材料科学专业词汇.doc

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1、专业词汇钢steel钢种，钢号grade of steel铁屑scrap iron杂质impurity炉渣slag生铁pig iron平炉open hearth furnace转炉basic oxygen furnace, oxygen converter, converter高炉blast furnace电炉electric furnace冲天炉cupola高级碳素钢high grade carbon steel普通碳素钢plain carbon steel合金钢alloy steel特殊钢，特种钢special steel不锈钢stainless steel铸锭ingot模具die, mo

2、uld凝固solidify (v), solidification (n)轧制roll精加工fine finishing成分component, composition, constituent, ingredient碳carbon石墨graphite精炼refine熔化melt添加剂additive, addition铸造cast, foundry锻压forge焊接weld热处理heat treatment退火annealing正火normalizing淬火quench回火tempering沸腾钢rimmed steel镇静钢killed steel半镇静钢semikilled steel晶

3、体crystal晶粒grain粗晶coarse grain细晶fine grain非金属夹杂nonmetallic inclusion氧化物夹杂oxide inclusion疲劳极限endurance limit疲劳寿命fatigue life真空vacuum氧oxygen氢hydrogen铸铁cast iron力学性能mechanical property物理性能physical property强度strength硬度hardness塑性ductility韧性toughness缺口韧性notch toughness断裂韧性fracture toughness各向异性的anisotropic

4、各向同性的isotropic惰性气体inert gas压力容器pressure vessel有色金属nonferrous metal黑色金属ferrous metal喷丸处理shot blasting碳钢carbon steel低碳钢low carbon steel中碳钢medium carbon steel高碳钢high carbon steel弹簧spring元素element高速工具钢，高速钢high speed tool steel, high speed steel热作模具钢hot work die steel冷作模具钢cold work die steel表面surface界面in

5、terface晶界grain boundary表面光洁度surface finish磨光grinding抛光polishing磨损wear脆性brittleness白铁white iron灰铁gray iron可锻铸铁malleable iron球墨铸铁nodular iron抗拉强度tensile strength抗弯强度bending strength抗压强度compressive strength抗扭强度torsional strength抗剪强度shear strength疲劳强度fatigue strength冲击强度impact strength应力stress应变strain弹性

6、elasticity弹性极限elastic limit弹性模量modulus of elasticity压力compression张力tension交变应力alternating stress最大抗拉应力ultimate tensile stress屈服应力yield stress伸长率percentage elongation结构敏感性structure sensitive property压痕indentation压头indenter低温性能cryogenic property高温性能pyrogenic property晶体结构crystal structure体心立方body cente

7、red cubic面心立方face centered cubic密排六方hexagonal closest packing晶态crystalline state非晶态noncrystalline state, amorphous state电子electron原子核nucleus原子atom分子molecule离子ion晶体点阵crystal lattice显微镜microscope光学显微镜optical microscope扫描电子显微镜scanning electron microscope透射电子显微镜transmission electron microscope高分辨率透射电子显微

8、镜high resolution transmission electron microscope扫描隧道显微镜scanning tunneling microscope原子力显微镜atomic force microscopeX射线衍射法X-ray diffractionX射线荧光光谱法X-ray fluorescence spectroscopyX射线光电子谱X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy电子探针微区分析法electron probe microanalysis波谱法wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy能谱法en

9、ergy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy相phase相变phase transformation组织structure显微组织microstructure铁素体ferrite奥氏体austenite渗碳体cementite珠光体pearlite莱氏体ledeburite马氏体martensite贝氏体bainite索氏体sorbite托氏体，屈氏体troostite磁性的magnetic顺磁性的paramagnetic铁磁性的ferromagnetic临界温度critical temperature转变温度transformation temperature相图ph

10、ase diagram液相liquid phase固相solid phase液相线liquidus固相线solidus匀晶isomorphous共晶eutectic包晶peritectic亚共晶hypoeutectic过共晶hypereutectic共析eutectoid亚共析hypoeutectoid过共析hypereutectoid固溶体solid solution无限固溶体all proportional solid solution过饱和固溶体supersaturated solid solution硼化物boride碳化物carbide氮化物nitride氧化物oxide硫化物sul

11、phide溶解dissolve沉淀deposit析出precipitate偏析segregate析出强化，沉淀强化precipitation strengthening, precipitation hardening弥散强化dispersion strengthening体积膨胀volumetric expansion体积收缩volumetric contraction耐磨的wear resistant含量content碳含量carbon content金属metal陶瓷ceramic聚合物polymer颗粒particle, particulate纤维fibre晶须whisker表面处理s

12、urface treatment表面硬化case hardening渗碳carburizing渗氮nitriding碳氮共渗carbonitriding氮碳共渗nitrocarburizing氰化cyaniding高频淬火high frequency induction hardening中频淬火intermediate frequency induction hardening工频淬火power frequency induction hardening磷化phosphorization高温计pyrometer热电偶thermocouple等轴晶equiaxed grain柱状晶column

13、ar grain经度，经线longitude纬度，纬线latitude纵向的longitudinal横向的transverse垂直的，正交的perpendicular内力internal force外力external force平衡equilibrium静态平衡static equilibrium动态平衡dynamic equilibrium平衡方程equation of equilibrium抗力，阻力resistance, resisting force切面，剖面，截面section, cut section横截面cross section微分differential积分integral

14、坐标系coordinate system, system of axes坐标轴coordinate axis宏观的macroscopic微观的microscopic均匀的homogeneous, uniform非均匀的heterogeneous, inhomogeneous晶体学方向crystallographic direction样品，样本specimen, sample统计的，统计学的statistical统计学statistics复合材料composite颗粒增强复合材料particle reinforced composite纤维增强复合材料fibre reinforced comp

15、osites晶须增强复合材料whisker reinforced composites单晶single crystal粉末冶金powder metallurgy缺陷defect空位vacancy位错dislocation刃型位错edge dislocation螺型位错screw dislocation不全位错partial dislocation热加工hot working冷加工cold working挤压extrusion拉拔drawing深冲deep drawing应变速率，应变率strain rate回复recovery再结晶recrystallize (v), recrystalliz

16、ation (n)晶粒长大grain growth滑移slip蠕变creep形变织构deformation texture扩散diffusion气孔blowhole疏松porosity脱碳decarburize (v), decarburization (n)表面反应surface reaction炉内气氛furnace atmosphere氧化oxidation活泼金属reactive metal留余量make allowance尺寸公差dimensional tolerance上限upper limit下限lower limit上限温度ceiling temperature下限温度lowe

17、r temperature limit加工硬化strain hardening, work hardening低熔点组分low melting constituent热脆hot shortness过烧burning, overheating流变应力flow stress流变抗力flow resistance中间退火intermediate annealing应力松弛stress relief残余应力residual stress波动，起伏fluctuate温度起伏temperature fluctuation塑性变形plastic deformation金属切削metal cutting, m

18、etal removal形变热处理ausform力矩moment冶金metallurgy摩擦，摩擦力friction电荷electric charge导体conductor半导体semiconductor绝缘体insulator电阻resistance电阻率resistivity电导率conductivity能隙energy gap能级energy level能带energy band允带permitted band禁带forbidden band导带conduction band价带valence band满带filled band空带empty band费米能级Fermi level本征半

19、导体intrinsic semiconductor非本征半导体extrinsic semiconductor施主能级donor level受主能级acceptor level电容capacitance电感inductance介电性dielectricity极化polarize电子极化electronic polarization离子极化，原子极化ionic polarization, atomic polarization分子极化，取向极化molecular polarization, orientation polarization磁矩magnetic moment轨道磁矩orbital m

20、agnetic moment自旋磁矩spin magnetic moment磁滞回线magnetic hysteresis loop择优取向preferred orientation二辊式轧机two high mill可逆式二辊轧机two high reversing mill行星式轧机planetary mill刚度rigidity刚性stiffness轧出速度delivery speed酸洗pickle屈服平台yield point elongation拉伸应变stretcher strain辊矫roller leveling拉矫stretcher leveling开式模锻open die

21、 forging闭式模锻close die forging自由锻hammer forging精密锻造precision forging飞边flash倒角fillet缩颈web凸缘rib动能kinetic energy势能potential energy热力学thermodynamics动力学dynamics, kinetics冲程stroke振动vibration液压机hydraulic press偏心曲柄eccentric crank正挤压direct extrusion反挤压indirect extrusion挤压筒container挤压垫dummy block, pressure pla

22、te, follower pad顶杆mandrel同心度concentricity难熔金属refractory metal薄板成形sheet metal forming润滑lubricate断口fracture裂纹crack扩展，增殖propagate穿透penetrate冲杆punch副产物outgrowth曲线curve曲率curvature弹性后效springback翘曲warp起皱wrinkle变形过程deformation process机加过程machining process机械学mechanics机床machine tool主运动primary motion进给运动feed m

23、otion镗boring刨shaping, planing铣milling引用cite机械工程mechanical engineering电气工程electrical engineering化学工程chemical engineering土木工程civil engineering船舶设计师naval architect石油petroleum太阳能电池solar cell工业纯commercially pure化学纯chemically pure分析纯analytically pure原子量atomic weight原子质量单位atomic mass unit原子间距interatomic di

24、stance长程有序long range order短程有序short range order晶胞unit cell配位数coordination number致密度packing factor正方晶系，四方晶系tetragonal正交晶系，斜方晶系orthorhombic热振动thermal agitation, thermal vibration热膨胀系数thermal expansion coefficient校准calibrate斜率slope, gradient定向键合directional bond热容heat capacity熔解热heat of fusion原子间键intera

25、tomic bond置换固溶体substitutional solid solution间隙固溶体interstitial solid solution过冷supercool过冷度degree of supercooling溶质solute溶剂solvent同素异形体allotrope, polymorph酸acid腐蚀etch, corrode (v), corrosion (n)镜面反射specular reflection定性的qualitative定量的quantitative半定量的semiquantitative交点intersection point, crossing poin

26、t放大倍数magnification阶乘factorial指数exponent阶乘增长factorial increase指数增长exponent increase溶解度solubility固溶度solid solubility金属化合物metallic compound金属间化合物intermetallic compound青铜bronze黄铜brass内插法interpolation外推法extrapolation环境温度，周围温度ambient temperature横坐标abscissa纵坐标ordinate杠杆定理，杠杆定律lever law, lever rule化学计量stoic

27、hiometric非化学计量nonstoichiometric固溶强化solution strengthening固溶处理solution treatment时效强化，时效硬化aging strengthening, aging hardening相分离phase separation偏聚clustering枝晶dendrite正常偏析normal segregation宏观偏析macrosegregation显微偏析microsegregation扩散退火，均匀化退火diffusion annealing, homogenization annealing衍射花样diffraction pa

28、ttern比容specific volume比热specific heat capacity势阱potential well键能，结合能bond energy原子晶体atomic crystal分子晶体molecular crystal一次键，主价键primary bond二次键，次价键secondary bond本征特性intrinsic property晶核crystal nucleus形核nucleation自发形核spontaneous nucleation黏性的viscous黏度viscosity弛豫relaxation析晶，失透，反玻璃化devitrification透明的transparent半透明的translucent