(完好版)环境科学与工程.docx

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1、 (完好版)环境科学与工程环境科学与工程专业词汇包括环境学总论、环境地学、环境生物学、环境化学、环境物理学、环境工程学、环境医学、环境经济学、环境管理学、环境法学、环境教育等11大类。环境学总论原生环境primaryenvironment次生环境secondaryenvironment生态示范区ecologicaldemonstratearea环境地质学environmentalgeology环境地球化学environmentalgeo-chemistry环境土壤学environmentalsoilscience环境微生物学environmentalmicrobiology环境危机enviro

2、nmentalcrisis环境保护environmentalprotection环境预测environmentalforecasting环境自净environmentalself-purification环境效应environmentaleffect环境容量environmentalcapacity环境演化evolutionofenvironment环境舒适度environmentalcomfort环境背景值本底值environmentalbackgroundvalue环境保护产业环保产业environmentalproductionindustry环境壁垒绿色壁垒environmentalb

3、arrier绿色革命greenrevolution可持续发展sustainabledevelopment第三类环境问题社会环境问题thethirdenvironmentalproblem悬浮物suspendedsolids一次污染物primarypollutant二次污染物secondarypollutant全球性污染globalpollution排污收费pollutioncharge可更新资源renewableresources不可更新资源non-renewableresources自然保护区naturalreservearea防护林protectionforest公害publicnuisa

4、nce矿山公害miningnuisance工业废水industrialwastewater矿山废水miningdrainage生活饮用水domesticpotablewater草原退化grasslanddegeneration沙漠化desertification人口压力populationpressure人口净增率rateofpopulation全球环境监测系统globalenvironmentmonitoringsystemGEMS中国环境保护工作方针Chinesepolicyforenvironmentprotection“三同时原则principleof“thethreeatthesam

5、etime二噁英公害dioxinenuisance马斯河谷烟雾事件disasterinMeuseValley多诺拉烟雾事件disasterinDonora伦敦烟雾事件disasterinLondon水俣病事件minamatadiseaseincident骨痛病事件itai-itaidisasterincident洛杉矶光化学烟雾事件LosAngelesphotochemicalsmogepisode四日市哮喘事件Yokkaichiasthmaepisode米糠油事件Yushodiseaseincident环境地学水圈hydrosphere水循环watercirculation地面水地表水sur

6、facewater水位waterlevel下渗入渗sinking蒸发evaporation最高水位highestwaterlevel最低水位lowestwaterlevel平均水位averagewaterlevel警戒水位warningwaterlevel流速flowvelocity流量discharge洪水期floodseason枯水期low-waterseason冲刷washout含水层aquifer隔水层不透水层aquiclude透水层permeablestratum层间水interlayerwater承压水有压层间水confinedwater或自流水artesianwater孔隙水vo

7、idwater岩溶水喀斯特水karstwater径流runoffflow地表径流runoff地下水groundwater流域保护waterbasinprotection淡水freshwater咸水saltwater降水precipitation沉淀降水量amountofprecipitation降水强度intensityofprecipitation水环境容量carryingcapacityofwaterenvironment水土流失土壤侵蚀soilandwaterloss点源污染pointsourcepollution面源污染non-pointsourcepollution扩散diffusi

8、on涡流eddycurrent涡流扩散eddydiffusion富营养化废水eutrophicwaste-water污水sewage漫灌floodirritation水底沉积物底质或底泥benthaldeposit总固体totalsolids悬浮固体suspendedsolids总溶解固体totaldissolvedsolids河流复氧常数constantofriverreoxygenation湖泊酸化lakeacidification富营养化eutrophication富营养湖eutrophiclake中营养湖mesotrophiclake贫营养湖oligotrophiclake水库rese

9、rvoir海洋处置seadisposal海底采样seafloorsample赤潮红潮redtide海水淡化desalinationofseawater海底沉积物seabottomsediment海洋倾倒oceandumping水质waterquality水资源综合利用waterresourceintegratedutilization水土保持soilandwaterconservation河道整治channelimprovement水污染毒性生物评价biologicalassessmentofwaterpollutiontoxicity水利工程hydro-engineering水体自净self

10、-purificationofwaterbody水环境保护功能区水质功能区functionaldistrictofwaterenvironment土地处理系统landtreatmentsystem土地沙漠化landdesertification土壤肥力soilfertility土壤酸碱度soilacidityandalkalinity土壤污染防治preventionandtreatmentofsoilpollution土壤盐渍化土壤盐碱化soilsalination土壤酸化soilacidification母质土壤母质或成土母质parentmaterial土壤剖面soilprofile腐殖质化

11、humification淋溶作用leaching土壤改进soilimprovement土壤粒级soilseparate土壤质地soiltexture缓冲作用buffering/bufferaction缓冲剂bufferingagent/buffer缓冲容量buffercapacity盐基饱和度basesaturationpercentage灌溉irrigation富里酸fuvicacid胡敏素humin土壤团圆体soilaggregate土壤退化土壤贫瘠化soildegeneration土壤地带性soilzonality污水灌溉wastewaterirrigation臭氧层ozonelayer

12、降水precipitation降水量rainfall降水强度precipitationintensity大气环境容量atmosphericenvironmentalcapacity事后评价afterwardsassessment烟尘消除eliminationofsmokeanddust温室效应greenhouseeffect大气扩散atmosphericdiffusion烟羽烟流或羽流plume逆温inversion环境生物学生境habitat耐受极限limitsoftolerance最小因子定律lawofminimum生物检测bioassay环境胁迫environmentalstress生物

13、多样性bio-diversity生态位niche生命周期lifecycle生态型ecotype自养生物autotrophy异养生物heterotroph指数增长exponentialgrowth互利共生mutualism偏利共生commensalisms寄生parasitism衍生物derivative杀虫剂insecticide杀菌剂fungicide除草剂herbicide防腐剂preservative杀鼠剂rodenticide无残留农药non-persistentpesticide植物性农药phytopesticide污水灌溉sewageirrigation世界自然历史遗产保护地wor

14、ldnaturalandhistoricalheritagesite储量stock过度捕获over-hunting;over-fishing猎渔期openseason农业残渣agriculturaldregs赤潮redtide藻花algaebloom/水花waterbloom原生污染物primarypollutant次生污染物secondarypollutant急性毒性实验acutetoxicitytest慢性毒性实验chronictoxicitytest预备实验screeningtest;range-findingtest;preliminarytest稀释dilution归宿fate生物积

15、累bioaccumulation生物浓缩bioconcentration生物放大biomagnification生物降解biologicaldegradation;biodegradation生物营养物质bioticnutrient多污生物带polysaprobiczone中污生物带mesosaprobiczone寡污生物带oligosaprobiczone敏感种sensitivespecies;intolerantorganism耐污种tolerantspecies生物滤池biologicalfilter净化塘/氧化塘/生物塘purificationpond生物膜biomembrane;bi

16、ologicalfilm轮作croprotation间作intercropping套种interplanting基塘形式farmlandandfishpondmodel防护林带shelterbelt沼气marshgas农家肥farmmanure堆肥piledmanure城市热岛效应urbanheatislandeffect城市生态规划urbanecologicalplanning环境激素endocrinedisruptingchemicals;endocrinedisruptors边缘效应edgeeffect生态恢复ecologicalrestoration恢复生态学restorationec

17、ological环境化学甲基汞methylmercury镉米cadmiumrice农药残留pesticideresidue有机氯农药organochlorinepesticide有机磷农药organophosphorouspesticide氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂carbamateinsecticide拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂pyrethroidinsecticide植物生长调节剂growthregulator化学致癌物chemicalcarcinogen外表活性剂surfactant多氯联苯类polychlorinatedbiphenyls;PCBs多环芳烃类polyaromtichydrocarbon;P

18、AH催化催化作用catalysis臭氧化ozonization光化学氧化剂photochemicaloxidant过氧乙酰硝酸酯peroxyacetylnitrate；PAN干沉降drydeposition湿沉降wetdeposition光化学烟雾photochemicalsmog大气光化学atmosphericphotochemistry降水化学precipitationchemistry气溶胶化学aerosolchemistry悬浮颗粒物suspendedparticulate总悬浮颗粒物totalsuspendedparticulates(TSP)飘尘可吸入颗粒物或可吸入尘airborn

19、eparticle降尘落尘dustfall；fallingdust气溶胶aerosol水质waterquality盐度salinity氧化复原电位oxidation-reductionpotential；redoxpotential溶解氧dissolvedoxygen化学需氧量chemicaloxygendemand生化需氧量biochemicaloxygendemand总有机碳totalorganiccarbon溶解度solubility聚集aggregation絮凝flocculation凝聚coagulation离子交换ionexchange萃取extraction缓冲溶液buffers

20、olution氧平衡形式氧垂曲线oxygenbalancemodel吸收剂(吸附剂)absorbent活性炭activecarbon氧化剂oxidant复原剂reductant胶团micelle胶体溶液colloidalsolution脱硫剂desulfurizationagent电渗析electrodialysis萃取剂extractingagent过滤filter絮凝剂flocculant；flocculatingagent无机絮凝剂inorganicflocculant有机高分子絮凝剂organicpolymerflocculant中和法neutralization反浸透膜reverse

21、osmosismembrane硅胶silicagel蒸汽蒸馏steamdistillation超滤膜ultrafiltermembrane灵敏度sensitivity准确度accuracy精细度precision可靠性reliability检测限detectionlimit相对误差relativeerror绝对误差absoluteerror偶尔误差accidentalerror平均偏差meandeviation采样误差samplingerror标准溶液standardsolution标准物质standardsubstance允许误差allowableerror允许浓度allowableconc

22、entration微量分析microanalysis痕量分析traceanalysis现场分析in-situanalysis仪器分析instrumentalanalysis水质分析waterqualityanalysis比色分析colorimetricanalysis沉降分析sedimentationanalysis自动分析automaticanalysis原子吸收分光光度法atomicabsorptionspectrophotometry原子吸收分光光度计atomicabsorptionspectrophotometer原子荧光光谱法atomicfluorescencespectrometr

23、y原子荧光光谱仪atomicfluorescencespectrometer电化学分析法electrochemicalmethod高效液相色谱法highperformanceliquidchromatography高效液相色谱仪highperformanceliquidchromatograph气相色谱分析gaschromatography气相色谱仪gaschromatograph采样器sampler大气采样器airsampler底泥采样器sedimentsamplerpH计pHmeter湿度计hygrometer固定大气污染源stationarysourcesofairpollution移动

24、大气污染源mobilesourcesofairpollution固定式水污染源stationarysourcesofwaterpollution移动式水污染源mobilesourcesofwaterpollution污染负荷pollutionload污染源调查surveyofpollutionsources无污染工艺pollution-freetechnology无污染装置pollution-freeinstallation污染物总量控制totalamountcontrolofpollution水质参数waterqualityparameter水温watertemperature色度color

25、index透明度transparency混浊度turbidity硬度hardness感官污染指标sensuouspollutionindex毒理学污染指标physicalpollutionindex化学污染指标chemicalpollutionindex细菌学污染指标bacteriologicalpollutionindex毒理学污染指标toxicologicalpollutionindex城市污水municipalsewage生活污水domesticsewage工业废水industrialwastewater常规分析指标indexofroutineanalysis环境监测environmen

26、talmonitoring经过监测coursemonitoring污染物排放标准pollutiondischargestandard总量排放标准totalamountofpollutiondischargestandard优先监测prioritymonitoring环境优先污染物environmentalprioritypollutant总固体totalsolids可吸入微粒(可吸入尘和飘尘)inhaleparticles浊度计turbidimeter实验室质量控制laboratoryqualityconrol空白实验值blankvalue平行样duplicatesamples再现性(重现性)

27、reproducibility重复性repeatability回收率recoveryrate检出限detectionlimit冷原子吸收法cold-vaporatomicabsorptionmethod紫外吸收光谱法ultravioletabsorptionspectrophotometry重量分析gravimetricanalysis内标法internalmarkermethod定性分析qualitativeanalysis定量分析quantitiveanalysis试样前处理pre-treatment均值meanvalue标准差standarderror方差variation回归分析reg

28、ressionanalysis相关分析correlationanalysis相关系数correlationcoefficient系统误差systematicerror随机误差randomerror有效数字validfigure农药残留分析pesticideresidueanalysis排污收费effluentcharge室内空气污染indoorairpollution水体自净self-purificationofwaterbody水土保持soilandwaterconservation水土流失soilerosion土壤修复soil-remediation生物修复bioremediation光降

29、解photodegradation温室气体greenhousegases总量收费totalquantitycharge超临界流体supercriticalfluid土壤采样soilpollution环境物理学光辐射(光)visibleradiation红外线infraredray紫外线ultravioletray灭菌灯bactericidallamp光污染lightpollution噪声污染noisepollution混响reverberation听力损失hearingloss绝对湿度absolutehumidity相对湿度relativehumidity饱和度saturationratio冷

30、凝condensation露点温度dewpointtemperature热辐射thermalradiation比热specificheat空气调节airconditioning通风ventilation环境工程学环境污染综合防治integratedpreventionandcontrolofpollution环境功能区划environmentalfunctionzoning稀释比dilutionratio迁移transfer紊流扩散turbulentdiffusion氧亏(亏氧量)oxygendeficit复氧reaeration溶解氧下垂曲线dissolved-oxygensagcurve饱

31、和溶解氧saturateddissolved无污染燃料pollution-freefuel燃烧combustion空气燃料比air-to-fuelratio烟气分析analysisoffluegas煤的综合利用comprehensiveutilizationofcoal脱硫desulfurization除尘效率particlecollectionefficiency分割粒径cutdiameterforparticles压力损失压力降pressuredrop机械除尘器mechanicalcollector重力沉降室gravitysettlingchamber惯性除尘器inertialdustse

32、parator旋风除尘器cyclonecollector回流式旋风除尘器reverse-flowcyclonecollector直流旋风除尘器straight-throughcyclonecollector多管旋风除尘器multiplecyclonecollector过滤除尘器filter袋式除尘器baghouse滤料filtrationmedia气布比air-to-clothratio机械振动清灰袋式除尘器baghousewithshakecleaning逆气流清灰袋式除尘器baghousewithreverse-flowcleaning脉冲喷吹清灰袋式除尘器baghousewithpuls

33、e-jetcleaning静电除尘electrostaticprecipitator(ESP)电晕放电coronadischarge驱进速度driftvelocity集尘极collectingelectrode板间距distancebetweencollectingelectrodes电极清灰removalofcollectedparticlefromelectrodes宽间距静电除尘器widespaceelectrostaticprecipitator高压脉冲静电除尘器pulsechargingelectrostaticprecipitator湿式静电除尘器wetelectrostaticp

34、recipitator双区静电除尘器两段式电除尘器two-stageelectrostaticprecipitator湿式除尘器wetcollectorofparticulates重力喷雾洗涤器gravitationalsprayscrubber旋风洗涤器centrifugalscrubber中心喷雾旋风洗涤器cyclonesprayscrubber泡沫洗涤塔foamtowerscrubber填料床洗涤器packedbedscrubber文丘里洗涤器venturiscrubber双膜理论two-filmtheory气膜控制gasfilmcontrol液膜控制liquidfilmcontrol穿

35、透曲线breakthroughcurve催化剂catalyst催化剂中毒poisoningofcatalyst烟气脱硫fluegasdesulfurization(FGD)湿法脱硫wetprocessofFGD石灰石灰石法脱硫desulfurizationbylimeandlimestone氨吸收法脱硫ammoniaprocessofFGD干法脱硫dryprocessFGD吸收法控制氮氧化物controlofNOxbyabsorption水吸收法脱氮controlofNOxbyabsorptionprocesswithwater酸吸收法脱氮controlofNOxbyabsorptionpro

36、cesswithacid碱吸收法脱氮controlofNOxbyabsorptionprocesswithalkali吸附法控制氮氧化物controlofNOxbyadsorption分子筛吸附法脱氮controlofNOxbyadsorptionprocesswithmolecularsieve硅胶吸附法脱氮controlofNOxbyadsorptionprocesswithsilicagel气体生物净化biotreatmentofgaseouspollutant生物过滤器biofilter汽车尾气污染pollutionofautomobileexhaustgal生物脱臭biotreatm

37、entofoder集气罩capturehood烟囱有效排放高度effectiveheightofemmission清洁生产cleanerproduction矿山废水miningdrainage电镀废水electroplatingwastewater给水处理厂watertreatmentplant污水处理厂wastewatertreatment给水污水处理构筑物watersewagetreatmentstructure污水集水井swagejoiningwell废水调节池wastewaterflowequalizationbasin格栅grill筛网gridscreen沉砂池gritsettlin

38、gtank曝气沉砂池aerationgritsettlingtank平流式沉砂池horizontalgritsettlingtank立式圆形沉砂池verticalcirculargritsettlingtank圆形周边运动沉砂池circularperimeterflowgritsettlingtank重力排砂gritdischargebygravity水力提升排砂gritdischargewithhydraulicelevator水力旋流器hydrauliccyclone沉淀池settlingtank重力沉淀池gravitysettlingtank浓缩式沉淀池thickeningsettlin

39、gtank斜板斜管沉淀池slopingplank(pipe)settlingtank辐流式沉淀池radialsettlingtank平流式沉淀池horizontalsettlingtank竖流式沉淀池verticalsettlingtank悬浮污泥澄清池suspendedsludgeclarifier脉冲澄清池pulseclarifier水力循环澄清池hydrauliccirculatingclarifier竖流折板絮凝池verticaltableflapflocculatingtank机械搅拌絮凝池mechanicalmixingflocculatingtank颗粒自由沉降particlef

40、reesediment絮凝沉降flocculationsedimentation拥挤沉降hinderedsedimentation气浮池floatationbasin加压溶气气浮法pressuredissolved-airfloatation微电解法microelectroanalysis过滤池filter重力过滤法gravityfiltrationprocess压力过滤法pressurefiltrationprocess真空过滤法vacuumfiltrationprocess快滤池rapidfiltration慢滤池slowfiltration接触滤池contactfilter双向滤池bid

41、irectionalfilter双层滤料滤池doublelayerfilter无阀滤池non-valvefilter虹吸滤池siphonfilter压力滤池pressurefilterV型滤池aquazurV-filter砂滤sandfiltration微滤机microstrainer滤池冲洗强度backwashingintensityoffilter滤层filtermateriallayer滤料承托层holdinglayerforfiltermaterial斜板隔油沉淀池oiltrapwithslopeplank冷却塔coolingtower湿式氧化法wetoxidationprocess反

42、响池reactionbasin叶轮搅拌器turbinemixer膜分离法membraneseparationmethod半浸透膜semi-permeablemembrane电渗析electrodialysis反浸透reverseosmosis离子交换膜ionexchangemembrane萃取extraction汽提stripping吹脱法blow-offmethod臭氧氧化法ozonation臭氧发生器ozonator磁分离法magneticisolationmethod光催化氧化opticalcatalysisoxidation软化水处理softeningwatertreatment石灰纯

43、碱软化法lime-sodiumcarbonatesofteningmethod废水好氧/厌氧处理biologicalaerobic/anaerobictreatmentofwastewater微生物内源代谢microorganismintrinsicmetabolism微生物合成代谢microorganismsyntheticmetabolism基质分解代谢substratedegradationmetabolism活性污泥法activatedsludgeprocess回流污泥returnsludge剩余污泥surplussludge初次沉淀池primarysedimentationbasin

44、曝气池aeration推流式曝气池plug-flowaerationbasin完全混合曝气池completelymixedaerationbasin二次沉淀池secondarysedimentationbasin污泥沉降比sludgesettlingratio污泥容积指数sludgevelumindex污泥负荷volumeloading普通活性污泥法conventionalactivatedsludgeprocess分段曝气法stepaerationmethod延时曝气法extendedaerationmethod加速曝气法accelerantaerationmethod深井曝气法deepwe

45、llaerationmethod纯氧曝气法oxygenaerationmethod鼓风曝气装置blastaerator扩散曝气设备diffusionaerator射流曝气设备effluxaerator机械曝气装置mechanicalaerator外表曝气装置surfaceaerator曝气时间aerationtime污泥龄sludgeage活性污泥培养activatedsludgeculture活性污泥驯化domesticationofactivatedsludge粉末炭活性炭法powderedcarbonactivatedsludgeprocess污泥膨胀sludgebulking生物滤池b

46、iologicalfilter高负荷生物滤池high-loadingbiologicalfilter水力负荷hydraulicloading有机负荷organicloading塔式生物滤池towerbiologicalfiler生物转盘biologicalrotatingdisc生物流化床biologicalfluidizedbed活性生物滤池activatedbiofilter化粪池septictank污水硝化脱氮处理nitrogenremovalfromwastewaterbynitrification污水反硝化脱氮处理nitrogenremovalfromwastewaterbydenitrification污水硝化反硝化脱氮处理nitrogenremovalfromwastewaterbynitridenit