作物需水量和灌溉用水量优秀PPT.ppt
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1、作物需水量和灌溉用水量作物需水量和灌溉用水量第1页,本讲稿共91页第一节第一节 作物需水量作物需水量 一、基本概念一、基本概念二、研究作物需水量的意义二、研究作物需水量的意义三、作物需水量的推求方法三、作物需水量的推求方法第2页,本讲稿共91页 一、一、基本概念基本概念1、作物需水量、作物需水量2、田间耗水量、田间耗水量第3页,本讲稿共91页1、作物需水量、作物需水量(Crop water requirement)植株蒸腾植株蒸腾Traspiration株间蒸发株间蒸发EvaporationThe evapotranspiration of a crop is the total amount
2、 of soil water used for transpiration by the plants and evaporation from the surrounding soil surface.The evapotranspiration is commonly expressed in millimetres of water used per day(mm/day)作物需水量作物需水量=植株蒸腾植株蒸腾+株间蒸发株间蒸发=腾发量腾发量Evapotranspiration(ET)第4页,本讲稿共91页作物根系从土壤中吸入体内,作物根系从土壤中吸入体内,通过叶片的气孔扩散到大气通过叶
3、片的气孔扩散到大气中去的水分中去的水分refers to themovement of water from the soil intoa plant,up the plant body,and out the plants leaves into the atmosphere.蒸腾(蒸腾(Transpiration)第5页,本讲稿共91页蒸腾(Transpiration)第6页,本讲稿共91页Transpiration takes place so quickly,that in a rainforest,water that is in the soil in the morning tr
4、avels into,up,and out of a tree in time to become rain in the afternoon.(This has prompted biologists to say that “rainforests make their own rain.”)蒸腾(Transpiration)第7页,本讲稿共91页植株间土壤或田面植株间土壤或田面蒸发的水分蒸发的水分refers to themovement of water from the soil surface or water surface in paddy field into the atm
5、osphereevaporation from the soil surface is at most equal but usually considerably less than evaporation from an open water surface蒸发(蒸发(Evaporation)第8页,本讲稿共91页2、田间耗水量、田间耗水量(Consumptive Use of Water)稻田耗水量稻田耗水量=作物需水量作物需水量+田间渗漏田间渗漏水稻田的渗漏水稻田的渗漏 Percolation in paddy fieldPercolation旱地耗水量旱地耗水量=作物需水量作物需水量
6、第9页,本讲稿共91页影响作物需水量的因素影响作物需水量的因素Factors Affecting Crop Water Requirement第10页,本讲稿共91页气象因素(气象因素(Climatic factors)lRadiation:supplies energy to evaporate water from liquid to vaporlAir temperature:determines how much water air can holdlHumidity:how much water is in the airlWind:how easily a molecule mov
7、es into the atmosphere第11页,本讲稿共91页lDesign new irrigation systems二、研究作物需水量的意义二、研究作物需水量的意义lschedule(operate)existing ones12第12页,本讲稿共91页Direct measurement(Lysimeters)三、作物需水量的确定三、作物需水量的确定Determining EvapotranspirationCalculated(equations)13第13页,本讲稿共91页1、作物需水量的观测、作物需水量的观测Measurement of Evapotranspiration
8、Lysimeter第14页,本讲稿共91页Measuring Crop ETInside view of weighinglysimeter3 m1995 SoybeanCrop第15页,本讲稿共91页2、作物需水量的计算、作物需水量的计算Calculation of ETl直接计算需水量直接计算需水量l通过计算参照作物需水量来计算实际通过计算参照作物需水量来计算实际作物需水量作物需水量第16页,本讲稿共91页直接计算作物需水量的方法直接计算作物需水量的方法以水面蒸发为参数的需水系数法以水面蒸发为参数的需水系数法)以产量为参数的需水系数法以产量为参数的需水系数法从影响作物需水量的主要因子(水面
9、蒸发、气温、从影响作物需水量的主要因子(水面蒸发、气温、湿度、日照、辐射等)中选择单因子或多因子,通湿度、日照、辐射等)中选择单因子或多因子,通过实测数据的相关分析,建立经验公式过实测数据的相关分析,建立经验公式第17页,本讲稿共91页直接计算作物需水量的方法以水面蒸发为参数的需水系数法以水面蒸发为参数的需水系数法Pan Evaporation Method某时段内的某时段内的作物需水量(作物需水量(mm)与ET同时段的水面蒸发量国内外都有较多应用,我国尤其在水稻地区国内外都有较多应用,我国尤其在水稻地区应用较多应用较多第18页,本讲稿共91页Etp=Epan*Pan factor(0.8)*
10、Crop factor Epan=Class A pan evaporation.This data is interpolated for each location based on data from major regional centres.Pan factor=Evaporation of water from a pan is affected by the pans dimensions,wind speed,humidity and the type of crop within the upwind fetch.The pan factor is typically 0.
11、8 but may range from 0.45 to 0.85.Crop Factor=Empirical ratios of crop to pan evaporation.Its value is indicative of the green leaf area of the vegetation.第19页,本讲稿共91页直接计算作物需水量的方法以产量为参数的需水系数法以产量为参数的需水系数法作物全生育期作物全生育期内总需水量(内总需水量(m3/亩)亩)需水系数需水系数作物单位面积作物单位面积产量(产量(kg/亩)亩)我国过去旱作地区应用较多,我国过去旱作地区应用较多,目前仍有少量应
12、用目前仍有少量应用第20页,本讲稿共91页阶段作物需水量阶段作物需水量某一生育阶段的作物需水量模比系数第21页,本讲稿共91页通过计算参照作物需水量来计算实际作物需水量参照作物需水量参照作物需水量Reference Evapotranspiration ET0土壤水分充足、地面完全覆盖、生长正常、高矮整齐的开阔土壤水分充足、地面完全覆盖、生长正常、高矮整齐的开阔(地块的长度和宽度都大于(地块的长度和宽度都大于200m)矮草地(草高)矮草地(草高8-15cm)上)上的腾发量的腾发量ETo is the rate of evapotranspiration from a large area,co
13、vered by green grass,8 to 15 cm tall,which grows actively,completely shades the ground and which is not short of water 第22页,本讲稿共91页计算参照作物需水量的方法有很多,最著名计算参照作物需水量的方法有很多,最著名的、应用最广泛的是的、应用最广泛的是Penman公式公式通过计算参照作物需水量来计算实际作物需水量Penman公式最早于公式最早于1948年提出年提出后来经过了不断的修改和完善后来经过了不断的修改和完善目前应用最多的是目前应用最多的是Penman-Monteit
14、h 公式公式23第23页,本讲稿共91页通过计算参照作物需水量来计算实际作物需水量Penman公式的基本原理公式的基本原理 能量平衡能量平衡到达地表的净辐射到达地表的净辐射Rn=到达地表的净短波辐射到达地表的净短波辐射Rns-地表向外发出的净长波辐射地表向外发出的净长波辐射Rls能量收入:能量收入:能量支出:能量支出:显热消耗显热消耗C潜热消耗潜热消耗E土壤增温土壤增温G第24页,本讲稿共91页SWLWExtraterrestrial Radiation RaRns Net shortwaveReflected SW=aRsRnl net longwaveRs global radiation
15、=(0.25+0.5.(n/N).RaNet radiation driving Et=Rn=(Rns-Rnl)通过计算参照作物需水量来计算实际作物需水量通过计算参照作物需水量来计算实际作物需水量25第25页,本讲稿共91页 Energy balance equationsNet RadiationSoil HeatingAir HeatingLatent Heat Evap26第26页,本讲稿共91页lTransfer of moisture away from leaf:Rate of transfer=potential/resistance第27页,本讲稿共91页第28页,本讲稿共91
16、页Rn=net radiation MJ m-2 d-1Rns=net shortwave radiation MJ m-2 d-1Radiation Term When radiation data are not available,the net radiation Rn can be estimated as follows:29第29页,本讲稿共91页Rnl=net longwave radiation MJ m-2 d-1Ra=extraterrestrial radiation MJ m-2 d-1N=relative sunshine fraction Tkx=maximum
17、temperature KTkn=minimum temperature Ked=actual vapour pressure kPa30第30页,本讲稿共91页where:Ra=extraterrestrial radiation ML m-2 d-1dr=relative distance Earth-Sundr=solar declination rad=latitude rads=sunset hour angle radExtraterrestrial Radiation(Ra)Extraterrestrial radiation is a function of the latit
18、ude and time of the year.Ra values can be obtained from tables(Table AI)or calculated as follows:31第31页,本讲稿共91页J=Julian day in the year For daily values,J can be determined by:If M 2,then J=J32第32页,本讲稿共91页lThe soil heat flux(G)is estimated for a daily periods(effective soil depth 0.18m)as follows:Fo
19、r monthly periods(effective soil depth 2.0 m)the soil heat flux(G)can be estimated as:Since the magnitude of daily soil heat flux over 10-30 day periods is relatively small,it normally can be neglected and thus G=033第33页,本讲稿共91页lSlope Vapour Pressure Curve(D)D=slope vapour pressure curve kPa oC-1T=a
20、ir temperature oC ea=saturation vapour pressure at temperature T kPa第34页,本讲稿共91页lSaturation Vapour Pressure ea=saturation vapour pressure kPaT=temperature oC第35页,本讲稿共91页lPsychrometric Constant=psychrometric constant kPa oC-1P=atmospheric pressure kPal=latent heat MJ kg-136第36页,本讲稿共91页lLatent Heat of
21、 Vaporisation =latent heat of vaporisation MJ kg-1T=air temperature oCAs the value of the latent heat varies only slightly with temperature a single value of lambda may be used,i.e.=2.45第37页,本讲稿共91页 lAtmospheric PressureAssuming atmospheric pressure at sea level Po=101.3 kPa:z=elevation above sea le
22、vel m38第38页,本讲稿共91页 Actual Vapour Pressure(ed)The average daily vapour pressure can be determined from:a.Hygrometer measurements of relative humidity(RH)daily at Tmax(early afternoon)and Tmin(early morning)as follows:(RH as decimal)at early morning:RHmax=maximum daily relative humidity%Tmin=minimum
23、daily temperature oCea(Tmin)=saturation vapour pressure at Tmin kPaat early afternoon:Rhmin =minimum daily relative humidity%Tmax =maximum daily temperature oCea(Tmin)=saturation vapour pressure at Tmax kPa第39页,本讲稿共91页b.If humidity data are lacking an estimate of vapour pressure can be made by assum
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