学术论文的写作和规范-金兼斌.ppt

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1、2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范1学术论文的写作和规范 2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范2学术论文的写作和规范清华大学新闻与传播学院金兼斌 博士2002年11月14日2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范3主要内容l学术论文的基本结构；l学术论文写作的规范：以APA格式为例；l研究伦理；l关于抄袭和学术剽窃。2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范4学术期刊的重要性l研究的完成，通常以研究成果能为科学共同体所分享为标志；正式的:Scientific journal；学术论坛、会议；非正式的：谈话，个人交往；l学术期刊论文属于一次文献：参考文献的类别。祝建华教授：l学术期刊：学

2、术研究的gate keeper&agenda setter.2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范5研究过程l发现或确定要研究的对象（Problem);l文献的研读和分析，确定研究角度和方向，提出研究问题（Research Questions)l围绕RQs进行文献综述，论述研究问题的研究现状和本研究的起点；l研究设计：研究模型的构建；研究问题中涉及到的各个研究变量的定义和测量；研究数据的收集方案。l数据采集过程；l数据分析，回答各研究问题；l研究结果讨论。2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范6研究论文的写作l研究论文的写作：研究的一部分写作作为一种过程；写作作为一种提炼和产生思想的过程；

3、学术写作即研究能力的集中体现：A done paper is the best paper.写作是一种学术共同体内统一平台上的竞技逐鹿：publish or perish游戏规则：学术规范。2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范7文章的不同类别1.经验研究报告（Reports of empirical studies)：原创研究成果报告，即通常所说的研究论文（paper)。通常，这类期刊论文由以下几部分组成（至少）：研究由来介绍（Introduction);研究方法（methods)研究结果（results)研究结果讨论（discussion)2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范8文章的

4、不同类别2.评论性文章（review articles)：包括综述（meta-analyses)，通常是对已出版研究材料和结果的批评；3.理论性文章（theoretical articles):也属于我们通常说的论文（papers).基于已有的研究，对有关本学科的理论和概念上进行创新性研究，提出新的研究假设或观点（即由数据到理论的修正）。通常，这类论文包含对已有理论某些方面的适用性的质疑，并提出新的解释模型或概念。2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范9文章的不同类别4.方法论与研究方法类文章（methodological articles)：提出新的研究方法，对已有的各种定义和测量进行修正

5、，各种数据分析技术的创新和处理手段的引进等。5.案例性文章（case studies):案例分析报告；6.其他文章，包括简报、评论、专论（monograph)、书评等。2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范10准备期刊论文：从审阅的角度APA Guide to Preparing Manuscripts for Journal Publication ByRobert C.CalfeeRichard R.ValenciaAmerican Psychological AssociationWashington,DC 2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范11一般评审过程l评阅者：匿名评审制是

6、学术期刊的核心制度（Peer review is the backbone of the review process）。评阅者评阅意见：l清晰的出版与否得取舍意见；l对论文质量以及对研究的理论基础、方法、发现、解释的恰当性作出评价；l给作者提供具体的建设性建议。评阅者和作者是双盲的，由编辑作为中介。2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范12评审的可能结果Rejection-outright（直接拒绝）（直接拒绝）Rejection with encouragement to revise and resubmit（拒绝现稿，但建议修改重投）（拒绝现稿，但建议修改重投）Acceptance-

7、conditional.Most manuscripts,if accepted,require revision in substantive,methodological,or mechanical matters.The new version is usually sent for further review by one or both of the original readers.Acceptance is not automatic,and a second or third revision may be required.（有条件地接受）（有条件地接受）Acceptanc

8、e outright.In a very few cases,a manuscript may be accepted for publication on first reading,with only minor revisions required.（直接（直接接受）接受）2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范1313 flaws that commonly lead to a revise 13 flaws that commonly lead to a revise and resubmitand resubmit 1.inadequate literature review,wh

9、ich covers too much or too little（文献）2.inappropriate citations that are irrelevant to topic（引文）3.unclear introductory section that obscures presentation of issues（绪论）4.ambiguous research question or unclear description of the topic of investigation（研究问题）5.inadequate sample description（取样）6.inadequat

10、e description of methodology,which is not sufficiently detailed for replication（方法）7.inadequate account of measures,with unknown instruments（变量测量）2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范1413 flaws that commonly lead to a revise 13 flaws that commonly lead to a revise and resubmitand resubmit8.questionable statistical a

11、nalysis(e.g.,lack of descriptive measures or unclear order of entry of variables in a regression analysis)（统计分析）9.inappropriate statistical techniques（统计技术）10.poorly crafted or conceived discussion,which is little more than repetition of results（讨论）11.discussion that goes beyond the data and offers

12、unwarranted conclusions（一致性）12.flaws in writing style（格式）（格式）13.excessive length（长度）2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范15学术论文的写作格式 2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范16总体注意点l长度：根据所欲投稿的期刊的通常长度来决定文稿的长度；在英文中，由于是空行写作（double-spaced)，一般是一页出版页面对应于4页手稿。l标题：标题结构反应文章的基本架构，结构应该非常清晰；l风格和基调（tone)：学术写作仍可以写得有风格。关键是强调专业性语调，攻击性不要太浓（in a professi

13、onal,noncombative manner)2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范17Checklist for Manuscript SubmissionFormat（格式）（格式）lIs the original manuscript typed or printed on 81/2 x11 in.(22x28 cm)white bond paper?（页面设置）lIs the entire manuscript including quotations,references,author note,content footnotes,figure captions,and all

14、 parts of tables double-spaced?Is the manuscript neatly prepared?lAre the title page,abstract,references,appendixes,author note,content footnotes,tables,figure captions,and figures on separate pages(with only one table or figure per page)?Are they ordered in sequence,with the text pages between the

15、abstract and the references?lAre all pages(except figure pages)numbered in sequence,starting with the title page?2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范18Checklist(continued)Title page and abstractlIs the title 10 to 12 words?lDoes the byline reflect the institution or institutions where the work was conducted?lIs the

16、 abstract no longer than 120 words?Paragraphs and headingslIs each paragraph longer than a single sentence but not longer than one manuscript page?lDo the levels of headings accurately reflect the organization of the paper?lDo all headings of the same level appear in the same format?2022/12/26学术论文的写

17、作和规范19Checklist(continued)Abbreviations（缩写）lAre any unnecessary abbreviations eliminated and any necessary ones explained?lAre abbreviations in tables and figures explained in the table notes and figure captions or legends?Mathematics and Statistics（数学和统计符号）lAre Greek letters and all but the most co

18、mmon mathematical symbols identified on the manuscript?lAre all non-Greek letters that are used as statistical symbols for algebraic variables in italics?Units of Measurement（量纲单位）lAre metric equivalents for all nonmetric units(except measurements of time,which have no metric equivalents)provided?lA

19、re all metric and nonmetric units with numeric values(expcept some measurements of time)abbreviated?2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范20Checklist(continued)References（参考文献）lAre reference cited both in text and in the references list?lDo the text citations and reference list entries agree both in spelling and in d

20、ate?lAre text citations to nonempirical work distinguished from citations to empirical work?lAre journal titles in the reference list spelled out fully?lAre the references ordered alphabetically by the authors surnames?lAre inclusive page numbers for all articles or chapters in books provided in the

21、 reference list?2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范21Checklist(continued)Notes and footnotes（注释）lIs the departmental affiliation given for each author in the author notelDoes the author note include both the authors current affiliation if it is different from the byline affiliation and a current address for corres

22、pondence?lDoes the author note disclose special circumstances about the article(portions presented at a meeting,student paper as basis for the article,report of a longitudinal study,relationship that may be perceived as a conflict of interest;)?lIn the text,are all footnotes indicated,and are footno

23、te numbers correctly located?2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范22Checklist(continued)Tables and figures（图表）lDoes every table column,including the stub column,have a heading?lHave all vertical table rules been omitted?lAre the elements in the figures large enough to remain legible after the figure has been reduced

24、 to the width of a journal column or page?lDoes lettering in a figure vary by no more than 4 point sized of type?lAre glossy or high-quality laser prints of all figures included,and are the prints no large than 81/2 x 11 in.?lIs each figure labeled with the correct figure number and short article ti

25、tle?lAre all figures and tables mentioned in the text and numbered in the order in which they are mentioned?2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范23Heading（标题）Five levels of headings in APA journals are formatted as follows(p.113)CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADINGCentered Uppercase and Lowercase HeadingCentered,Italicized,Up

26、percase and Lowercase Heading Flush Left,Italicized,Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading Indented,italicized,lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范24注释和参考文献的著录编排 2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范25参考文献的类别l根据GB 3469 1983文献类型与载体代码，包括图书（专著、汇编、参考工具书、图表等）、报纸、期刊、会议文献、学位论文、科技报告、技术标准、专利文献、

27、产品样本、档案等文献。l按照文献的级别，文献可分一次文献（期刊论文、各种科研报告、会议文献、学位论文等）；二次文献（各种目录、索引、文摘）；三次文献（科技专著、教材、综述、手册、年鉴等）。对于书刊参考文献而言，二次文献不应成为参考文献的依据。2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范26各种英文文献著录举例（APA)PeriodicalsJournal article,one authorMellers,B.A.(2000).Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences.Psychological Bulletin,126,910-924Boo

28、ksMitchell,T.R.,&Larson,J.R.,Jr.(1987).People in organizations:An introduction to organizational behavior(3rd ed.).New York:McGraw-Hill.NewspapersSchwartz,J.(1993,September 30).Obesity affects economic,social status.The Washington Post,p.A122022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范27各种英文文献著录举例（APA)Journal article,three

29、to six authorsSaywitz,K.J.,Mannarino,A.P.,Berliner,L.,&Cohen,J.A.(2000).Treatment for sextually abused children and adolescents.American Psychologist,55,1040-1049.After the sixth authors name and initial,use et al.to indicate the remaining authors of the article.In text,use the following parenthetic

30、al citation each time(including the first)the work is cited:(Wolchik et al.,2000).Journal article in press(a paper that has been submitted to a journal and accepted for publication is considered in press.Do not give a year,a volume,or page numbers until the article is published.In text,use the form:

31、(Zuckerman&Kieffer,in press).Zuckerman,M.,&Kieffer,S.C.(in press).Race differences in face-ism:Does facial prominence imply dominance?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范28各种英文文献著录举例（APA)Magazine article(give the date shown on the publicationmonth for monthlies or month

32、and day for weeklies)Kandel,E.R.,&Squire,L.R.(2000,November 10).Neuroscience:Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind.Science,290,1113-1120.Newsletter articleBrown,L.S.(1993,Spring).Antidomination training as a central component of diversity in clinical psychology education.T

33、he Clinical Psychologist,46,83-87.Daily newspaper article,no author:Alphabetize works with no author by the first significant word in the title.In text,use a short title for the parenthetical citation:(“New Drug,”1993).Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with p.or pp.New drug appears to shar

34、ply cut risk of death from heart failure.(1993,July 15).The Washington Post,p.A12.2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范29各种英文文献著录举例（APA)Daily newspaper article,discontinuous pagesSchwartz,J.(1993,September 30).Obesity affects economics,social status.The Washington Post,pp.Al,A4.Weekly newspaper article,letter to the

35、 editiorBerkowitz,A.D.(2000,November 24).How to tackle the problem of student drinking Letter to the editor.The Chronicle of Higher Education,p.B20.Entire issue or special section of a journalBarlow,D.H.(Ed.).(1991).Diagnoses,dimensions,and DSM-IV:The science of classification Special issue.Journal

36、of Abnormal Psychology,100(3).Abstract as original sourceWoolf,N.J.,Young,S.L.,Franselow,M.S.,&Butcher,L.L.(1991).MAP-2 expression in cholinoceptive pyramidal cells of rodent cortex and hippocampus is altered by Pavlovian conditioning Abstract.Society for Newroscience Abstracts,17,480.2022/12/26学术论文

37、的写作和规范30各种英文文献著录举例（APA)Non-English journal article,title translated into EnglishIsing,M.(2000).Intensitatsabhangigkeit evozierter Potenzial im EEG:Sind impulsive Personen Augmenter oder Reducer?Intensity dependence in event-related EEG potentials:Are impulsive individuals augmenters or reducers?.Zei

38、tschrift fur Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie,21,208-217.Book,third edition,Jr.in nameMitchell,T.R.,&Larson,J.R.,Jr.(1987).People in organizations:An introduction to organizational behavior(3rd ed.).New York:McGraw-Hill.Book,group author(government agency)as publisher:When the author and

39、 publisher are identical,use the word Author as the name of the publisher.Australian Bureau of Statistics.(1991).Estimated resident population by age and sex in statistical local areas,New South Wales,June 1990(No.3209.1).Canberra,Australian Capital Territory:Author2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范31各种英文文献著录举例（A

40、PA)Edited bookGibbs,J.T.,&Huang,L.N.(Eds.).(1991).Children of color:Psychological interventions with minority youth.San Francisco:Josser-Bass.Several volumes in a multivolume edited work,publication over period of more than 1 yearKoch,S.(Ed.).(1959-1963).Psychology:A study of science(Vols.1-6).New Y

41、ork:McGraw-Hill.Article or chapter in an edited book,two editorsBjork,R.A.(1989).Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory.In H.L.Roediger III&F.I.M.Graik(Eds.),Varieties of memory&consciousness(pp.309-330).Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum.Entry in an encyclopediaBergmann,P.G.(1993).Relativi

42、ty.In The new encyclopedia Britannica(Vol.26,pp.501-508).Chicago:Encyclopedia Britannica.2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范32各种英文文献著录举例（APA)English translation of an article or chapter in an edited book,reprint from another source:in text,use the following parenthetical citation:(Piaget,1970/1988)Piaget,J.(1988).

43、Extracts from Piagets theory(G.Gellerer&J.Langer,Trans.).In K.Richardson&S.Sheldon(Eds.).Cognitive development to adolescence:A reader(pp.3-18).Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum.(Reprinted from Manual of child psychology,pp.703-732,by P.H.Mussen,Ed.,1970,New York:Wiley)Report from a universityBroadhurst,R.G.,&Ma

44、ller,R.A.(1991).Sex offending and recidivism(Tech.Rep.No.3).Nedlands,Western Australia:University of Western Australia,Crime Research Center.Unpublished paper presented at a meetingLanktree,C.,&Briere,J.(1991,January).Early data on the Trauma Sympton Checklist for Children(TSC-C).Paper presented at

45、the meeting of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children,San Diego,CA.2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范33各种英文文献著录举例（APA)Unpublished doctoral dissertation or masters thesisWilfley,D.E.(1989).Interpersonal analyses of bulimia:Normalweight and obese.Unpublished doctoral dissertation,University of M

46、issouri,Columbia.Almeida,D.M.(1990).Fathers participation in family work:Consequences for fathers stress and father-child relations.Unpublished maters thesis,University of Victoria,Victoria,British Columbia,Canada.Unpublished raw data from study,untitled workBordi,F.,&LeDoux,J.E.(1993).Auditory resp

47、onse latencies in rat auditory cortex.Unpublished raw data.Review of a bookSchatz,B.R.(2000).Learning by text or context?Review of the book The social life of information.Science,290,1304.2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范34各种英文文献著录举例（APA)Television broadcast Crystal,L.(Executive producer).(1993,October 11).The M

48、acNeil/Lehrer news hour Television broadcast.New York and Washington,DC:Public Broadcasting Service.Television seriesMiller,R.(Producer).(1989).The mind Television series.New York:WNET.Single episode from a television seriesHall,B.(Writer),&Bender,J.(Director).(1991).The rules of the game Television

49、 series episode.In J.Sander(Producer),Ill fly away.New York:New York Broadcasting Company.Music recording:Shocked,M.(1992).Over the waterfall.On Arkansas traveler CD.New York:PolyGram Music.Audio recordingCosta,P.T.,Jr.(Speaker).(1988).Personality,continuity,and changes of adult life(Cassette Record

50、ing No.207-433-88A-B).Washington,DC:American Psychological Association.2022/12/26学术论文的写作和规范35各种英文文献著录举例（APA)Sources on the Internet:two guidelines(p.269)Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited whenever possible,reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages.