excellent elementary schools; a labor forc
2、e that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, spatial thinking about things technological.Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Mi
3、ddle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related american adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, With a m
4、ind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.A further stimulus to invention came from the premium system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash p
5、rizes and other incentives.In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.Giv
6、en this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; t
7、hey are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process. The designer and the inventor are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.This nonverbal spatial thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. robert fulton once wrote, The mechanic sho
8、uld sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. , like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.When all these shaping forces - schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatia
9、l thinking - interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that american characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.invention n. 1.发明,发明物 2.捏造,虚构inventor n.发明家,发明者
10、联想词inventory n.1.详细目录 2.存货清单breakthhrough n. 1.突围,突破 2.重大成就,惊人发现联想词breakdown n. 1.垮台,破裂 2.衰竭,衰弱 3.损坏,故障 4.分类premium n. 1.保险金 2.额外费用 3. 奖品,赠品,额外津贴 a. 1.高级的,优质的 2.售价高的联想词subsidy n. 津贴,补贴verbal a. 1.口头的 2.用言辞的,用文字的联想词vocal a. 发声的,嗓音的spatial a. 空间的,与空间有关的literacy n.识字,有文化,读写能力literate a.1.有读写能力的 2.有文化修养
11、的stimulus n. 1.促进 2.刺激联想词provocation n. 1.挑衅,挑拨 2.刺激,激怒provocative a. 1.挑衅的,煽动的 2.刺激的precede vt. 在.之前,先于precedent n. 1.先例,范例,判例 2.惯例patent n.专利,专利权a.专利(权)的,受专利保护的vt.得到.的专利权originate vi. 起源于,来自,产生vt.创造,创始,开创联想词commence v.开始incentive n.刺激,鼓励multitude n. 1.大量,许多 2.大众,民众ambiguous a.引起歧义的,模式棱两可的,含糊不清的联想词
12、indefinite a. 1.不明确的,含糊的 2.无限期的exdplicit a. 1.明确的,明晰的;详述的 2.直言的,毫不隐瞒的,露骨的manipulate vt. 1.操纵,控制,影响 2.操作,使用lever n. 1.杠杆 2.途径,工具,手段vt. 撬动,撬起wedge n.楔(子) vt. 把.楔入,塞入联想词groove n. 沟,槽hinge n. 铰链interact vi. 相互作用,相互影响emulation n. 1.竞赛,竞争 2.仿效,仿真imitation n. 1.模仿 2.仿制,仿制品 3.赝品strive vi. 努力,奋斗,力求sculpture
13、n.1.雕刻,雕塑 2.雕刻作品,雕塑品联想词carve vt. 1.切,把.切碎 2.雕刻,刻engrave vt. 1.在.上雕刻 2.使铭记,使牢记statue n. 雕像,塑像bust n. 1.胸像,半身像 2.胸部,胸围marble n. 1.大理石 diploma n. 毕业文凭,毕业证书,资格证书联想词diplomat n. 1.外交官,外交家 2.有交际手段的人,圆滑的人perpetual a. 1.永久的,永恒的,长期的 2.无休止的,没完没了的Unit TwoFight Again Youth SmokingThree years ago, appalled by how
14、 many children were becoming addicted to cigarettes every year, the Vice President and I committed this administration to stopping the sale and marketing of cigarettes to children. Today, thanks to these efforts and the persistence of state attorneys general, the public health community, and leaders
15、 in Congress, we have the best opportunity ever to pass comprehensive anti-smoking legislation that well save millions of our children from a premature, painful, and very preventable death. This week, in a historic and resounding 19 to 1 vote, a key Senate committee gave its stamp of approval to com
16、prehensive legislation sponsored by Senator John McCain, a Republican, and Senator Fritz Hollings, a Democrat, that would cut youth smoking by half over the next decade. This bill represents a dramatic step forward. It would raise the price of cigarettes, give the FDA full authority to regulate toba
17、cco products, ban advertising aimed at children, and protect tobacco farmers.We still have work to do in this legislation. Above all, we need to put in place tough penalties that will cost the tobacco industry if it continues to sell cigarettes to young people. Just this week the Centers for Disease
18、 Control released a disturbing report that more than a third of teenagers in the United States now smoke, even though its illegal. It is time to hold tobacco companies accountable. Reducidng youth smoking must be veerybodys bottom line. Lets remember - this is not about politics or money, or seeking
19、 revenge against the tobacco industry for past practices. Were not trying to put the tobacco companies out of business; we want to put them out of the business of selling cigarattes to kids. This weeks progress in the Senate shows we have real momentum in both parties to do just that.Therere still m
20、aly issues to be worked out and many long nights ahead. But we have within our grasp one of the most important public health victories our nation has ever achieved. Finally, lit me just pause a moment to observe the 30th anniversary of the death of one of Americas greatest heroes, Dr. Martin Luther
21、King. His dream, deeply rooted in the American Dream, is a dream for all Americans. Let us here at home always strive to heed Dr. Kings words and live up to his legacy.- Bill Clintonappall vt.使惊骇,使大吃一惊联想词terrify vt.使害怕,使惊吓outrage vt.激起.的义愤,激怒n.1.义愤,愤慨 2.暴行,骇人听闻的事件addict n.1.有瘾的人 2.入迷的人 vt.使成瘾,使入迷联想词
22、cocaine n.可卡因toxic a.有毒的,中毒引起的persistent a. 1.坚持不懈的,执意的 2.持续的persistence n.1.坚持不懈,执意 2. 持续性,持续状态联想词stubborn a. 1.顽固的,执拗的,倔强的 2.难对付的,难于克服的legislation n.1.法律,法规 2,立法的,法律的制定联想词legitimate a. 1.合情合理的 2.合法的,法律认可的judicial a. 1.司法的,法庭的,审判的 2.明断的,公正的sue vi.1.控告,起诉 2.要求,请求 vt.控告,起诉prosecute vt.1.对.提起公诉,告发,检举
23、2.继续从事 vi.起诉,告发defendant n.被告invalid a.1.无效的,作废的 2.无可靠依据的 n.病弱者,残疾者testify vi.1.作证,证明 2.表明,说明 vt.作证,证明testimony n.1.证词 2.见证,证明premature a.1.比预期时间早是 2.不成熟的,仓促的authority n.1.权力,管辖权 2.官方,当局 3.当权者,行政管理机构 4.权威,专家authoritative a.1.权威性的,可信的 2.专断的,命令式的authorize vt.授权,批准联想词definitive a. 1.最可靠的,权威性的 2.决定性的acc
24、ountable a. 负起责任的revenge n.报复,报仇momentum n.1.动力,冲力,势力 2.动量联想词impetus n.1.推动,促进,刺激 2.推动力strive vi.努力,奋斗,力求heed vt.留心,注意,听从legency n.遗赠的财物,遗产deadly a.1.致死的,致命的 2.不共戴天的,殊死的 3.极度的,十足的 ad.非常,极度地联想词drastic a.1.极端的,严厉的 2.激烈的,迅猛的epidemic n.1.流行病 2.流传,流行 a.流行性的,流传极广的lure vt.吸引,引诱,诱惑Unit ThreeBeauty Is Meanin
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