《英语应用文写作》写作基础知识.ppt

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1、英语应用文写作写作基础知识英语应用文写作英语应用文写作Pipeline Bureau CNPCPipeline Bureau CNPCEnglish TrainingEnglish TrainingApplied Writing主讲：冯洪彦主讲：冯洪彦 英语句子（英语句子（SentencesSentences）英语段落（英语段落（ParagraphsParagraphs）英语篇章（英语篇章（EssayEssay）写作基础知识写作基础知识 (Basic Writing Skills)(Basic Writing Skills)English TrainingEnglish Training第一节

2、第一节 英语句子英语句子 (Sentences)(Sentences)1.1.1.1.1.1.英语基本句型英语基本句型1.1.2.1.1.2.英语句子种类英语句子种类1.1.3.1.1.3.有效句子有效句子English TrainingEnglish Training1.1.1.1.1.1.英语基本句型英语基本句型 （Basic Elements of a SentenceBasic Elements of a Sentence）英语句子的主要构成成份有：S=Subject 主语V=Verb 动词 O=Object 宾语 C=Complement 补语 A=Adverbial 状语Engli

3、sh TrainingEnglish Training英语的七种基本句型：英语的七种基本句型：SV:SV:主谓主谓SVO:SVO:主谓宾主谓宾SVC:SVC:主谓补主谓补SVA:SVA:主谓状主谓状SVOO:SVOO:主谓（间接）宾（直接）宾主谓（间接）宾（直接）宾SVOC:SVOC:主谓宾补主谓宾补SVOA:SVOA:主谓宾状主谓宾状 此外还有比较常用的此外还有比较常用的There be There be 句型，句型，表示表示“存在，有存在，有”English TrainingEnglish Training1.SV:The sun is shining.2.SVO:You should a

4、lso consider this.3.SVC:The apple tastes good.4.SVA:I was at college.5.SVOO:Living at college gives me a sense of responsibility.6.SVOC:That makes me responsible for my own life.7.SVOA:You can put the dish on the table.8.There be：There are friendly people around to talk with.SamplesEnglish TrainingE

5、nglish Training1.1.Your dinner seems ready.()Your dinner seems ready.()2.2.I must send my parents a Christmas card.I must send my parents a Christmas card.()()3.3.That class interested me.()That class interested me.()4.4.My school is on the next street.My school is on the next street.()()5.5.Many st

6、udents find that book very helpful.Many students find that book very helpful.()()6.6.You may put your umbrella under the table.You may put your umbrella under the table.()()7.7.She was smiling.She was smiling.()()8.8.We have made her the head of our group.We have made her the head of our group.()()同

7、步练习同步练习-1Now read the following sentences and tell which clause type they belong to.SVCSVOOSVOSVASVOCSVOASVSVOCEnglish TrainingEnglish Training同步练习同步练习-2-2 Apply the rules and correct the errors in each of the following sentences.English TrainingEnglish Training1.The general manager will in English

8、introduce us at the welcome partyTrue:The general manager will introduce us in English at the welcome party.-SVOA2.The senior Canada engineer is listening Chinese folk music.True:The senior Canadian engineer is listening to Chinese folk music.-Thefrom Canada-SV3.Only a kind person can smile so sweet

9、True:Only a kind person can smile so sweetly -SVAEnglish TrainingEnglish Training4.Would you please show me to the way to the museum?True:Would you please show me the way to the museum?-SVOO5.The professors words make them are very excitingTrue:The professors words make them very exciting.-SVC6.Ther

10、e has not much money in my pocket.True:There is not much money in my pocket-there be7.There is a man want to see youTrue:A man wants to see you 或者或者There is a man who wants to see you -there beEnglish TrainingEnglish Training8.Does your English teacher always speaks English in class?True:Does your E

11、nglish teacher always speak English in class?-SVOA9.My father last year has given to me a expensive presentTrue:My father gave me an expensive present last year.-SVOOA同步练习-3 Translate the following sentences into English,using the proper sentence types1.新年那天，系里许多学生给老师们送贺年卡片并致节日的祝贺 -SVOOA2.译：On New Y

12、ears Day,many students in the department gave cards ad holiday greetings to their teachers.2.你应该认真填写这张申请表并在这一栏中填上你的国籍。-SVOA译:You should fill in this application form very carefully and put your nationality in this blank.English TrainingEnglish Training3.我很荣幸地把格林博士，一位加拿大学者，介绍给你们大家。我很荣幸地把格林博士，一位加拿大学者，

13、介绍给你们大家。译：译：I have the honor to introduce Doctor Green,a Canadian scholar,to all of you.-SVO4.4.顺便问一句，你能否告诉我一些有关这所大学计算机工程系的情况吗？顺便问一句，你能否告诉我一些有关这所大学计算机工程系的情况吗？译：译：By the way,could you tell me something about the Computer Engineering Department in this university?-By the way,could you tell me somethin

14、g about the Computer Engineering Department in this university?-SVOOASVOOA5.只有本护照的持有者才能申请签证。-SVA译：Only bearer of the passport can apply for the visa.6.新学期的第一天，留学生们和它们的中国老师相互介绍认识。译：The overseas students and their Chinese teachers introduce themselves to each other on the first day of the new semester

15、.-SAOOAEnglish TrainingEnglish Training1.1.2.1.1.2.英语句子种类英语句子种类（Types of SentencesTypes of Sentences）1.1.句子按其用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、句子按其用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句祈使句、感叹句2.2.句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句English TrainingEnglish Training陈述句陈述句（Declarative Sentence):a declarative sentence makes a

16、 positive or negative statementa declarative sentence makes a positive or negative statement Our warehouses have limited facilities.Our warehouses have limited facilities.He is not the rival in negotiation.He is not the rival in negotiation.疑问句疑问句 (Interrogative Sentence):a interrogative sentence as

17、ks a question.a interrogative sentence asks a question.Will you please pay your prompt attention to this Will you please pay your prompt attention to this matter?(General Question)matter?(General Question)Example我们的仓库设施很有限。我们的仓库设施很有限。他不是谈判对手他不是谈判对手。Example对此问题，请和时加以注意。对此问题，请和时加以注意。Example How old ar

18、e you?(Special Question)Is the delegation leaving today or tomorrow?(Alternative Question)You didnt go to Shanghai,did you?(Tag Question)祈使句祈使句(Imperative Sentence):an imperative sentence expresses a command or a request.Please think over the local tax rate.Dont open the door.感叹句感叹句(Exclamatory Sent

19、ence):an exclamatory sentence shows a strong feeling or emotion.What a lever boy he is!How careless she is!ExampleExampleExample简单句简单句（Simple Sentence):a simple sentence is one that consists of a single independent clause.Wewouldappreciateapromptreply.并列句并列句（Compound Sentence):a compound sentence is

20、 one that contains two or more independent clauses.Ihavefinishedthework,butthereisstillmuchtodo.ExampleExample复合句复合句（Complex Sentence):a complex sentence is one that contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate or dependent clauses.Iwasreadingabookwhenhecame.并列复合句并列复合句（Compound-comple

21、x Sentence):a compound-complex sentence is one that contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause.In other words,it is a combination of a compound and a complex sentence Shewearsareddresswhensheisingoodmood,butshewearsablueonewhensheisinbadmood.ExampleExample1.1.3.1.1.3.有效句子有效

22、句子(EffectiveSentences)什么是有效句子？有效句子就是好句子。好句子除了语法结构正确外，必须思想完整，表达准确，生动形什么是有效句子？有效句子就是好句子。好句子除了语法结构正确外，必须思想完整，表达准确，生动形象，才能有效地表达作者的思想。那么如何写出好句子即有效句子呢？应遵循以下几点：象，才能有效地表达作者的思想。那么如何写出好句子即有效句子呢？应遵循以下几点：1.1.完整的句子完整的句子 (Completeness)2.2.清晰的句子清晰的句子 (Clarity)3.3.简洁的句子简洁的句子 (Conciseness)4.4.平行结构的句子平行结构的句子（Parallel

23、ism)5.5.5.5.灵活多变的句子灵活多变的句子 (Variety)1.1.写完整的句子写完整的句子(Completeness)一个完整的句子既包括结构上的完整，也包括意义上的完整。一个完整的句子既包括结构上的完整，也包括意义上的完整。(1)(1)结构上的完整结构上的完整SentenceCompleteness Wrong:MynameHelen.汉语句子可以不用动词，主语也可以省略，而英语句子一般需要有主语和谓语动词才算完整。再者，与汉语句子可以不用动词，主语也可以省略，而英语句子一般需要有主语和谓语动词才算完整。再者，与汉语不同，英语句子中和物动词的宾语不能省略。我们还可以用汉语不同，

24、英语句子中和物动词的宾语不能省略。我们还可以用that、who或或because之类的词把小句子连在一之类的词把小句子连在一起，组成大句子。例如：起，组成大句子。例如：Wrong:Theyeatrice,andweeat,too.Correct:MynameisHelen.Correct:Theyeatrice,andweeatrice,too.ExampleWrong:Friendlypeople,anotherthingIlikeaboutcollege.Correct:Friendlypeople,thatsanotherthingIlikeaboutcollege.Wrong:Some

25、peoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguagesquickly.Becausetheyknowhowtolisten.Correct:Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguagesquicklybecausetheyknowhowtolisten.None of the following sentences are complete.Make necessary corrections to make them complete.1.Idislikedogsbecauseverysmelly(气味难闻气味难闻).2

26、.ThedogsalwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisit.-Idislikedogsbecausetheyareverysmelly.-ThedogsarealwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisitthem.3.Waysofnamingnewbabiesdifferentaroundtheworld.-Ways of naming new babies are different around the world.同步练习同步练习4.In Guangzhou is hotter than in Beijing.5

27、.Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,gotogetastickifyouthrowit.-In Guangzhou,it is hotter than in Beijing.-Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,theygotogetastickifyouthrowit.-Itstoocoldinthisroom.6.Istoocoldinthisroom.7.Becausewedonthaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet.8.Abookthatyoulike.-Thatisabookthatyo

28、ulike.-Becausewedonthaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet,wedontkeepone.简单陈述句的语序简单陈述句的语序（Word order in Simple Statements）主语部分 谓语部分 1.主语主语Who which what2.动词动词Action(v.)3.宾语宾语Who what which 状语状语4.方式how5.地点where6.时间whenboughtahatyesterdayThechildrenranhomeThedrivershoutedatmeangrilyThecarstoppedsuddenlyJackre

29、adthebookquietlyinhisroomallafternoon名，代，数，短语，名，代，数，短语，从句从句谓语动词谓语动词名，代宾，数，短语，从名，代宾，数，短语，从句句副词，相当于副词，短语和从副词，相当于副词，短语和从句句ITheyaresittingbehindme 主语部分 谓语部分 1.2.3.4.5.6.1.The film I enjoyed yesterday2.A tree in the corner of the garden he planted.3.This morning a book I from the library borrowed4.A new

30、school built they in our village last year.Ienjoyedthe filmyesterdayHeplanteda treeIn the cornerof the garden Iborroweda bookfrom the library this morning Theybuilta new schoolin our villagelast year(2)(2)意义上的完整意义上的完整 意义上的完整指句意要完整。它至少是一个简单句，只能有一个中心思想。意义上的完整指句意要完整。它至少是一个简单句，只能有一个中心思想。请看下列句子：请看下列句子：a.

31、WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,andsheisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.b.Jimisoneofthefastestrunners.c.ErnestHemingwaywasanAmericannovelist,d.andhewontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.Example以上三个句子都不符合句子只有一个中心思想这一要求，句意不完整。可作如下修改：以上三个句子都不符合句子只有一个中心思想这一要求，句意不完整。可作如下修改：a.WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,andsheisapr

32、ofessorofEnglishliterature.修改：修改：WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,whoisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.b.Jimisoneofthefastestrunners.修改修改：Jimisoneofthefastestrunnersofourschool.c.ErnestHemingwaywasanAmericannovelist,andhewontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.修改修改：ErnestHemingway,anAmericannovelist,wontheNobel

33、PrizeforLiteraturein1954.2.2.写清晰的句子写清晰的句子(Clarity)写作要注意句子的清晰度。以下几种情况妨碍文章的清晰，影响读者的理解。写作要注意句子的清晰度。以下几种情况妨碍文章的清晰，影响读者的理解。(1)(1)缺乏必要的细节。缺乏必要的细节。简洁尽管重要，但必要细节的缺乏也会使读者产生误解甚至不知所云。例如：简洁尽管重要，但必要细节的缺乏也会使读者产生误解甚至不知所云。例如：a.Helovessportsmuchmorethanhissister.b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.c

34、.Thecityhasaboutonemillion.a句既可理解为句既可理解为“他比妹妹更喜欢运动他比妹妹更喜欢运动”，也可以理解为，也可以理解为“他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹妹他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹妹”。为了使意义清。为了使意义清晰明了，应该在该句的后半部补上相应的谓语：晰明了，应该在该句的后半部补上相应的谓语：修改修改：He loves sports much more than his sister does.或：He loves sports much more than he loves his sister.b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewre

35、sponsibilities.b句中的句中的aperson和和you指代不明。应改为：指代不明。应改为：When a person gets married,he takes When a person gets married,he takes on new responsibilities.(on new responsibilities.(泛指泛指)或：或：When you get married,you take on newWhen you get married,you take on new responsibilities.(responsibilities.(特指特指)c.T

36、hecityhasaboutonemillion.c句中，句中，“onemillion”究竟指什么，缺乏必要的细节说明，应改为：究竟指什么，缺乏必要的细节说明，应改为：The city has a population of one million.The city has a population of one million.(2)(2)缺乏连贯性。缺乏连贯性。一个完整的意思被不必要地切割成几个句子，这样一个完整的意思被不必要地切割成几个句子，这样一连串的短句由于未能体现出相互间的关系，读起来费一连串的短句由于未能体现出相互间的关系，读起来费解，妨碍思维解，妨碍思维。为了使句子连贯，应注意

37、不要将联系密切的词分开；为了使句子连贯，应注意不要将联系密切的词分开；应围绕一个中心意思，多用修饰语（如分词短语、介词短应围绕一个中心意思，多用修饰语（如分词短语、介词短语、从句等）。例如：语、从句等）。例如：a.Somepeoplecannotdistinguishbetweencolors.theyareb.saidtobecolor-blinded.此句将其中一句改成定语从句此句将其中一句改成定语从句应该为应该为：Some people Some people who can not distinguish betweenwho can not distinguish between c

38、olors colors are said to be color-blinded.are said to be color-blinded.b.Hefoundthekitchenwindowopen.Heputaladderagainstthewindow.Heclimbedin.此句子可改为：此句子可改为：Finding the kitchen window open,he put a ladder against it and climbed in.Finding the kitchen window open,he put a ladder against it and climbed

39、 in.(3)(3)随意转换。随意转换。英语句子的时态、语态、语气等在句中必须保持一致，随意转换往往造成句子意思模糊不清。英语句子的时态、语态、语气等在句中必须保持一致，随意转换往往造成句子意思模糊不清。时态的随意转换。时态的随意转换。a.TheydidnotknowwhentheywillgototheGreatWall.应改为：应改为：They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall.They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall.b.Heworkedlateintot

40、henightyesterday butgetsupearlythismorning.应改为：应改为：b.He worked late into the night yesterdayb.He worked late into the night yesterday but got up early this morning.but got up early this morning.语态和主语的随意转换。语态和主语的随意转换。a.Hewasrunningveryhardintheraceandhisanklewasbroken.应改为：应改为：He was running very hard

41、 in the race and broke his ankle.He was running very hard in the race and broke his ankle.b.Theteacherlefttheclassroomafterthelecturewasfinished.应改为：应改为：The teacher left the classroom after he finished the lecture.The teacher left the classroom after he finished the lecture.或：或：Having finished the l

42、ecture,the teacher left the classroom.Having finished the lecture,the teacher left the classroom.c.Shereviewedthelessonsandalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacherweredone.应改为应改为：She reviewed the lessons and did all the exercises assigned by the teacher.She reviewed the lessons and did all the exercises

43、assigned by the teacher.语气随意转换语气随意转换。a.First stop the noise and then you may start discussion.a.First stop the noise and then you may start discussion.应改为应改为：First stop the noise and then start discussionFirst stop the noise and then start discussion.b.Students should learn to solve problems indepen

44、dently.Dont rely on your parents help.b.Students should learn to solve problems independently.Dont rely on your parents help.应改为：应改为：b.Students should learn to solve problems independently.They should not rely on their parents help.b.Students should learn to solve problems independently.They should

45、not rely on their parents help.人称和数的随意转换。人称和数的随意转换。a.If one has talents,we will bea.If one has talents,we will be likely to succeed.likely to succeed.应改为：应改为：If one has talents,one will be likelyIf one has talents,one will be likely to succeed.to succeed.或或:If we have talents,we will be likely If we

46、 have talents,we will be likely to succeed.to succeed.b.If a person is selfish,they will have few friends.b.If a person is selfish,they will have few friends.应改为：应改为：b.If a person is selfish,he will have few friends.b.If a person is selfish,he will have few friends.代词指代不明。代词指代不明。a.a.The pollution in

47、 this area is serious;they should do something about it.The pollution in this area is serious;they should do something about it.应改为：应改为：The pollution in this area is serious;the government should do something about it.The pollution in this area is serious;the government should do something about it.

48、同步练习同步练习:Correct the following sentences if necessary 1.There 1.There areare always a lot of good news over the radio.2.Each of the plans always a lot of good news over the radio.2.Each of the plans hashas its advantage.its advantage.3.Either you or I3.Either you or I are are to clean the room.to cl

49、ean the room.4.All those who want to go on the trip should get 4.All those who want to go on the trip should get hishis equipment ready immediately.equipment ready immediately.is amtheir5.Paidlittleattentiontohistablemanners.6.Theteachergivingsuchahardexam.-HeHe paid little attention to his table ma

50、nners.paid little attention to his table manners.(add a subject)(add a subject)-The teacher The teacher is is giving such a hard exam.giving such a hard exam.(add a helping verb)(add a helping verb)7.When only five years old,my father took 7.When only five years old,my father took me to a circus(me