英语语言学大全.ppt

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1、语言学知识点语言学知识点Mr.PotatonI语言学导论nII语言学主要分支学科nIII语言学的流派和理论I 语语言言学学导导论论 1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征）2.LanguageFamilies(世界语言分类)3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)4.scopeoflinguistics(语言学的研究范围)LOREM IPSUM DOLORn1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征)definingpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdist

2、inguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication1.design feature of language 语语言言定定义义特特征征 n1)Arbitrariness（任意性）n2)Duality(二层性)n3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)n4)Displacement（移位性）n5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)n1）Arbitrariness(任意性):n定义：theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.n举例：n书,

3、book,livren喜欢，like，aimerLOREM IPSUM DOLORLOREM IPSUM DOLORn2）Duality（二层性）:n定义：thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.n举例：Soundssyllableswordsphrasesclausessentencestexts/discoursesLOREM IPSUM DOLORn3）Creativity/Productivity（创造性

4、）:n定义：Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsbecauseofitsdualityn举例1：/k/,/a:/,/p/-carporparkn举例2：England,defeated,FrancenEnglanddefeatedFrance.nFrancedefeatedEngland.n n4）Displacement（替代性）:n n定义：Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.n5）CulturalTr

5、ansmission（文化传递性）:n定义：languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.n反例：印度狼孩LOREM IPSUM DOLOR3.Design feature 定定义义特特征征n1)Arbitrariness（任意性）n2)Duality(二层性)n3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)n4)Displacement（移位性）n5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)n如何记忆:五性，创意遗传LOREM IPS

6、UM DOLORn4.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguisticsn(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)n1)descriptive&prescriptiven2)synchronic&diachronicn3)langue&parolen4)competence&performanceLOREM IPSUM DOLORn1)Descriptive（描述性）vs.Prescriptive（规定性）nDescriptive:describinghowthingsare.nprescriptive:prescribinghowthingsoughttobeImportant Di

7、stinctions in Linguisticsn举例：nDontsayX.nPeopledontsayX.nThefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.LOREM IPSUM DOLORn2).Synchronic（共时性）vs.Diachronic（历时性）nsynchronic:takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.ndiachronic:thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.LOREM I

8、PSUM DOLORn举例：n研究1800年的英语发音nSynchronicstudies(共时性研究)n研究1800-1900的法语语法变化nDiachronicstudies(历时研究)2.世世界界语语言言分分类类2.世世界界语语言言分分类类n3).langue（语言）&parole（言语）nTheorist：Saussure（索绪尔）,fatherofmodernlinguisticsnlangue:abstractlinguisticsystemnparole:actualrealizationoflangue Important Distinctions in Linguistics

9、 Important Distinctions in Linguisticsn举例：n汉语系统nlanguen每个中国人在不同具体场景中说出的具体话语nparoleImportantDistinctionsinLinguisticsn4)Competence（语言能力）andperformance（语言运用）ntheorist:Chomsky(乔姆斯基)ncompetence:usersknowledgenofrulesaboutthelinguisticsystem.nperformance:theactualnrealizationofthisknowledgeinconcretesitu

10、ations.LOREM IPSUM DOLORn5.ScopeofLinguistics(语言学的研究范围)n1）按研究内容来分n2）按研究导向来分语语言言学学分分类类-按按研研究究内内容容分分语语言言学学分分类类-按按研研究究内内容容分分语语言言学学分分类类-按按研研究究导导向向分分语语言言学学分分类类-按按研研究究内内容容分分语语言言学学分分类类-按按研研究究内内容容分分LOREM IPSUM DOLORn考点:n1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)的定义和区别n2.语音学重要概念:清音和浊音n3.音系学重要概念:音子，音位,超音段特征LOREM IPSUM D

11、OLORnPhoneticsstudiesallspeechsoundsinhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,transmittedandhowtheyarereceived.nPhonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.n区别:meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音）LOREM IPSUM DOLORn举例:ntoo和tea中的/t/n发too中

12、的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部n发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部n语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处,音系学不研究n nPhonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted,and perceived.语语音音学学分分类类narticulatoryphonetics(发音语音学):speakersproductionnacousticphonetics（声学语音学）:transmissionsmediumnauditoryphonetics(听觉语音学):receiversreceptionn n如何记忆phonet

13、ics和phonolgy的区别:n n联想:mathematics,physics,mechanicsn nphonetics语言学，-ics科学性更强n nn ngeology,sociology,astrologyn nphonology音系学，-ology人文性更强Speechorgans How speech sounds are madePosition of the vocal folds(声带声带):voicing(浊音浊音)and voiceless(清音清音)LOREM IPSUM DOLORnVoiceless(清音)：vocalcordsaredrawnwideapart

14、,lettingtheairstreamgothroughwithoutcausingobstructionn清音举例：p,s,tnVoicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocalcordsheldtogether,lettingtheairstreamvibratesn浊音:b,z,dLOREMIPSUMDOLORnThedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.nAsthereisnoobstructionofairintheproductionofvowels,thedescriptionof

15、theconsonantsandvowelscannotbedonealongthesamelines.LOREM IPSUM DOLORn音系学定义：studyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.n音系学重要概念:nphone音子，nphoneme音位(音系研究的基本单位)nsupra-segmentalfeatures超音段特征LOREM IPSUM DOLORnPhone(音子)：aphoneticunit;thes

16、peechsoundswehearandproduceduringcommunicationareallphonesn举例:ntoo和tea中的/t/n发too中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部n发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部n所以too和tea中的/t/两个不同的音子LOREM IPSUM DOLORPhoneme(音位):phonologicalandabstractunit,aunitofdistinctivevalue;thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.举例：tea和sea,/t/和/s/是

17、两个不同的音位morphemeLOREM IPSUM DOLORnWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?nA.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeLOREM IPSUM DOLORnWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?nA.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme(音位)LOREM IPSUM DOLORnWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?nA.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeLOREM IPSUM DOLORnWhati

18、sthepointofdepartureofphonetics?nA.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeSuprasegmental features(超超音音段段特特征征)n nSuprasegmental features:phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.n nThe principal suprasegmentals are:LOREM IPSUM DOLORnSupra-segmentalfeatures(超音段特征)：nstress（重音）n举例:perfect(adj)和

19、perfect(v)ntone(声调)/pitch(音高):n定义:soundfeaturewhicharecausedbythedifferingrateofvibrationofthevocalfolds.n举例:m妈,m麻,m马，m骂n比较：英语单词，如meLOREMIPSUMDOLORnintonation（语调）：pitch,stress,andsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation.举例:Morphology 形形态态学学n1.学科定义n2.语素的定义和分类n3.词的分类（classificationo

20、fwords）形形态态学学研研究究的的基基本本单单位位 n1.morpheme(语素）.Themostbasicelementofmeaninginlanguage，anelementthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutalteringitsmeaning.n举例：nballnfootballnballs Types of MorphemesnFreemorphemesvs.Boundmorphemes（自由语素和黏着语素）:nFreemorphemes:thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves

21、,egboy,girl,table,nation.nBoundmorphemes:thosethatcannotoccuralone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.Types of Bound Morpheme nInflectionalmorpheme(屈折语素)=inflectionalaffix(屈折词缀)：changethegrammaticalmeaning(number,aspect,case,tense)nDerivationalmorpheme（派生语素）=inflectionalaffix(派生词缀）:changethelexicalmeaningndis+like+s

22、derivationalfreeinflectionalmorphemenlight+en+edfreederivationalinflectionalmorphemeLOREM IPSUM DOLORnDerivationalmorpheme(改变词义):n改变词义：dis-,un-,multi-,micro-n改变词性：en-,-full,-mentnInflectionalmorpheme（改变语法含义）:n改变名称的性，数，格：-ess,-s,n改变动词的时,态，体:-ing,-ed,n改变形容词的级：-er,-est词词的的分分类类-按按构构词词法法分分LOREM IPSUM DOL

23、ORn如何区分派生词（derivationalword）和合成词(compoundword):拆开后看各个组成的语素能否都单独成词，如果可以，就是合成词，如果不能就是派生词。nBusinessman:business+mannPlayboy:play+boynMouthful:mouth+fulnLighten:light+en词词的的分分类类-按按词词义义分分词词的的分分类类-按按开开放放性性分分词词的的分分类类-按按在在句句子子重重要要性性分分n考点n1.定义n2.句法范畴n3.句子类型 Syntax 句法句法LOREM IPSUM DOLORn1.Syntax定义：:studiesint

24、ernalstructureofsentenceandrulesofsentence-formationLOREM IPSUM DOLORnCategory(范畴):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchassentence,anounphraseoraverb(起相同作用的一类语言单位)nSyntacticalcategory(句法范畴):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsin

25、sentence-formation.（在句子构成中起相同作用的一类语言单位）Syntactical category(句句法法范范畴畴)n nWord-lexicalcategoryn nPhrase-phrasalcategoryn nClause-clausalcategoryn nSentenceLexical Category 词词法法范范畴畴=Parts of Speech 词词类类n nphrasen nspecifierheadcomplementn nacarfivemetersawayn n72Sentence Types(句句子子类类型型)simple Sentence

26、complexnon-simple compoundLOREM IPSUM DOLORn4.句子分类：nSimplesentence简单句nCoordinatesentence并列句nComplexsentence复杂句LOREM IPSUM DOLORnsimplesentence简单句n定义：alsocalledindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.LOREM IPSUM DOLORn练习：JimandMikeplayfootballeveryafternoon.n(simples

27、entence)Marygoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday.(coordinatesentence)LOREM IPSUM DOLORncoordinatesentence并列句:containstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator(并列连词)suchasand,or,butetc.Coordinatorsareoftenprecededbyacomma.n例句:nItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish.Lilywenttoplayfootball,b

28、utMariawentshopping.LOREM IPSUM DOLORnYouhavetodoitonewayortheother.nSimplesentencenTheworkerswerecheerful,oratleasttheyappearedtobecheerful.nCoordinatesentenceLOREM IPSUM DOLORncomplexsentencen定义：Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedwithoneormoredependentclausesbyoneormoresubordinators(从属连词)

29、suchasif,when,because,althoug.LOREM IPSUM DOLORnAsheisgrowingold,heseldomgoesout.nHeisgrowingold,whereashebecomeshealthier.n如何区分并列和复杂句-看连词表示的关系n并列，选择和转折关系-并列句n时间，条件，原因和让步关系-复杂句Semanticsn考点：n1.定义：studyofmeaningn2.两种基本意义：reference指称和sense涵义n3.五种词语语义关系n nLudwig Wittgenstein:The meaning of a word is its

30、 use in the language.n nMeaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific contexts.n nReferenceReference（指称）（指称）（指称）（指称）:how language how language refersrefers to the real physical world(to the real physical world(语语言指代外部物言指代外部物言指代外部物言指代外部物质质世界世界世界世界)

31、n nSenseSense（涵（涵（涵（涵义义）:inherent meaning of the linguistic form.It is abstract and the meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.(语言形式的内在意言形式的内在意义)conceptsymbolizes refers tosymbol referent(word)stands for (object)Synonymy 同同义义nSynonymy同义:samenessorsimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeanin

32、garecalledsynonyms.同同义义分分类类举举例例ndialecticalsynonym地域同义词：n举例:fallandautumn,flatandapartmentnstylisticsynonym风格同义词：n举例:copandpolice,kidandoffspringncollocationalsynonym搭配同义词：n举例:accuseof,chargewith,rebukefornSemanticallydifferentsynonym语义稍有不同的同义词:n举例:surpriseandastound,blameandrebukeAntonymy 反反义义nAnto

33、nymy反义:oppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.nAntonymy反义关系分类：ngradableantonymy等级反义ncomplementaryantonymy互补反义nconverseantonymy反向反义Gradable antonymy等等级级反反义义nyoung-middle-aged-oldnbig-middle-sized-smallngood-average-bad Complementary antonymy互互补反义补反义n nalive:deadn nmale:f

34、emalen npresent:absentn ninnocent:guiltyn nodd:evenn npass:failn nboy:girln nhit:miss Converse antonymy反向反义反向反义 n nbuy:selln nlend:borrown ngive:receiven nparent:childn nhusband:wifen nteacher:studentn nabove:belown nbefore:aftern nhost:guestn nemployer:employee Hyponymy 上上下下义义关关系系nHyponymy上下义:refer

35、stothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.nSuperordinate/hypernym上义词:themoregeneraltermnHyponym下义词:themorespecifictermLOREM IPSUM DOLORn举例:nhypernym上义词:animalnHyponym下义词:bird,fish,tiger,catn如何记忆:nhyper-向上hype炒作nhypo-向下hypothesis假设Animalbird fish insect animal human

36、 animal tiger lion elephant .Polysemy 一一词词多多义义nPolysemy:thesameonewordhasmorethanonemeaning.Suchawordiscalledpolysemicword.n举例:nFish:n1.鱼n2.鱼肉n3.水生动物n4.捕鱼n5.寻找LOREM IPSUM DOLORnHomonymy同音/同形异义词:wordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.nIdentica

37、linsound:homophones同音词nIdenticalinspelling:homograph同形词nIdenticalinboth:completehomonyms同音同形词LOREM IPSUM DOLORnhomophones同音词：n举例:knightandnight,pieceandpeacenhomograph同形词n举例:tear(v)andtear(n),lead(v)andlead(n)ncompletehomonyms同音同形词:fast(adj)andfast(n)LOREM IPSUM DOLORn如何区分同音同形和一词多义现象:beauty,fish,bal

38、l,scalenbeauty:美丽；美女nfish:鱼；鱼肉；水生动物；捕鱼；寻找nball:球；舞会nscale:规模；鱼鳞看其多个意义之间是否有关联，如果有就是一词多义，没有就是同音同形词Pragmatics 语语用用学学 n考点:n定义和与语义学的区别：studyofmeaningincontextorinusen言语行为理论（两位理论家和三种行为）n会话原则2.SpeechActTheorynJohnAustin(1911-1960)nHowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)nMainIdea:thingscanbedonewithwordsn nConstatives

39、(叙事句叙事句)vs.performatives（施（施为句）句）n nConstatives（叙事句）（叙事句）:utterances which roughly serves to state a fact,report that something is the case,or describe what something is,eg:n nI go to the park every Sunday.I go to the park every Sunday.n nI teach English.I teach English.LOREM IPSUM DOLORnPerformativ

40、es（施为句）:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.nPerformativeverbs:name,bet,etc.Three Speech Acts(三三种种言言语语行行为为)nAlocutionaryact(言内行为):theactofutteringwords,phrase,sentences.Itisanactofconveyin

41、gliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.nAnillocutionaryact（言外行为）:anactofexpressionspeakersintention;itisanactperformedinsayingsomething.nAperlocutionaryact（言后行为）:theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.三三种种话话语语行行为为-举举例例n老师对学生说:Youhaveleftthedooropen.nLocutionaryact(言内行

42、为):theactofutteringthewordsof“you”,“have”,“left”,“the”,“door”,“open”nIllocutinaryact(言外行为):theactofexpressingtheteachersintentionofaskingthestudenttoclosethedoor.nPerlocutionaryact(言后行为):theeffectoftheutterance:studentgoestoclosethedoor103IllocutionaryActTheoryn美国哲学家JohnSearle(约翰-塞尔，1932-)n在Austin理论

43、基础上把言外行为进一步分为5类：n陈述（assertives），指示(directives)，承诺(commissives)，表达(expressives)，宣告（declaratives）ConversationalImplicature（会话含义理论）nTheorist：英国语言学家HerbertPaulGrice(格莱斯，1913-1988)nMainIdea:Peopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.The Cooperative Principle(CP，合合作作原原则则)nMaximofQuality（数量准则）nM

44、aximofQuantity（质量准则）nMaximofRelation（关系准则）nMaximofManner（方式准则）The Cooperative Principle(CP，合合作作原原则则)nMaximofQuality（数量准则）nDonotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.nDonotsaysomethingifyoulackadequateevidence;nMaximofQuantity（质量准则）nMaximofRelation（关系准则）nMaximofManner（方式准则）LOREM IPSUM DOLORnMaximofQuality（数量准则）

45、nMaximofQuantity（质量准则）：nMakeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).nDonotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired.nMaximofRelation（关系准则）nMaximofManner（方式准则）LOREM IPSUM DOLORnMaximofQuality（数量准则）nMaximofQuantity（质量准则）nMaximofRelation（关系准则）：nBerelative.nMaxi

46、mofManner（方式准则）LOREM IPSUM DOLORnMaximofQuality（数量准则）nMaximofQuantity（质量准则）nMaximofRelation（关系准则）nMaximofManner(方式准则)：nBeperspicuous.nAvoidobscurityofexpression.nAvoidambiguity.nBebrief.nBeorderly.Macro-Linguistics宏观语言学宏观语言学LOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREM IPSUM DOLORnSociolinguistics社会语言学n1.定义n2.语言变体languageva

47、rietyn3.双语LOREM IPSUM DOLORnSociolinguistics社会语言学n1定义：Thesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.nSpeech语言变体n双语LOREM IPSUM DOLORnSociolinguistics社会语言学n定义nSpeechvariety/languagevariety语言变体:refert

48、oanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.n双语LOREMIPSUMDOLORnPidgin(洋泾浜语/皮钦语)：aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeaksdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.n上海洋泾浜LOREM IPSUM DOLORn上海话中的洋泾浜英语n“蹩脚”（BILGE，船底污水，引申为肮脏的、下三滥的、劣质的）n“瘪

49、三”（BEGSIR，乞丐先生，用来形容叫花子、难民、逃荒者等各式穷人，后引申为最广泛的骂人用语之一。n“赤佬”是英语“CHEAT”（欺骗）和中文“佬”的混生词语，一个鲁迅时代最流行的洋泾浜俚语（隐语）。119n nFrom pidgin to creoles(克里奥克里奥语):n nPidgin has become the primary language as a result of intermarriage,it is spoken at home and learned by children as a mother tongue.n n举举例例例例.French-based Hai

50、tian Creole,.French-based Haitian Creole,English based jamaica CreoleEnglish based jamaica CreoleLOREM IPSUM DOLORnSociolinguistics社会语言学n定义n语言变体n双语LOREM IPSUM DOLORnBilingualism(双语现象)nDiglossia(高低双语现象)nMultilingualism（多语现象）LOREM IPSUM DOLORnBilingualism(双语现象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardla