高等教育自学考试英语词汇学第一章到第八章必背考点课件.ppt

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1、English lexicology review 1-8Chapter 1 Basic concepts of words and vocabularyIn this chapter,you will studyThe relation between sound and meaningThe relation between sound and formThe relation between words and vocabularyVocabulary claasificationWord-A word is a minimal free form of a language that

2、has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.relationship between the sound and meaningThere is no logical relationship between the sound and meaning.The relationship between them is arbitrary and conventional.relationship between the sound and formIn the earliest stage of English,the writte

3、n form agreed with the oral form.In other words,the sound was similar to the form.The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.a).the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b).Pronunciation has changed more rap

4、idly than spellingc).Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.(printing freezed the spelling of words in 1500)d).English Borrowed words from other languages.vocabularyVocabulary-all the words in a language make up its vocabulary.The general estimate of the present-day English vocabu

5、lary is over 1 million words.claassification of wordsThe English vocabulary can be classified by different criteria and for different purposes.Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency,into content words and functional words by notion,and into native words and

6、 borrowed words by origin.basic word stock and nonbasic vocabularyThe Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock:1)All National character（全民性most important）2)Stability（稳定性）3)Productivity（多产性）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（搭配性）Non-basic vocabulary-(1)Terminology(术语)(2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot

7、（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言)(6)Archaisms（古语）(7)Neologisms（新词语）content words and functional wordsBy notion,words can be grouped into content words and functional words.Content words(notional word)denote clear notions.Functional word(empty word,form word)do not have notions of their own,express the rela

8、tion between notions,words and sentences.Chapter 2The Development of the English Vocabulary In this chapter,you will learn:Language family(语系),language group(语族)the three periods of the development of English vocabulary(英语词汇发展的三个阶段)Three modes of modern English vocabulary development(现代英语词汇发展的三种模式)T

9、he Indo-European family is made up of most of the language of Europe,the Near East,and India.The Indo-European language family fall into 8 principal groups，(语族）which can be grouped into an Eastern set,and a Western set.old English(450-1150)Old English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words.I

10、t was a highly inflected language just like modern German.middle English(1150-1500)Middle English was one of leveled ending.modern English(1500-up to now)Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England.early modern English(1500-1700)late modern English(1700-up to now)In modern Eng

11、lish,word endings were mostly lost.English has evolved from a synthetic language sinetik 综合性语言(Old English)to the present analytic language nltk 分析性语言.summaryThe Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary1.Old English Period or The Anglo-Saxon Period(450-1100)Old English has a vocabulary

12、of about 50000 to 60000 words.It was a highly inflected language2 Middle English Period(1150-1500)English,Latin and French existed side by side.Middle English was one of leveled endings.3 Modern English Period(1500-now):Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England.early modern

13、English(1500-1700)late modern English(1700-up to now)English absorbs words from all major languages of the world.In Modern English,word endings were mostly lost.growth of present-day English vocabularyThere are three main sources of new words:1.The rapid development of modern science and technology;

14、2.Social,economic and political changes;3.The influence of other cultures and languages.modes(模式)of vocabulary developmentModern English vocabulary develops through three channels:creation,semantic change,borrowing.Chapter 3 word formation构词法In this chapter,you will learn:Definition of morpheme,morp

15、h,allomorphTypes of morphemeThe difference between root and stemMorpheme(词素)-the minimal meaningful unit of a language.3.3 types of morphemesFree morphemes（自由词素）Bound morphemes（粘附词素）a free morpheme refers to a morpheme that can stand alone.bound morpheme refers to a morpheme that accurs with at leas

16、t one other morpheme.The types of morphemes free morpheme=free rootMorpheme bound root prefix bound morpheme derivational affix suffix inflectional Chapter 4 word formation The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation.affixationcompoundingconversionshorteningblendi

17、ngBack-formationWords from proper nounsWord-formationprefixationsuffixationAffixation词缀法Compounding复合法Conversion转类法Shortening缩略法Blending缩合法Back-formation逆生法Words from proper nouns专有名词转化法Word-formation 构词法Prefixation前缀法Suffixation后缀法Affixation is the formation of new words by adding derivatonal affix

18、es to stems.prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words from one class t

19、o another class.Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words from one class to another class.Adj.N.Fully convertedPartially convertedBlending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus part of another word.Clipping is to shorten a longer word by cutt

20、ing a part off the original and using what remains.Acronymy is the process of forming new words by jioning the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.Initialisms are words prounced letter by letterAcronyms are words prounced as a no

21、rmal wordBack-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Noun compoundsAdjective compoundsVerb compoundscompoundingn.+n.(moon walk)n.+v.(toothache)n.+v-ing(brainwashing)v.+n.(crybaby)a.+a.(deaf-mute)a.+v-ing(easy-going)Num.+n.(four-leg)Through conversion(honeymoon)Th

22、rough backformation(chain-smoke)Conversion to nouns vn.(want/find)fully converted(white)an.partially converted(poor)conversion nv.(to pocket)Conversion to verbs a.v(wet/yellow)shorteningclippingacronymyInitialisms(VOA)Acronyms(NATO)Front clipping(telephone)Back clipping(dormitory)Front and back(infl

23、uenza)Phrase clipping(popular music)head+tail(motel-motor+hotel)haed+haed(telexteleprinter+exchangeBlending head+word(medicare-medical+care)word+tail(workfarework+welfare)Abstract nouns(emote-emotion)Human nouns(sculpt-sculptor)Back-formation Compound nouns(babysit-babysitter)Adjectives(laze-lazy)Th

24、e most productive ways are affixation,compounding and conversion.Chapter 5 word meaningA word is the combination of form and meaning.Form-both its pronunciation and spellingReference is the relationship between language and the worldConcept,which is beyond language,is the result of human cognition,r

25、eflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense denotes the relationship inside the language.Every word that has meaning has sense.Motivation 理据 onomatopoeic motivation（拟声）morphological motivation（形态）Motivation semantic motivation（词义）etymological motivation（词源）5.3 types of meaninggramatical me

26、aningAssociative meaningConnotative meaningStylistic meaning(formal neutral informal)Collocative meaningAffective meaning(appreciative pejorative)Word meaning Lexical meaningConceptual meaningChapter 6 sense relations and semantic field 语义关系和语义场In this chapter,you will learn:1.sense relations-Polyse

27、my(plsmi 多义关系)/polysemant(多义词)Homonymy(homnmi 同音同形异义关系)/homonym(同音同形异义词)Synonymy(snnmi)同义关)/synonym(同义词)Antonymy(ntnimi)反义关系)/antonym(反义词)Hyponymy(haipnimi)上下义关系)/hyponym(下义词)2.semantic field Polysemy is a common feature(共同特征)peculiar to all natural languages.In modern English,an overwhelming majori

28、ty of words are polysemous.Diachronic approach dakrnk 历时方法Synchronic approach skrnk 共时方法two processes of developmentThe development of word-meaning from monosemy(mnu,si:mi)to polysemy follows two courses:Radiation,reidiein 辐射型 concatenation knktnen 连锁型homonymy homnmi 同形同音异义关系Homonyms (hmnim同形同音异义词)-

29、are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.6.2.1 types of homonyms hmnim同形同音异义词 Based on the degree of similarity,homonyms fall into three classes:1.Perfect Homonyms同形同音异义词 2.Homographs同形异音异义词 3.Homophone

30、s同音异形异义词 Of the three types,homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.6.3 synonymy snnm同义关系 the semantic relation that holds between two words that can(in a given context)express the same meaning.(from the dictionary instead of the text book)6.3.2 types of synonymsSynonyms can be

31、classified into two major groups:1.Absolute Synonyms(Complete Synonyms)2.Relative synonyms(Near-Synonyms)6.4 antonymy ntnimi反义关系 Antonymy-is concerned with semantic opposition.Antonymscan be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.6.4.1 types of antonyms ntnm 反义词Three major groups:Contradicto

32、ry terms(矛盾反义词)Contrary terms(对立反义词)Relative terms(关系反义词)6.5 hyponymy haipnimi上下义关系 Hyponymy-deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.Eg.tulip and rose are hyponyms(hapnm 下义词)of flower lion and elephant are hyponyms of animal.tree-like graph Living things Creature plant Animal insect vegeta

33、ble flower treeHorse dog pig cockroach cabbage rose pine6.6 semantic field 语义场 An integrated system of lexemes(leksim 语义)interrelated in sense.Words of language can be classified into semantically related fields.Eg.Apple,peach,orange and so on make up the semantic field of fruits.red,yellow,green,bl

34、ack,etc.make up the semantic field of colors.Chapter 7 changes in word meaningIn this chapter,you will learn:Ertensionksten()n词义的扩大Narrowing nri 词义的缩小Degradation,degrde()n词义的降格 elevation,elve()n词义的升华transfertrnsf词义的转移Changes in word meaning Extension NarrowingTypes of changes Elevation Degradation T

35、ransfer Historical reason Extra-language Class reason Psychological reason causes of changes Shortening Language Borrowing analogyChanges in word meaning Extension(generalization)Narrowing(specialization)Types of changes Elevation (amelioration),mi:ljrein Degradation(pejoration)pi:drein Transfer Historical reason Extra-language Class reason Psychological reason causes of changes Shortening Language Borrowing analogy 词义的扩大 词义的缩小 变化种类 词义的升华 词义的降格 词义的转移词义的演变 历史原因 非语言原因 阶级原因 心理原因 变化原因 缩略词 语言原因 借词 类比