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1、 Chapter3P1213 The public provision (federal, state, and local government units) of highways has played a major role in the development of the motor carrier because of the ubiquitous level of accessibility provided by the comprehensive U.S. highway system.3 公共公路（联邦，州和地方政府的）在汽车承运的发展中起到了重要的作用，因为美国公路系统

2、提供了全面而又无处不达的水平。4 The private carrier is a very important part of the motor carrier industry and a viable option to large and small companies requiring special services, such as grocery or food deliveries. The need of U.S. industry for dependable and controlled service has also contributed to the dev

3、elopment.4私营运营商是汽车承运行业一个非常重要的部分，对于要求特殊服务的大型和小型企业而言，它是一个不错的选择。如杂货店或食物配送，美国产业界对可靠而又可控的服务的需求也促使了这种发展。6 one of the manifestations of deregulation has been the tremendous growth in the TL segment of the motor carrier business, especially among the small truckload carriers, which has significantly escalat

4、ed the degree of intramodal competition.6撤销管制的表现之一就是汽车承运行业里的整车运输已经有了极大的发展，尤其是小型卡车运营商，这种做法已极大地加剧了行业内的竞争程度。7 The LTL segment of the motor carrier industry has experienced increase concentration; that is, the larger carriers have generated a larger share of the total tonnage, as they aggressively expan

5、ded and marketed their services.7汽车承运行业里的零担运输逐渐受到关注，也就是说，大型运营商占有了总吨位中的较大份额，因为他们积极拓展和推广他们的服务。8 the motor carrier industry plays a major role in the movement of manufactured and food products (ie . , higher-valued, time-sensitive traffic) because of its generally higher quantity of service compared to

6、 other modes of transportation.8汽车承运行业在制造和食品（即，价值较高的，时间敏感的流量）流通中起着重要的作用，因为和其他运输模式相比其服务质量普遍较高。9 the general service characteristics of motor carriers including accessibility, speed, reliability, frequency, and lower loss and damage rates, have given motor carriers an advantage over other modes.9汽车运营商

7、一般的服务特点包括可访问性，速度，可靠性，频率，和较低的丢失和损坏率，这些特点使它优于其他模式。10 motor carriers offer a variety of equipment for use by shippers that reflect the distance of service and customer requirements.10汽车运营商提供各种各样的设备供托运人使用，这反映了服务的距离和客户需求。11 the cost structure of motor carriers is dominated by variable costs largely due t

8、o the carriers ability to utilize a publicly provided right-of-way (highways) where payments is based upon user charges such as fuel taxes and licenses.11汽车运营商的成本结构主要是由可变成本构成的，由于运营商可以使用公共提供的公路，在这儿支付能力是以客户收费为基准的，如燃料税及牌照费。12 labor cost are an important element of the motor carrier industry, which tend

9、s to be much more labor intensive than other modes. Increased equipment size and more nonunion drivers have lessened the impact of wage costs during the 2000s.12劳动成本是汽车承运行业一个重要的因素，这个行业比其他模式倾向于具有更多的劳动密度。在21世纪，设备尺寸的增加和更多未入工会的司机已经减小了工资成本的影响。 Chapter4P1513 Intermodal competitions for railroads has incre

10、ased dramatically since Word War two, but the level of intramodal competition has decreased as the number of Class one railroads has decreased. The increased intermodal competition has led to more rate competitions。3 自二战以来联运铁路的竞争已经急剧增加，但是随着一级铁路数量的下降竞争态势有所下降。联运竞争的增加已经导致了更多的利率竞争。 5 in recent years ,th

11、e railroads has become more specialized in terms of the traffic they carry, with the emphasis being on low-value , high-density, bulk products, however, there is some evidence of a resurgence of selected manufactured products such as transportation equipment.5 ，近年来，就使用的交通而言铁路变的更具专业化，由于对低价值，高密度，散装产品的

12、强调。然而，有一些证据，即选定制成品的复兴。如交通运输设备。7 intermodal service (TOFC/COFC) has received renewed interest since 1980, and there has been a dramatic growth in the movement of such traffic by railroads.联运服务（拖车平板车/ 集装箱平板车 ）自1980年以来就受到了关注，并且在铁路这样的运输中有了极大的增长。8 long-distance truckload carriers and other motor-carrier

13、companies such as UPS have also begun to use rail intermodal service.8长途卡车运营商和其他汽车承运公司，如UPS公司也开始使用铁路联运服务。9 the railroads have a high level of proportion of fixed costs because they provide their own right-of-way and terminal facilities. Because the large railroads are multistate operators, the amoun

14、t of fixed expenditures is significant.9 铁路具有较高比例的固定成本，因为他们提供的是自己拥有的使用权和站台设施。又因为大型铁路是各州运营商，因此固定费用是显著的。10 the cost of labor is the single most important component of variable costs for railroads, but the railroad industry has been striving to reduce labor costs on a relative basis by eliminating work

15、 rules that were a carryover from another era. 10劳动成本是铁路可变成本中的一个重要的组成部分，但铁路行业一直在努力，以减少劳动成本在相对的基础上，通过消除工作规则，这是一个来自另一个时代的结转。11 the high level of fixed costs helps give rise to economies of scale in the railroad industry, which can have a dramatic impact upon profits when the volume of traffic increase

16、s.11在铁路行业固定成本的较高水平有助于引起规模经济，当流量增加时这对利润有巨大的影响。 13 a number of important issues are facing railroads at present, including substance abuse, energy, technology, small railroads and local drayage.13目前，铁路正面临大量的重要问题，包括滥用药物，能源，技术，小铁路和当地拖运， 。 Chapter5P1762 the airline industry is dominated by revenue from p

17、assenger service, but air freight revenue is growing in importance.2 ，航空业是客运服务收入为主，但空运收入的重要性与日俱增。3 both private and for-hire carriers operator as part of the airline industry, but private carrier service is predominantly passenger movement.3自由和租赁运营商，都是航空业的一部分，但自由运营商的服务主要是客运。4 for- hire carriers can

18、be classified based on service offered (all-cargo, air taxi, charger, etc.) or annual operating revenue (majors, nationals, or regionals).4 自由租赁人可以根据提供的服务（货运，空中的士，装料机，等）和年营业收入（主要的，全国性的，地区的）分类。7 deregulation of airlines was rationalized to some extend with the argument that an increase followed by a

19、decrease; today the number is higher.7航空公司的放松管制从一定程度上是合理的，这些参数增加后又降低了，今天的数量较高。8 airlines are unique in that they face limited intermodal competition, but intramodal competition is very keen in terms of pricing and service and has been exacerbated by unused capacity.8 航空公司是独特的，因为他们面对有限的多式联运竞争，但态内的竞争在

20、价格和服务方面十分激烈，并且已加剧了未使用的容量。9 airline service competition is usually in terms of frequency and timing of flights, but special passenger services and programs are important.9航空服务的竞争通常是在航班的频率和时间方面，但特殊旅客服务和方案是重要的。10 the express portion of air freight has grown dramatically. A growing number of commodities

21、 use air freight service, and increased growth is expected.10空运快递部分有已大幅增长。越来越多的商品使用空运服务，并提高了增长预期。11 speed is the major advantage of airlines for both passengers and freight, but the airlines speed of service has been offset recently by congestion and fewer flights.11速度是客运和货运的主要优势，但最近这种优势服务已被拥挤和较少的航班

22、所抵消了。12 the higher cost of airline service can be a trade-off against lower inventory and warehousing costs, as well as other logistics-related savings.12航空公司服务的高成本，可以用来降低库存和仓储成本以及其他物流相关的储蓄。14 airlines usually provide service for small shipments where value is high and /or the product may be（ perish

23、able易腐的）.14 航空公司通常为高价值的小批量货物和/或易腐的产品提供服务。15 airlines offer a generally reliable /consistent service, but their accessibility is limited.15 航空公司提供了一个可靠的/一致的服务，但它们的可访问性是有限的。19 fuel and labor costs are important expense categories for airlines and have received much managerial attention. The low fuel c

24、ost of the late 1990s helped the airlines improve their profitability; today, however, rising fuel prices are having a negative impact on industry profits.19燃料和劳动力成本是航空公司重要的开支类别，并获得了很多管理注意。 20世纪90年代末的低燃料成本有助于航空公司提高其盈利能力;然而，今天，燃料价格上涨对行业利润有了负面影响。20 economies of scale and economies of density exist in

25、the airline industry, making lager-scale carriers usually more efficient, based on equipment, markets, and communications.20 在航空业存在着经济规模和经济密度，使大规模的运营商在设备、市场和通信的基础上通常更高效。22 airline safety is a very important issue, but overall airlines have a good record.22 航空安全是一个非常重要的问题，但整体航空公司有一个良好的记录。 Chapter 6P2

26、043 the domestic water carrier system can be classified in terms of inland carriers (rivers, canals, and Great Lakes) and costal/ intercostals carriers, all three of which are vital to water transportation.3 国内的水输送系统可分为内陆承运人（河流，运河和大湖）和沿海/沿海间的运营商，这三种是重要的水上运输4 intramodal competitions among water carri

27、ers is not as important as intermodal competition, especially railroads and pipelines.4水运营商间的行业内竞争是和行业间竞争不一样重要的，尤其是铁路和管道。5 Water carriers offer low-cost services, but their transit time is slow and can be interrupted by weather conditions. Accessibility and potential product damage are also service

28、disadvantages.5 水运营商提供低成本的服务，但运输时间是缓慢的而且可被天气状况所中断。便利性和潜在的产品损坏也是服务的缺点。6 water carriers have relatively low fixed costs because they use a right-of-way provided by the government for which they pay user charges like motor carriers and airlines.6 水运营商有相对较低的固定成本，因为他们的使用权是由政府提供的为此他们支付用户收费和汽车运营商和航空公司一样。12

29、 the ownership by oil companies has continued to the present, but some oil pipelines are owned by non-oil companies. Also, joint ownership by several companies has become common because of the large investment of capital necessary.12 油公司的所有权一直持续到现在，但一些石油管道是非油公司拥有的。此外，由几家公司共同拥有所有权已习以为常，因为大量资本投资的必要。13

30、 the pipeline industry is a component of our transportation industry (more than 20 percent of intercity ton-miles), but it is largely invisible to many people.13 管道行业是我国交通运输行业的一个组成部分（超过20 的城际吨英里） ，但它在很大程度上是很多人看不到的。15 pipelines are very specialized in terms of commodities that they carry. Most of the

31、 traffic is oil and oil products, but they also carry natural gas, chemicals, and coal. 15 管道是非常专业的就它们所携带的商品而言。运送的大部分是石油和石油产品，但它们也运送天然气、化工产品和煤炭。18 pipeline services are slow and have limited accessibility, but it is also very reliable with little or no loss and damage.18 管道服务是缓慢的，便利性是有限的，但也是很可靠的，很少或

32、根本没有损失和损害。19 intercity pipeline services are provided by large-diameter (30-50 inches) pipelines called trunk lines. Small-diameter pipelines, called gathering lines, are used to bring the oil from the producing area to the terminals for storage before processing and or transporting.19 大口径管道（30-50英寸

33、）又称干线管道提供市际管道服务。小口径管道称支线管道在处理和运送前把油从产地到终端存储。21 although there is always some concern about safety and the environment, pipelines have been a relatively safe mode of transportation.21 虽然总是有一些有关安全和环境的担忧，但管道已是相对安全的运输模式。 Chapter7P2261 the transportation user is not （confined 有限的） to firms and services o

34、f the basic modes. Carriers that appear as（ hybrids 混合的） of these modes, as well as special forms within each, are also available forms of transportation service.1 运输用户并不局限于公司和服务的基本模式。在那些模式中也出现了混合的和特殊形式的运营商，对于每一种都是可使用的运输服务形式。2 regulatory changes governing air, motor, rail, and household goods transp

35、ortation aided the development of the special carriers.2航空、汽车、铁路和家用货物运输的监管变化促进了特殊承运商的发展。3 Intermodal transportation involves the joint efforts of two or more modes to complete the through movement. The most common forms of intermodal include piggyback (rail-truck), water-rail (container on flatcar),

36、 and truck-air. The container improves the freight （interchange 交换） efficiency between the modes and enhances the value of intermodal service.3 多式联运在两种或两种以上的模式的共同努力下完成整个活动。最常见的形式包括驮运（铁路及货车运输） ，水路和铁路（集装箱平板车） 和陆空联运。集装箱改善这些模式间的货物交换效率和提高联运服务的价值。 Chapter8P2544 ocean carriers consist of liners, tramps, an

37、d private carriers. Liners or conference carriers offer scheduled services over fixed routes at a published rate. Tramp carriers follow the trade with no fixed schedules or rates. the private carriers are ships operated by the firm moving the goods, which are usually basic raw materials moving in la

38、rge quantities.4远洋运输商包括班轮、不定期货轮以及私营运营商。班轮商或者会议承运商根据发布的费率提供定期定路线的服务，而不定期的承运商却没有固定的日期和费率，私营运营商的船舶有那些运送这些货物的企业所经营，这些货物通常是大量的原材料。5 air carriers offer low transit times and high rates. Four types of air carriers exist: air parcel post, express or courier service, passenger, and all cargo.5 航空运营商提供较低的运输时间

39、和高费率。有四种类型的航空承运人：航空邮包，快递服务，客运，和货运。6 ancillary service companies provide numerous functions to assist the international shipper. These companies provide technical expertise, freight consolidation, vehicle booking, and other services that offer users lower cost and improved service.6 配套服务公司，提供多种功能，以协助国际托运人。这些公司提供技术专长，拼箱，车辆预订，并提供用户降低成本和改善服务的其他服务。9 port authorities are state or local government agencies that own, operate, finance, or provide services at local ports and /or airports.9 港口管理机关是，拥有、经营、财务核算或在本地港口或机场提供服务的国家或地方的政府机构。