聚合物与环境基础 精选文档.ppt

《聚合物与环境基础 精选文档.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《聚合物与环境基础 精选文档.ppt（24页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、聚合物与环境基础 本讲稿第一页，共二十四页 Lesson 1(1)Pyrolysis(2)Hydrocarbon(3)Biodegradable(4)Thermal penetration threshold(5)Dilute solution(6)Thermal degradation(7)Greenhouse effect Words热解；高温分解热解；高温分解碳氢化合物碳氢化合物生物降解的生物降解的热渗透阈值热渗透阈值稀溶液稀溶液 热降解热降解温室效应温室效应本讲稿第二页，共二十四页 Words(08)Specific surface area 比表面积比表面积 单位质量或体积物体的总表

2、面积：单位单位质量或体积物体的总表面积：单位cm2g-1或或cm2cm-3(09)Electrostatic precipitator 静电除尘器静电除尘器(10)Crystallinity 结晶度结晶度 Degree of crystallization 表示聚合物中表示聚合物中结晶区域结晶区域所占的比例，范围一般从所占的比例，范围一般从30-80%。测定方法：测定方法：1.密度法密度法：结晶度=(Va-V)/(Va-Vc)*100%Va-完全无定形聚合物的比容完全无定形聚合物的比容(specific volume)；Vc-完全结晶聚合物的比容；完全结晶聚合物的比容；V-试样的比容试样的比容

3、(密度的倒数密度的倒数)2.热分析法热分析法：Differential scanning calorimentry(DSC)3.X射线检测、核磁共振等，射线检测、核磁共振等，X-ray Diffraction(XRD)，Wide-angle x-ray diffraction(WAXD);single-angle x-ray diffraction(SAXD);本讲稿第三页，共二十四页 Words(11)Melting point 熔点熔点 The temperature below which a liquid turns into a solid.(12)Hydrophobic 疏水的；疏

4、水的；Hydrophilic亲水的亲水的 i.水是水是极性分子极性分子，所以亲水的几乎都是极性分子。，所以亲水的几乎都是极性分子。ii.十二烷基苯磺酸钠十二烷基苯磺酸钠(肥皂肥皂)肥皂去污原理示意图肥皂去污原理示意图本讲稿第四页，共二十四页 Words(13)Curing shrinkage rate 固化收缩率固化收缩率 (14)Dielectric constant 介电常数介电常数;Insulation Stealth 本讲稿第五页，共二十四页 Words(15)Microorganism 微生物微生物(16)Rectification 精馏精馏 The process of refin

5、ement or purification of a substance by distillation.Distillation:The process of purifying a liquid by evaporating it and condensing its vapors.A thermodynamics separation technique,in view of different boiling point.本讲稿第六页，共二十四页 Words(17)Catalyst 催化剂催化剂(18)Stress relaxation 应力松弛应力松弛 回弹应力随时间逐渐降低的现象回

6、弹应力随时间逐渐降低的现象:打包带变松、橡皮筋变松打包带变松、橡皮筋变松(19)Flocculant 絮凝剂絮凝剂(20)Volatile organic compound 挥发性有机化合物挥发性有机化合物(21)Raw material ratio 原材料配比原材料配比(22)Reaction yield 反应产率反应产率本讲稿第七页，共二十四页 Words(23)Engineering plastics 工程塑料工程塑料Polyformaldehyde,POM Polyphenyl ether,PPOPolyamide,PAPolycarbonate,PC Polyethylene gly

7、col terephthalate,PET 本讲稿第八页，共二十四页 WordsGeneral plastics 通用通用塑料塑料Polyethylene,PE Polypropylene,PP Polystyrene,PSPolrvinyl chloride,PVCAcrylonitrile butadiene-styrene resin,ABSABS(Anti-locked Braking System)-防抱死刹车系统防抱死刹车系统.本讲稿第九页，共二十四页 Words(24)Synthetic rubber合成橡胶合成橡胶(25)Chemical purification化学纯化化学纯

8、化(26)Flame retardant阻燃剂阻燃剂(27)Synergy 协同协同(28)Photochemical oxidants光化学氧化剂光化学氧化剂(29)Vacuum drying 真空干燥真空干燥(低于常压低于常压)本讲稿第十页，共二十四页 WordsVacuum drying oven1、放气阀；、放气阀；2、铭牌、铭牌3、真空表；、真空表；4、门拉手、门拉手5、温度控制器；、温度控制器；6、真空阀、真空阀7、抽气孔；、抽气孔；8、电源开关、电源开关9、电源指示灯；、电源指示灯；10、搁板、搁板11、观察窗、观察窗i.将箱门关上并将门拉手旋紧到位，关闭放气阀，开启真空阀将箱门

9、关上并将门拉手旋紧到位，关闭放气阀，开启真空阀(逆时针旋转逆时针旋转90o)ii.接通真空泵电源，开始抽气，当真空表指示值达到接通真空泵电源，开始抽气，当真空表指示值达到-0.1Mpa时，先时，先关闭真空阀后关闭真空泵电源关闭真空阀后关闭真空泵电源，以以防止真空泵机油倒流到干燥箱内防止真空泵机油倒流到干燥箱内，此时箱内处于真空状态。，此时箱内处于真空状态。本讲稿第十一页，共二十四页 Words(30)Rotary evaporator 旋转蒸发旋转蒸发(31)Centrifugal separation 离心分离离心分离(32)Dehydrator 脱水剂脱水剂(33)Thermostabil

10、ity 热稳定性热稳定性(34)Water-soluble 水溶性的水溶性的(35)By-products 副产品副产品(36)Relative molecular weight 相对分子量相对分子量(37)Quantitative analysis 定量分析定量分析(38)Polar molecule 极性分子极性分子(39)Exhaust gas 尾气尾气本讲稿第十二页，共二十四页 Words(40)Thermoset resin 热固性树脂热固性树脂 Synthetic resin,which can undergo a chemical reaction,cross-linked cu

11、re to be the not dissolved or melted materials,under heating&pressing,or with the aid of curing agent&UV-light.Advantage:great rigidity,high hardness,good temperature resistant,inflammable and excellent dimensional stability.Disadvantage:fragile Kinds:phenolic resin,urea resin,melamine-formaldehyde

12、resin,epoxy resin,unsaturated polyester,polyurethane and polyimide.本讲稿第十三页，共二十四页 Explain the following terms in English(1)Ion exchange Exchanging between ions in solid ion exchange and ions in dilute solution,in order to achieve the extraction or remove the purpose of some ions in the solution,is a

13、kind of mass transfer separation process unit operation.The strength of a solution;number of molecules of a substance in a given volume(expressed as moles/cubic meter)(2)Concentration Substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction(3)Catalyst(4)Precipitator Removes dust particles from ga

14、ses by electrostatic precipitation本讲稿第十四页，共二十四页 Answer the following questions in English(1)Please write out 3-4 kinds of polymerization methods Suspension polymerization;Precipitation polymerization;Emulsion polymerization;Seed emulsion polymerization;Atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP);Reve

15、rsible addition-fracture chain transfer polymerization(RAFT)Renewable resources:Solar energy;Geothermal energy;Hydroenergy;Wind energy;Biomass energy Potentially renewable resources:Trees;Grasses;Wildlife animals;Fresh lake&stream water;Groundwater;Fresh air;Fertile soil Unrenewable resources:Peat;C

16、oal;Petroleum;Natural gas;Metallic mineral;Unmetallic mineral(2)How many types can resources be divided into?What are?Give three examples of each type resource本讲稿第十五页，共二十四页 Answer the following questions in English(3)Please provide 3-5 kinds methods to analyze and characterize surface modification e

17、ffects of materials.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS,X光电子能谱仪光电子能谱仪 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.FTIR,傅立叶红外傅立叶红外 Thermo-gravimetric analyzer,TGA,热失重分析热失重分析 Zeta potential,Zeta电位电位 Contact Angles,接触角接触角 Scanning electron microscopy,SEM,扫描电子显微镜扫描电子显微镜 Atomic force microscope,AFM,原子力显微镜原子

18、力显微镜 X-ray diffraction.XRD,X衍射仪衍射仪本讲稿第十六页，共二十四页 Answer the following questions in English(4)Give four periodicals related to chemistry,polymer and environment Polymer,Carbon,Journal of Applied Polymer Science Chemical Journal of Chinese University,ACTA Polymerica Sinica ACTA Chimica Sinica,ACTA Scie

19、ntiae Circumstantiae Materials Review,Journal of Materials Science and Engineering Chinese Journal of Material Research Acta Materiae Compositae Sinaca Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry Journal of Functional Materials Polymer Materials Science&Engineering Environmental Science Chemical Industr

20、y and Engineering Progress本讲稿第十七页，共二十四页 Answer the following questions in English(5)What are the main technologies for industrial wastewater treatment?Give 2-3 examples of each type treatment technology.本讲稿第十八页，共二十四页 Answer the following questions in English(6)Give 4-6 examples of functional polymer

21、s you are interested.Ion exchange resin;Separation membrane Thermal conductivity Polymers;Photosensitive polymers Polymer catalyst;Super absorbent polymers Medical polymers;Liquid crystal polymer(7)Describe the types of inorganic constituents in wastewater Chlorides and Sulphates;Nitrogen and phosph

22、orous Carbonates and bicarbonates;Toxic substances(8)Give all the technologies of air pollution control Cyclones;Fabric Filters;Wet Scrubbers;Biofiltration本讲稿第十九页，共二十四页 Translate the following paragraphs into ChinesePlastics recycling:challenges and opportunities Plastics are inexpensive,lightweight

23、 and durable materials,which can readily be moulded into a variety of products that find use in a wide range of applications.As a consequence,the production of plastics has increased markedly over the last 60 years.However,current levels of their usage and disposal generate several environmental pro

24、blems.Around 4 percent of world oil and gas production,a non-renewable resource,is used as feedstock for plastics and a further 3-4%is expended to provide energy for their manufacture.A major portion of plastic produced each year is used to make disposable items of packaging or other short-lived pro

25、ducts that are discarded within a year of manufacture.本讲稿第二十页，共二十四页 Translate the following paragraphs into ChinesePlastics recycling:challenges and opportunities The two observations alone indicate that our current use of plastics is not sustainable.In addition,because of the durability of the poly

26、mers involved,substantial quantities of discarded end-of-life plastics are accumulating as debris in landfills and in natural habitats worldwide.Recycling is one of the most important actions currently available to reduce these impacts and represents one of the most dynamic areas in the plastics ind

27、ustry today.Recycling provides opportunities to reduce oil usage,carbon dioxide emissions and the quantities of waste requiring disposal.本讲稿第二十一页，共二十四页 Charpter 4 Solid Wastes and Disposol Sources and Types of Solid Sources of solid wastesTypes of solid wastes Disposal of Solid WastesLandfillingInci

28、nerationOther conversion processes本讲稿第二十二页，共二十四页 Lesson 2*Definition of solid wastes:Solid and muddy materials discarded in human producing and living.人类在生产和生活中丢弃的固体和泥状的物质，简称固废。人类在生产和生活中丢弃的固体和泥状的物质，简称固废。*Kinds of solid wastes:According to nature:organic matter and inorganic matter According to shape:solid(bulk,granulous and powdery)and muddy According to source:mining,industrial,life,agricultural and radioactive In addition,it can be divided into toxic and nontoxic.本讲稿第二十三页，共二十四页本讲稿第二十四页，共二十四页