大学英语备考语法复习精华.doc

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1、大学英语备考语法复习精华一、时态、语态 时态、语态需要掌握的要点：1.表达将来时的形式：(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：Ill tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)比较：Ill tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如： See to it that you include in the

2、 paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time. (include 不能用will include或其他形式)2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。 如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door. Between 1897 and 1919 at leas

3、t 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced. (表示1919年时已发生的情况)(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时(will have done)。如： By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. I hope her health will have improved greatly by th

4、e time we come back next year.(3) by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时, 如：The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19

5、th century. 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。It is four years since John left school.(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如： It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.(5)在no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen句型中，主句常用过去完成时。3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下

6、去。如： The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.时态、语态答题思路：(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。二、不定式1.不定式做主语(1) 引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不 定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：absurd, bold

7、, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong如：Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy. Its clever of you to

8、 have invented such a device.(2)不定式做主语补足语：掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。如：be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth.2.不定式做宾语掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve,

9、request, swear, tend, venture如：Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.3.不定式做定语(1) 被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。 如：the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定

10、式做定语。如：tendency to dotend to do, decision to dodecide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： ambition to do “干的雄心”be ambitious to do“有雄心干” curiosity to do “对的好奇心”be curious to do“对好奇” ability to do“做的能力”able to do“有能力

11、做” According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (运动)，effort等。如：

12、I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus. We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.(5)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如： Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be

13、 improved.4.不定式做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)结构引导目的状语，so as to不能置于句首。(2)soas to, suchas to, enoughto, tooto结构做程度状语。如： The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, dont have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together. The voc

14、abulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。 常见的不定式动词有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如： Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to

15、 find it locked.(4)not/never too to, too not to, but/only tooto, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义。如： I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。三、动名词1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, confess, consider, delay, deny, e

16、njoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.2.动名词做介词短语考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：object to, resort t

17、o, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, preferto, see to, set to, take to, in add

18、ition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to四、分词分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清楚： 现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。 过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如： A. Its easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague chan

19、ges taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place.) B. There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave.) C. How many of us attending, say, a meeting th

20、at is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion? (相当于How many of us who will attend.)(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如： A. Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. (相当于recapture of the port

21、which had been announced) B. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out. (相当于each new phone which is added to) C. The author gave a detailed description based on his pers

22、onal observation of nature. (相当于description which was based on)(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come如：an escaped prisoner一个逃犯a retired worker一位退休工人 a faded cu

23、rtain一个褪了色的窗帘a newly arrived student一个新来的学生2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式(1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：Having completed one task, we started on another one. (complete先于start之前发生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered ins

24、ufficiently popular with all members.There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.(3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.Anna was reading a piece of science fi

25、ction, completely lostto the outside world.(4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.(5)表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, ea

26、ch making one major point in contrast with the other. Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.3.分词的独立主格结构分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。如：All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.Darkness setting

27、 in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.五、非谓语动词的其他考点1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事)mean doing意味(做某事) propose doing建议(做某事)forget to do忘记(要做的事) remember to do记得(要做某事)forget doing忘记(已做的事) remember doing记得(已做过的事)go on to do继而(做另一件事) stop to do停下来去做另一件事go on d

28、oing继续(做原来的事) stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾 regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔2.不定式的习惯用法句型：cannot help but do cannot but docannot choose but do can do nothing but dohave no choice/alternative but to do上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如：Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into w

29、hich he is taken by the science fiction. When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.3.动名词的习惯用法句型： be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. Its no good/use/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderfu

30、l time doing sth. spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. cannot help doing sth. There is no doing sth.I know it isnt important but I cant help thinking about it.Alice was having trouble controlling the children because there were so many of them.There is no use cryi

31、ng over spilt milk.4.there be 非谓语动词的用法(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be，做其他状语用there being。如：A. For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in

32、the discussion itself by all present.(for there to be在句中做目的状语)B. It isnt cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safely. (for there to be在句中做程度状语) C. There being no further questions, well stop here today. (there being做原因状语)(3)引导主语用for there to be。如：It is unusu

33、al for there to be no late comers today.(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用there being。如： He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.虚拟条件句主句与现在事实相反的假设A、If+主语+（did,动词be用were)B、could +do主语+would,might,could，shoulddo与过去相反的假设A、If+主语+had +doneB、could +have done主语would, might, c

34、ould，shouldhave done与将来相反的假设1、If+主语+did2、If+主语+were to+do 3、If+主语+should +do4.、could +do主语would might, could，shoulddo2.用介词代替条件状语从句有with, without, but for, only for(要不是), what if(如果将会如何)， in case of, even, otherwise, but, or, 如： (1)、与过去事实相反 would have done We couldnt have finished the work ahead of t

35、ime without your help. (=if we hadnt got your help) 没有你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。 Without your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. = But for your help, = If it had not been for your help, = Had it not been for you help, 没有你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。 (2）、与将来事实相反 would do Without the sun, nothing w

36、ould grow. 如果没有太阳，万物就不会生长。 (3）与现在事实相反 would do 3.含蓄条件句 a.有时在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而是通过其他手段来代替条件句。如： I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting. (副词) unfortunately He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it. (连词) A man who stopp

37、ed drinking water would be dead in about seven days. (定语从句) I might have given you more help, but I was too busy. (连词) Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly. (独立主格结构)b.介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如：But for the English

38、examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.C. intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+ 不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.even if, even though也可用于虚拟语气，其形式与if 从句在虚拟语气中的形式相同。 4. 分词引导虚拟语气你 +woul

39、d do 不定式 + would +do5. 虚拟语气在名词从句中(1.)在由suggest, demand, require, request, insist, order, command, propose等表示建议、请求、命令、愿望等动词或其同根词引出的名词从句中，名词从句虚拟句的谓语变化的形式只有一条规律名词从句虚拟句无论其主句的谓语动词时何种形式，从句的谓语形式均为should+动词原形，其中should可以省去。（特别提醒：不是用would,而是用should。）常见的这类动词有: ask要求, advise, beg, suggest建议, command命令, demand要求

40、，request请求, insist, require要求, order下令, propose, advice, recommend, intend, prefer宁愿, permit, persuade, expect, decide决定, instruct, object, determine, urge, appoint等等Our teacher suggested that we (should) not leave the classroom. 老师建议我们不要离开教室。He insisted that she do it right now. 他坚持她马上就做。在It is/was

41、 +上述动词的-ed形式+that从句中It is suggested by the doctor that I should give up smoking. 医生建议我戒烟。当上述动词以其名词形式出现，并且被用作主语，引导一个表语从句或者同位语从句时My suggestion is that we (should) set out tomorrow morning. 我建议我们明早动身。The suggestion that the sports meeting (should) put off (2.) 在It is /was necessary, important、必要、重要、吃惊建

42、议、要求等形容词+that从句中，常见的这类形容词有:necessary, important, essential, vital, advisable, urgent, desirable, natural, strange, imperative等It is necessary that you should attend the meeting. 你有必要参加会议。It is imperative that you arrive there in time. 你必须按时到达那儿。在It is a pity (a shame, no wonder)+that从句中It is a pity

43、that you fail the exam.It is no wonder he be late for class.(3)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, comman

44、ded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested如：The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away. It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.(4)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, p

45、roposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding如：John Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.They kee

46、p telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.(5）虚拟语气的其他用法在wish后面的宾语从句中对现在的虚拟，从句的谓语didI wish I were a little younger.我希望我能够年轻一点。对过去的虚拟，had done/ could have doneI wish I had been there. 我真希望我当时在那里。I wish I had not attended that party. 我真希望我当时没参加那个聚会。对将来的虚拟，would/could+do I wish he could explain what he