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1、UNIT31.WhatisanAmerican?HeiseitheraEuropean,orthedescendantofaEuropean,hencethatstrangemixtureofblood,whichyouwillfindinnoothercountry.HeisanAmerican,wholeavingbehindhimallhisancientprejudicesandmanners,receivesnewonesfromthenewmodeoflifehehasembraced,thenewgovernmentheobeys,andthenewrankheholds.Her

2、eindividualsofallnationsaremeltedintoanewraceofmen,whoselaborsandposteritywillonedaycausegreatchangesintheworld.TheAmericanisanewman,whoactsnewprinciples;hemustthereforeentertainnewideas,andformnewopinions.Comment I agree with him, His opinion of the United States is quite high, In explaining his lo

3、ve for America, and what he feels it means to be an American.Americans are eager to learn new knowledge and try new things. They dont hold old principles and have independent thinking, opinions and values. They just be themselves and do the things they like without much consideration. They are adapt

4、able, efficient and creative.4.InwhatwaydidPuritanisminfluenceAmericanculture?A.Today,Puritansarenolongerinexistence.ButtheirlegaciesarestillfeltinAmericansocietyandculture.Forexample,thePuritanshopedtobuildacityuponhillanidealcommunity.Sincethattime,Americanshaveviewedtheircountryasagreatexperiment

5、,aworthymodelforothernations.ThissenseofmissionhasbeenverystronginthemindsofmanyAmericans.B.ThePuritansalsohaveleftrichculturalheritagetofutureAmericans.TheAmericanvaluessuchasindividualism,hardwork,respectofeducationoweverymuchtothePuritanbeliefs.Unit43.Whataresomeofthemajorpowersofeachofthethreebr

6、anchesoftheU.S.government?Howarethethreebranchessupposedtocheckandbalanceeachother?A1.-thelegislativebranchismadeupofelectedrepresentativesfromallofthestatesandistheonlybranchthatcanmakefederallaws,levyfederaltaxesanddeclarewarorputforeigntreatiesintoeffect.ItconsistsofaCongressthatisdividedintotheH

7、ouseofRepresentativeandtheSenate.TheHouseofRepresentativeshas435memberswhoservetwo-yearterms.TheSenatecomprises100lawmakerswhoservesix-yearterms.Eachstate,regardlessofpopulation,hastwosenators.2.-theexecutivebranchisthepresident,whoiselectedtoafour-yearterm.Apresidentcanbeelectedtoonlytwotermsaccord

8、ingtoanamendmentpassedin1951.Thepresidentcanappointfederaljudgesasvacanciesoccur.Heisthecommanderinchiefofthearmedforces.Thepresidenthasotherbroadauthoritiesinrunningthegovernmentdepartmentsandhandlingforeignrelations.3.-thejudicialbranchisheadedbytheSupremeCourtwithachiefjusticeand8associatejustice

9、s.TheFederalcourtshavejurisdictionovercasesarisingoutoftheConstitutionandothercaseswhichdonotariseoutofindividualstates.TheSupremeCourthasthejudicialreviewpower,thepowerdeterminingwhethercongressionallegislationorexecutiveactionviolatestheConstitution.B.1.IfCongressproposesalawthatthepresidentthinks

10、isunwise,thepresidentcanvetoit.2.IfCongresspassesalawwhichisthenchallengedinthecourtsasunconstitutional,theSupremeCourthasthepowertodeclarethelawunconstitutionalandthereforenolongerineffect.3.Thepresidenthasthepowertomaketreatieswithothernationsandtomakeallappointmentstofederalpositions,includingthe

11、positionofSupremeCourtjustice.TheSenate,however,mustapprovealltreatiesandconfirmallappointmentsbeforetheybecomeofficial.InthiswaytheCongresscanpreventthepresidentfrommakingunwiseappointments.3.WhataresomeofthemajorpowersofeachofthethreebranchesoftheU.S.government?Howarethethreebranchessupposedtochec

12、kandbalanceeachother?IfCongressproposesalawthatthepresidentthinksisunwise,thepresidentcanvetoit.Thatmeanstheproposaldoesnotbecomelaw.Congresscanenactthelawdespitethepresidentsviewsonlyiftwo-thirdsofthemembersofbothhousesvoteinfavorofit.IfCongresspassesalawwhichisthenchallengedinthecourtsasunconstitu

13、tional,theSupremeCourthasthepowertodeclarethelawunconstitutionalandthereforenolongerineffect.Thepresidenthasthepowertomaketreatieswithothernationsandtomakeallappointmentstofederalpositions,includingthepositionofSupremeCourtjustice.TheSenate,however,mustapprovealltreatiesandconfirmallappointmentsbefo

14、retheybecomeofficial.InthiswaytheCongresscanpreventthepresidentfrommakingunwiseappointments4WhatistheBillofRights?DoyouthinkthatitwasnecessarytowritetheBillofRightsexplicitlyintotheU.S.Constitution?TheBillofRights:thefirst10amendments,collectivelyknownastheBillofRights,wereaddedwithintwoyearsofthead

15、optionoftheU.S.Constitution.Theseamendmentsremainintacttoday,astheywerewrittentwocenturiesago.Thefirstguaranteesfreedomofworship,speechandpress,therightofpeacefulassembly,andtherighttopetitionthegovernmenttocorrectwrongs.TheBillofRightsandsubsequentconstitutionalamendmentsguaranteetheAmericanpeoplet

16、hefullestpossibleopportunitytoenjoyfundamentalhumanrights.5WhatarethetwopoliticalpartiesintheUnitedStates?Doyouthinktheyarefundamentallydifferent?theUnitedStateshastwomajorpoliticalparties.OneistheDemocraticParty,whichevolvedoutofThomasJeffersonsparty,formedbefore1800.Thesymbolofthepartyisthedonkey.

17、TheotheristheRepublicanParty,whichwasformedinthe1850s,bypeopleinthestatesoftheNorthandWest,suchasAbrahamLincoln,whowantedthegovernmenttopreventtheexpansionofslaveryintonewstatesthenbeingadmittedtotheunion.ThesymboloftheRepublicanPartyistheelephant.UNIT51.Doyouagreethatcultivatorsoftheeartharemostval

18、uablecitizen?Yes,Idoagreethepointthatcultivatorsoftheeartharethemostvaluablecitizens.Myreasonsformyagreementcanbeillustratedasfollows:Firstly,thoughoutwardformshavechanged,thevitalimportanceofagriculturehasnot.Agricultureprovidesthesustenancethatmeetspeoplesmostbasicneeds.Agricultureanditsrelatedind

19、ustresserveasthefoundationofAmericaneconomiclife,accountingforalargerportionoftheUnitedStatesGNPthananyotherendeavor.Besides,agriculturerepresentsabondofcontinuitybetweenpresentandpast.Therefore,cultivatorsoftheearthwhocontributealottoagricultureareimportantandvaluable.Secondly,cultivatorsoftheearth

20、arethemostvigorous,themostindependent,themostvirtuous.Theyhaveshownaspiritofindividualismandegalitarianismthattherestofsocietyhasadmired.Toalargeextent,agriculturalvalueshavebeenadoptedandcelebratedbythesocietyasawhole.Thirdly,Americanagricultureisbigbusiness.Itprovidestherestworldwithlotsoffood.Soa

21、sthemainbodyofagriculture,cultivatorsoftheearthcontributesalottoAmericanseconomic.3.Giveexamplesofindustrieswhicharedeclining,andindustrieswhicharefastdevelopingintheUS.Generallyspeaking,decliningindustrieswouldbeindustrieswherelaborcostishighanditsgrowthpotentialislimited.TheAutoindustryisinadeclin

22、ingstatebutofcourseiftheyreinventtheirautomobilesthingscouldpickupforthem.Developingindustrieswouldbethehitechsector.Especiallyincompaniesthataredevelopingnewtypesoftechnologytohelpourenvironmentbydevelopingnewtypesoftechnologyinmanyareas.Especiallyenergyconservationtechnologyandnewtypesofalternativ

23、eenergies.Also,newtypesoftechnologywherewewouldbeusingfewerresourcesforourdailyusage.From1922to1929,theeconomicofAmericaisprosperous,thecarindustry,theelectricalindustryandconstruction,developingrapidlyandbecomeanationalindustry.In1920stheeconomicboomedandwealthisjustpossessedbyafewpeople,thegapbetw

24、eenrichandpoorcontinuedtoexpand.Atfirst,theconstructionindustrybecameinrecession,andthenthesteelindustryandtheautomobilegetintotrouble.RooseveltdefeatedHooverinthe1932election.duringthemarchofthepresidentoftheUnitedStates,thenewpolicyiscarriedon,theinterventionofthestatefinance,agriculture,industrya

25、ndsocialrelief,theprojectandfinancialaspectsbecamemoreandmore,whichmadetheUnitedStatesgovernmentundertaketoensureeconomicstabilityanddevelopmentofresponsibility.Socialsecuritysystemisestablishedinitially.AfterWorldWarII,theUSeconomyentersaperiodofrapidgrowth.Ontheonehand,theUnitedStatesbegantodevelo

26、pworldsadvancedscientificandtechnologicalachievements.Itcausedanewindustrialtechnologyrevolution,withtheatom,computersandtheextensiveapplicationofspacetechnologyforthemain,involvinginformationtechnology,newenergytechnology,newmaterialstechnology,biotechnologyandspacetechnologyandthemarinetechnology.

27、Thetertiaryindustryisbooming.UNIT61.InwhatwaydoyouthinkthatreligiousfreedomwasahistoricalnecessityintheUnitedStates?1.Bythemiddleofthe18thcentury,manydifferentkindsofProtestantslivedinAmerica.2.TheGreatAwakeningofthe1740s,arevivalmovementthatsoughttobreathenewfeelingandstrengthintoreligion,cutacross

28、thelinesofProtestantreligiousgroups,ordenominations.3.AfewAmericansweresoinfluencedbythenewscienceandnewideasoftheEnlightenmentinEuropethattheybecamedeists,believingthatreasonteachesthatGodexistsbutleavesmanfreetosettlehisownaffairs.4.TheFirstAmendmenttotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesforbadethenewf

29、ederalgovernmenttogivespecialfavorstoanyreligionortohinderthefreepractice,orexercise,ofreligion.UNIT81.WhatisthegoalofeducationintheUnitedStates?DiscussthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinGreatBritain,theUnitedStatesandChinaconcerningthegoalsofeducation.Thegoalisandhasbeensincetheearlydecadesoftherepubli

30、ctoachieveuniversalliteracyandtoprovideindividualswiththeknowledgeandskillsnecessarytopromoteboththeirownindividualwelfareaswellasthatofthegeneralpublic.Thoughthisgoalhasnotyetbeenfullyachieved,itremainsanidealtowardwhichtheAmericaneducationalsystemisdirected.Theprogresswhichhasbeenmadeisnotableboth

31、foritsscopeandfortheeducationalmethodswhichhavebeendevelopedintheprocessofachievingit.2.HowdidAmericaneducationbegintodevelop?In1634,theyopenedalateengrammarschool,aschoolforthosewhowantedtoprepareforcollege.In1636,HarvardCollegewasfoundedforthetrainingofreligiousministers.In1634and1638,thePuritansp

32、assedlawsdeclaringthatallpropertycouldbetaxedforthecommongood,whichincludedthesupportofschool.In1642and1647,theBayColonypassedlawsrequiringallparentstoprovidereadingeducatingfortheirchildren.Attheendofthe18thcentury,elementaryeducationthroughouttheUnitedStateswasinlocalhands.3.Whatarethemajorcharact

33、eristicsofeducationinAmerica?(1)Differenteducationlawsfordifferentstates.(2)Severallevelsofschooling：ElementarySchooling，SecondarySchoolingandHighSchooling.(3)curriculaforstudents:thereisnonationalcurriculumintheUnitedStates.(3)Compulsoryeducationforallstudents.(4)Equaleducationopportunitiesforminor

34、itygroups.(5)Strongdemandforhighereducation.(6)Thecomplexsystemofhighereducation.Somestatesplayastrongroleintheselectionoflearningmaterialfortheirstudents.Schoolswereaskednotonlytoteachthisnewinformation,buttohelpstudentsasktheirownquestionsaboutit.Theinquirymethodoflearning,focusingonsolvingproblem

35、sratherthanmemorizingfacts,becamepopular.3.WhatarethemajorcharacteristicsofeducationinAmerica?1.About85%ofAmericanstudentsattendpublicschools(schoolssupportedbyAmericantaxpayers).Theother15%attendprivateschools,forwhichtheirfamilieschoosetopayspecialattendancefees.FouroutoffiveprivateschoolsintheUni

36、tedStatesarerunbychurches,synagoguesorotherreligiousgroups.Insuchschools,religiousteachingsareapartofthecurriculum.2.Eachofthe50statesintheUnitedStateshasitsownlawsregulatingeducation.Fromstatetostate,somelawsaresimilar;othersarenot.EducationintheUnitedStateswastoremaininthehandsofstateandlocalgover

37、nments.3.Americanshaveastrongtendencytoeducatetheirchildrenaboutmajorpublicconcernsproblemssuchasenvironmentalpollution,nuclearissues,neighborhoodcrimeanddrugs.Unit 10 1. The author says that the United State was founded on the principle of human equality, but in practice the nation has fallen far s

38、hort of that ideal. Illustrate this point with what you have learned from this text.1. American society is a stratified one, in which power, wealth, and prestige are unequally distributed among the population.2. The inequality is a matter of distinction between gender and social classes, class divis

39、ions often parallel racial divisions.3. The blacks have long suffered from sustained oppression, discrimination, and denial of basic civil rights and liberties.4. Many states passed segregation laws to keep the races apart in schools, housing, restaurants, and other public facilities.Unit13What role

40、 does technology play in our lives?Does it only provide new conveniences or does it sometimes change our life style?Give examples from the text to illustrate your ideas.1 A technology is a system of practices,often involving a physical device,that accomplishes some result desired by some influential

41、 part of society. 2 Its high technology and productive world power in the late 20th century.3 It makes history more vivid and more easily remembered.rains4 It greatly improved our life,with the use of air-conditioner,electricity and transportation styles.5 It has innovated a lot of inventors to make

42、 contributions to the science,such as Thomas Alva Edison,Frederick Winslow Taylor.6 The newspapers and telegram and cellphone enlarge the communication of the people all over the world.7 Manned spacecraft and satellite,especially for atomic bomb,which is a big symbol of a nation.8 Renewable energy technology can produce a changeable way of the pollution,which can develop a more better environment for us.Techology plays important roles in our live