水的特性与生物学意义精品文稿.ppt
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1、水的特性与生物学意义第1页,本讲稿共25页1 水的结构与特性1.结构:水是极性分子,能形成分子间氢键第2页,本讲稿共25页第3页,本讲稿共25页2.水的特性1)High boiling point(高沸点)Compare:CH4 16 CH3CH3 30 CH3CH2CH3 44 CH3CH2CH2CH3 58 CH3(CH2)3CH3 72 boiling point 36 but :water 18 boiling point 100 reason:n H2O(H2O)n+heat gas第4页,本讲稿共25页第5页,本讲稿共25页2)Water has high specific hea
2、t(高比热高比热)The polarity of water and the resulting hydrogen bonding among water molecules means that it takes much heat(one calorie)to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water just 1C.The hydrogen bonding has to be given a lot of energy to get them to vibrate and generate the temperature change.This pro
3、perty of water is called specific heat.It means that this liquid can absorb much heat from the various chemical reactions occurring in cells without temperature change;it is a heat buffer.It helps maintain an even body temperature.第6页,本讲稿共25页3)Water has a high latent heat of vaporization(高高汽化热汽化热)Am
4、ong liquids,water has the highest latent heat of vaporization(44 kJmol-1).This means that when water goes from liquid to gas it takes a lot of energy.This property can obviously be traced directly to hydrogen bonding again.As the highest energy molecules in the liquid achieve what it takes to move a
5、way as a gas,their energy is removed from the liquid and it gets cooler.We sometimes refer to this as evaporative cooling.This is a critical property in maintaining the temperature of dark green leaves essentially parked in sunshine.第7页,本讲稿共25页3)Water demonstrates cohesion and adhesion(内聚力和粘附力内聚力和粘附
6、力)内聚力(Cohesion):液体状况下同类分子间的吸引力叫内聚力,水的内聚力可达30MPa.粘附力(adhesion):液相与固相间的吸引力叫粘附力或附着力原因:水是极性分子,与其它极性分子形成氢鍵。若水与某物质的粘附力大于水的内聚力,则水可吸附在该物质上,该物质即为可湿的,或可浸润的;反之则不可湿或不可浸润。如水可浸润土壤(SiO32-)、滤纸、CO32-,SO42-等,而不可浸润石碏,石墨等。第8页,本讲稿共25页4)cohesion,adhesion and surface tension leads to capillarity(内聚力、粘附力和表面张力导致毛细现象)h=2Tcos
7、/rg=14.910-6/r 第9页,本讲稿共25页毛细作用对植物的重要性:1.土壤下层的水分可通过毛细作用上升,供植物利用。2.细胞壁的纤维素微纤丝间有空隙,形成很多小而弯曲的毛细管,这样可使植物的细胞壁通过毛细作用保持湿润。3.植物导管是一种水分可湿的毛细管,如把一根干树杆插入水中,水可上升一段距离(导管r=2040um,水可上升0.37 0.74m,但不要希望导管的毛细作用给植物供水,因毛细作用产生的前提是存在空气水界面,而导管和上下都 是完整的细胞,无空气水界面。)4.蒸腾时气孔下腔细胞间的毛细管产生的蒸腾拉力是水分上升的主要动力。第10页,本讲稿共25页第11页,本讲稿共25页5)W
8、ater is not compressible(水是不可压缩的水是不可压缩的)While gases can be compressed into smaller and smaller spaces,liquid water is not so compressible.Thus compression of water into a space surrounded by a cell wall produces turgor pressure.This form of hydraulic pressure is critical for cell growth,for the open
9、ing and closing of stomata,flow processes in translocation in the phloem,exchange of materials within and between cell compartments,and for the rigidity and support for herbaceous(not supported by lignin in wood)plants.Turgor keeps petals and leaves extended into the air and prevents wilting.第12页,本讲
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