AP微观经济学总结ppt课件.ppt

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1、严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。AP ECONOMICS严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。FinancialAnalyst 严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Economics严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Why AP?pCollegelevelcoursepGrantstuden

2、tcreditpHigherchancesforcollegeenrollment严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。About the test%of GradeNumber ofQuestionsTime Allotted ReadingPeriodSection I662/36070minutesSection II331/31long+2short50minutes10minutes严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。About the

3、 testAP Score Qualification5 Extremely well qualified4 Well qualified3 Qualified2 Possibly qualified1 No recommendation严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。1.Basics of Micro-econ严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Economics definedpEconomicsstudieshowresourcesa

4、reusedandhowcanbeusedtotheirfullestpotential.pMacroeconomics:involveseconomicproblemsconcernedbythenation.pMicroeconomics:concernstheeconomicproblemsfacedbyindividuals,orfirms.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。成本支出要素需求销售收入产品供给产品需求消费支出要素收入要素供给企 业家 庭产品市场要素市场实物流货币流Microeconomics严格

5、执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Positive vs.normative economicspPositive economics:isbasedonthescientificmethods,pNormative economics:involvesonesvaluejudgments,personalopinions,andnotbasedonascientificinvestigation.pNeitherofthesetwohassuperiority.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。

6、做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。ResourcespA resource is anything that can be used to produce a good or service.It includes:nLand:all natural resources.nLabor:all human attributes that are productive,eg.labor force,labor time,intellectual capability,etc.nCapital:productive equipment or machinery,eg.factor

7、y,computers,paper clips,etc.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Opportunity costpOpcostiswhatmustbesacrificedtoobtainsomething.pInthemacroeconomics,opcostis:ifanationdecidestoproduceonemoreunitofproductA,howmanyunitsofproductBwillhavetobesacrificed?pE.g.oppcostofguns=1.67poundsbu

8、tter/gunpOroppcostofbutter=0.6guns/butter严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Production possibilities frontierGunsButter1830All the points along the frontier are equal:A,B,CPoints inside the frontier,D:resources are not fully used.Points outside the frontier,E:cannot be reached.B

9、ACDE严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Production possibilities frontier shiftsTwofactorscausethefrontiertoshift:pChangesintheamountofresources:nLand:newterritoryfound,oilexploitationnLabor:populationgrowth,nCapital:placenewequipmentpChangesintechnologyandproductivity.nPositivec

10、hange:,reach“E”nNegativechange:,reach“D”严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Law of increasing costsGunsButter1525BAAs more of a product is produced,its op cost increases.When the resources are shifted from butter to gun production,not many more guns are produced,but a lot of butt

11、er must be sacrificed.The op cost of producing guns becomes high.When resources are forced to work in an industry where they are not proficient,they are less productive,and the op cost of producing a good becomes greater.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Comparative advantageLa

12、bor hours needed to produce a unit of:CountryWheatClothPortugal1020England2060Absolute advantage:the production can be made more efficiently.Comparative advantage:a nation can produce the good with a lower op cost.Portugal has an absolute advantage over England in both wheat and cloth production.But

13、 trade can still be beneficial to both countries even if Portugal has the absolute advantage.As trade is based on comparative advantage,not absolute advantage.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Comparative advantageCountryWheatClothOpportunity costsPortugal211/2 c/w2 w/cEngland3

14、11/3 c/w3 w/cEngland has lower op cost in wheat,Portugal has lower op cost in cloth.Each country produced only the good with comparative advantage(lower op cost)and traded for the other good.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Specialization:each given 120 hrsBefore specializatio

15、nClothWheatEngland13Portugal52Total65After specializationEngland06Portugal60Trade is beneficial to all parties even when one party has an absolute advantage in everything.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2.Demand and Supply严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事

16、件。Demand and SupplypDemandnLaw of demandnDemand curvenDeterminants of DemandnShift in demand and move along demandpSupply nLaw of supplynSupply curvenDeterminants of supplynShift in supply and move along supplypEquilibriumpPrice controlnPrice ceilingnPrice floor严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止

17、、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。DemandpThe Demand Functionnthe quantity of demanded depends on income,the prices of other goods,as well as other factors pLaw of Demandndemand decreased as the price increasedPP*Q*Q严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。DemandpDeterminants of DemandnPrice of produc

18、tnConsumers incomenConsumer tastesnPrices of substitute productsnPrices of complementary productsnExpected future price of the product严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。SupplypThe Supply FunctionnThe quantity supply depends on the selling price,the costs of production which depe

19、nd on technology,the cost of labor,and the cost of other inputs into the production process.pLaw of supplynsupply increased as the price increasedPP*P0Q*Q严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。pDeterminants of SupplynPrice of the productnThe number of sellers(providers,suppliers)nCo

20、sts of resources or productionnPrices of substitute goods(goods that are also produced or could be using similar resources)nPrice expectationsnTechnologynTaxes/subsidiesSupply严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Shifts in and Movements along Demand and Supply CurvespMovements alon

21、g demand and supply curves.沿着需求（供给）曲线移动nA change in the market price that simply increases or decreases the quantity supplied or demanded is represented by a movement along the curve.pShifts in demand and supply curves.需求（供给）曲线本身发生移动nA change in one of the independent variables other than price will

22、 result in a shift of the curve itself.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Shifts in Demand and Supply CurvesAn increase in demandPriceQuantityOriginal demandA decreasein demandOriginal supplyQuantityPriceA decrease in supplyAn increase in suppleChange in DemandChange in Supply严格

23、执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。ChangeinQuantityDemand ChangeinQuantitySuppliedP0P1Q0Q1PriceSupplyQuantityPriceDemandQ0Q1P0P1QuantityMovements along Demand and Supply Curves严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Market EquilibriumpEquilibrium price and the equi

24、librium quantitynWhen have a market supply and market demand curve for a good,we can solve for the price at which the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded.We define this as the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity.nE:market equilibrium.At the price,the quantity of supply=the quan

25、tity of demand.nD:买方对每个产量愿意支付的最高价格；S:卖方对每个产量愿意出售的最低价格;E:买方愿意支付的最高价格=卖方愿意出售的最低价格PQP*Q*EODS严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Movement toward EquilibriumpIf the price is above its equilibrium level,the quantity willingly supplied exceeds the quantity consumers are willing to purch

26、ase,and we have excess supply.Suppliers willing to sell at lower price will offer those prices to consumers,driving the market price down towards the equilibrium level.pIf the market price is below its equilibrium level,the quantity demanded at that price exceeds the quantity supplied,and we have ex

27、cess demand.Consumers will offer higher prices to compete for the available supply,driving the market price up towards its equilibrium level.SuppliersreduceproductioninresponsetodecliningpriceSupplyQuantitysuppliedat$600/tonQuantitydemandedat$600/tonDemand3,000Excesssupplydrivespricetowardequilibriu

28、m$600$500$/tonDemandSupplyQuantitydemandedat$400/tonQuantitysuppliedat$400/tonExcessdemanddrivespricetowardequilibriumSuppliersincreaseproductioninresponsetorisingprice3,000$500$400$/ton严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Changes in EquilibriaSE*E0D*DP0P0P*Q0Q*QS*E0E*DP0P*P0Q0Q*Q

29、S严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Change in both D and SChange in demandChange in supplyEffect on equilibrium PEffect on equilibrium QUnknown+Unknown-+Unknown-Unknown严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。EquilibriumPriceQuantityDemandSupplyPP0PExcess supplyEx

30、cess demandEquilibrium(E):no excess supply or demand严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。The Characteristics of EquilibriumpThere is no tendency for changenThe demand function and supply function stay the same or constant.pThe amounts demanded equal the amounts supplied(at the int

31、ersection of supply and demand).pThere is no surplus or shortage;the equilibrium price“clears”the market.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Price CeilingsPQSCeiling price(max)15258060DExcess demandCeiling Equilibrium P*P*Ps严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Price FloorsPrice floor will lead to:pSupplyoverdemandpCase:minimumwagecausesunemployment严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。谢谢观看精品PPT，下载后可编辑使用非常方便3/18/202338