英语语言学实用教程课件13u.ppt

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1、Chen XinrenAn Introduction to English Linguistics精品课程精品课程精品课程精品课程“英语语言学英语语言学英语语言学英语语言学”http:/www./sfs/sfs天空教室天空教室天空教室天空教室Course objectives:-mastery of some linguistic concepts and theories in order to understand how language is constructed,how language operates,how language is used to do things,how

2、language is acquired or learnt,how language varies according to the user or the situation,etc.;-improvement of English proficiency in general and enhancement of the awareness of patterns and regularities in the English language;-preparation for further study and research about language.Textbook and

3、reference books陈新仁，陈新仁，陈新仁，陈新仁，英语语言学实用教程英语语言学实用教程英语语言学实用教程英语语言学实用教程，苏州大学出版，苏州大学出版，苏州大学出版，苏州大学出版社，社，社，社，20072007。戴炜栋、何兆熊、华钧，戴炜栋、何兆熊、华钧，新编简明英语语言学教新编简明英语语言学教程程（修订本），上海外语教育出版社，（修订本），上海外语教育出版社，20022002。丁言仁，郝克，丁言仁，郝克，英语语言学纲要英语语言学纲要，上海外语教，上海外语教育出版社，育出版社，20012001。胡壮麟主编，胡壮麟主编，语言学教程语言学教程，北京大学出版社，北京大学出版社，20012

4、001。Yule,G.Yule,G.The Study of Language The Study of Language 语言研究语言研究.外语外语教学与研究出版社，教学与研究出版社，2000.2000.Course outlineLecture 1:Introduction to the courseLecture 1:Introduction to the courseLecture 2:Some preliminaries about languageLecture 2:Some preliminaries about languageLecture 3:The sounds of E

5、nglishLecture 3:The sounds of EnglishLecture 4:The units of English(1)Lecture 4:The units of English(1)Lecture 5:The structures of English(1)Lecture 5:The structures of English(1)Lecture 6:The structures of English(2)Lecture 6:The structures of English(2)Lecture 7:The meaning of English(1)Lecture 7:

6、The meaning of English(1)Lecture 8:The meaning of English(2)Lecture 8:The meaning of English(2)Lecture 9:The use of English(1)Lecture 9:The use of English(1)Lecture 10:The use of English(2)Lecture 10:The use of English(2)Lecture 11:The varieties of English(1)Lecture 11:The varieties of English(1)Lec

7、ture 12:The varieties of English(2)Lecture 12:The varieties of English(2)Lecture 13:The acquisition of EnglishLecture 13:The acquisition of EnglishLecture 14:Empirical research of EnglishLecture 14:Empirical research of EnglishLecture 15-18 Research practiceLecture 15-18 Research practiceCourse comp

8、onentsLecturesDiscussionsPresentationAssignmentsResearchCourse assessment:attendance(10%)participation in classroom discussion(20%)presentation(10%)assignments(20%)term paper(40%)Term paperA-4/1.5 space/Times New Roman/10.5 font size/5 pages(including 5-10 references)First-hand data+analysisLecture

9、2 Some preliminaries about language2.1 The definition of language2.2 The functions of language 2.3 The origin of language2.4 The defining features of language2.5 The acquisition of language2.1 The definition of languageThe question“what is language?”is comparable with and,some would say,hardly less

10、profound than “what is life?”-John Lyons -John Lyons How do you define language?列宁列宁(论民族自治论民族自治)：Language is the most Language is the most important tool for human communication.important tool for human communication.Chomsky(1957):a set of(finite or infinite)of Chomsky(1957):a set of(finite or infin

11、ite)of sentences,each finite in length and constructed sentences,each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.out of a finite set of elements.Sapir(1921):Language is a purely human and Sapir(1921):Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,n

12、on-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions,and desires by means of voluntarily emotions,and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.produced symbols.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.-胡壮麟胡壮麟“language”used in various contexts(pp.10-11,No.

13、1)Chinese is a language Linguistics is the systematic study of language.Both Jane and John like Shakespeares language.the language of bees Language contributes to the success of our everyday life and the survival of human beings.Discussion:What functions does language serve for our life and survival

14、?2.2 The functions of languageHumans are said to be language animals.But what if we humans lived without language?There are some 6,800 known languages spoken in the 200 countries of the world.In 2003,the total number of languages in the world was estimated to be 6,809,of which 2,261 have writing sys

15、tems(the others are only spoken).What if there were only one language the world over?(P.11 No.2)Some common functions of languagephatic:Hello!phatic:Hello!directive:Get out of my way!directive:Get out of my way!informative:The earth revolves around the sun.informative:The earth revolves around the s

16、un.interrogative:Do you know his hobby?interrogative:Do you know his hobby?expressive:I hate her.expressive:I hate her.evocative:How do you like Jack?evocative:How do you like Jack?performative:I hereby declare the meeting open.performative:I hereby declare the meeting open.interpersonal:Tommy,Dear

17、Friendinterpersonal:Tommy,Dear Friendrecreational:humor;rhyming;punsrecreational:humor;rhyming;punsmetalinguistic:what I mean is;in other wordsmetalinguistic:what I mean is;in other wordsDiscussion:PP.16-17 No.5PP.12-13 No.62.3 The origin of language2.4 The defining features of languageAlso called d

18、esign features(C.F.Hockett,A Course Also called design features(C.F.Hockett,A Course in Modern Linguistics,1958)in Modern Linguistics,1958)a.creativitya.creativity“creativity”,“creativity”,sometimes sometimes also also“productivity”,“productivity”,means means the the property property which which ma

19、kes makes possible possible the the construction construction and and interpretation interpretation of of new new symbols,symbols,i.e.i.e.of of signals signals that that have have not not been previously encountered.been previously encountered.Of Of course,course,the the property property of of crea

20、tivity creativity is is rule-governedrule-governed according according to to Chomsky.Chomsky.Thus,Thus,the the creativity creativity in in linguistics linguistics is different from that in art,which means breaking rules.is different from that in art,which means breaking rules.b.b.arbitrarinessThe Th

21、e term term“arbitrary”“arbitrary”here here means means something something inexplicable inexplicable in in terms terms of of some some more more general general principles.principles.It It is is impossible impossible to to predict predict the the meaning meaning from from the the form,form,or vice v

22、ersa.or vice versa.word word form meaning form meaningDiscuss:P.12 No.5Question:By this property do we mean that a person can use the language as freely as we like?How about argot?How about onomatopeic words?PP.11-12 No.4How about words like flow,float,flood,fluent,etc.?P.17 No.6Other examples:J-:jo

23、y,jovial,jubilate,joyous,joyful,jubilantGl-:glow,glisten,gleam,glare,glint,glimmer,glitterc.duality of structure/double articulationb-o-o-k(meaningless segments:lower level,secondary)-Book(meaningful unit:higher level,primary)Question:Why is this property generally assumed as central to language?Doe

24、s animal language have this property?How is this related to communicative power?d.displacement This property give rise to the flexibility and versatility of language.Communication by means of language is constrained neither by time nor by space.Question:What advantages does this property of language

25、 yield?How about the other communication systems?e.cultural transmissionAnimal call systems are genetically transmitted.Animal call systems are genetically transmitted.Language is passed on from one generation to Language is passed on from one generation to another by teaching and learning,rather th

26、an by another by teaching and learning,rather than by instinct.instinct.QuestionQuestion:Can we deny that human language has a:Can we deny that human language has a genetic basis?What is the implication of the story genetic basis?What is the implication of the story about“wolf child”?What about thos

27、e patients with about“wolf child”?What about those patients with neurological lesions in areas like Broca area(named neurological lesions in areas like Broca area(named after a French scientist)and Wernicke area(named after a French scientist)and Wernicke area(named after a German scientist)after a

28、German scientist)aphasia aphasia?What all languages seem to shareP.15 No.12What do we mean by“knowing a language”?What do we mean by“knowing a language”?*/bdek/*/bdek/*enblack*enblack*He me laugh at.*He me laugh at.*The father of the orphan is in Beijing.*The father of the orphan is in Beijing.A:Sor

29、ry I broke your glass.A:Sorry I broke your glass.*B:*B:Thank youThank you.2.5 The acquisition of languageL1 acquisition is said to have the following features:a.universally successful;b.without explicit instruction(teacher,textbook,school,syllabus,etc.);c.rapid(0-4 years old);d.conditional(i.exposur

30、e;ii.critical period 1.5-4years old;iii.no mental deficiency).L1 acquisition generally falls into some stages:a.babbling period:birth-around 6 months,produce some sounds;b.syllabic speech period:around 8 months,syllables replace babbled sounds,like mama;c.single-word stage:around 1 year old,first wo

31、rds,no grammar;carry out simple commands;d.onset of speech:18 months,more words(3-50 words);e.two-word utterances stage:2 years old,can name most things around him;begin his own creation of two-word phrases(early stage of grammar),pivot words+open words,e.g.Mummy sock;f.full-understanding stage:2.5

32、years old,e.g.daddy kick ball;g.near adult-speech:3 years old;overgeneralization of inflections;h.adult speech:4 years old.Discuss PP.13-14:No.7,8,9 Assignments1.Review the major points of this lecture.2.For the various functions of language discussed in class,use one example of your own to illustra

33、te each.Submit your assignment to the e-classForm“study and research”groups(4-5 persons for 1 group).Each group draws a topic out of the following:a.Word formation in English Week 3a.Word formation in English Week 3b.Interrogative sentences in English Week 4b.Interrogative sentences in English Week

34、4c.Phatic communion in English and Chinese c.Phatic communion in English and Chinese 寒暄寒暄 Week 5 Week 5d.The naming of people in English Week 6d.The naming of people in English Week 6e.Metonymy in English Week 7e.Metonymy in English Week 7f.Complimenting and responding to compliments in English f.Co

35、mplimenting and responding to compliments in English Week 8Week 8g.Strategies for doing face-threatening acts in English Week 9g.Strategies for doing face-threatening acts in English Week 9h.Euphemisms in English Week 10h.Euphemisms in English Week 10i.The change of English Week 11i.The change of En

36、glish Week 11j.Chinglish Week 12j.Chinglish Week 12The members of each group must work together when collecting materials,preparing the PPT,and presenting the report.Each presentation is to last about 20 minutes.Each PPT must be sent to the teacher for comments and advice ONE weak prior to the repor

37、t.Lecture 3 The sounds of EnglishReviewWhat are the major defining features that natural languages possess?Major contents3.1 Linguistics and its branches3.2 Vowels and consonants3.3 Phones,phonemes,and allophones3.4 Phonological rules3.5 English syllables3.6 Stress,tone,and intonation3.1 Linguistics

38、 and its branchesIn 1916,Ferdinand de Saussures Course in General Linguistics was published,which marked the beginning of modern linguistics.Summary Traditional linguisticsTraditional linguistics Modern linguisticsModern linguistics parole langue parole langue written language spoken language writte

39、n language spoken language diachronic synchronic diachronic synchronic prescriptive descriptive prescriptive descriptive atomism structuralism atomism structuralism particularity universalityparticularity universality individuality individualityBranches of linguisticsCore branches:phonetics,phonolog

40、y,semantics,syntax,(pragmatics)Peripheral branches(hyphenated ones):socio-linguistics,psycho-linguistics,neuro-linguistics,etc.applied linguistics:language testing,stylistics,discourse analysis,text linguistics,computation linguistics,etc.Phonetics vs.phonologyThe study of sounds used in speech(i.e.

41、speech sounds)falls under the scope of both phonetics and phonology.Phonetics deals mainly with the characteristics of human speech sounds and sound-making,provides methods for the description,classification,and transcription of the speech sounds.Phonology is concerned with the exploration of the pa

42、tterns governing sound combinations.Branches of phoneticsa.articulatory phonetics,which studies speech organs and how speech sounds are made(articulated)by the vocal organs.our major concernb.acoustic phonetics,which studies the physical properties of speech sounds.c.auditory phonetics,which studies

43、 the perception of speech sounds.3.2 vowels and consonantsIn pronouncing consonants,the airstream from the lungs through the mouth is totally or partially obstructed somewhere along the path.In pronouncing vowels,the airstream is not obstructed anywhere along the path.a.Functionally,vowels are the b

44、asis of syllables.b.Physically,vowels are musical.c.Articulatorily,for vowels,airstream is not obstructed,and speech organs are tense.Discuss:P.38 No.1Classification of English vowelsCriteriai)the height of tongue raising(high,mid,low)ii)the position of the highest part of the tongue(front,central,b

45、ack)iii)the degree of lip-rounding(rounded,unrounded)iv)long or shortv)tense or laxP.28 Figure 2.2Vowel description/i:/:high,front,unrounded,long,tense/i/:high,front,unrounded,short,lax/:/:low,back,unrounded,long,tense/c:/:mid,back,rounded,long,tense/:mid,central,unrounded,lax /:/:mid,central,unroun

46、ded,long,tensePractice:Describe the sound/u:/and/./u:/:high,back,rounded,tense,long/:low,front,unrounded,laxClassifying English consonantscriteriai)manner of articulation(degree of obstruction:complete,partial or a mere narrowing)ii)place f articulation(the parts of vocal tongue involved in the prod

47、uction)P.29 Table 2.23.3 Phones,phonemes,and allophonesPhonology is the study of sound patterns of language(i.e.how sounds are arranged to form meaningful units)and the function of each sound.It reveals what are the possible combinations of sounds in a language and explains why certain words take th

48、e form they do.Phone 音素音素phone:the smallest perceptible discrete segment of sound in a stream of speechi)phonetic unitii)not distinctive of meaningiii)physical as heard or producediv)marked with Phoneme 音位音位the minimal unit in the sound system of a language.With phonemes,we establish the patterns of

49、 organization within the infinitely large number of sounds.Each language can be shown to operate with a relatively small number of phonemes(15-80).No two languages have the same phonemic system.Phoneme 音位i)phonological unitii)distinctive of meaningiii)abstract,not physicaliv)marked with/.Discuss:P.3

50、3 No.1Three requirements for identifying minimal pairs:1)different in meaning;2)only one phoneme different;3)the different phonemes occur in the same phonetic environment.Minimal set:pat,mat,bat,fat,cat,hat,etc.Allophone 音位变体音位变体allophone:phonic variants/realizations of a phonemeA phoneme is realize