戴炜栋《简明英语语言学教程》Chapter-3-Morphology320 (2).ppt

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1、戴炜栋简明英语语言学教程Chapter-3-Morphology320Discussion:If we look at the following words simplify,falsify,justify,diversify,qualify,identify and beautify,we feel that they bear sth.similar in their internal structures.What is it?3.1 IntroductionDiscussion:A further look at the following words will show you h

2、ow to convert some of the adjectives or nouns to verbs.What is the rule?simple(adj.)-simplify(v.)false(adj.)-falsify(v.)quality(n.)-qualify(v.)identity(n.)-identify(v.)3.1 IntroductionMorphology:a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed

3、.3.1 Introductionpredict:pre:beforedict:speakCan pre-and dict be structurally and semantically further analyzed?1.word:3.2 Morphemes a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.Discussion:3.2 Morphemes Try to study the internal structures of the follow

4、ing words to find out the smaller meaningful components.internationalizationblackboardworkedtourists3.2 Morphemes e.g.internationalizationinter:between,among(a group)nation:a large group of people living in one area and usu.having an independent governmental:of or concerningize:cause to be more,make

5、 tion:the act,state,or result of the act of bringing something under international control 3.2 Morphemes touriststour:a journey or route all the way around a particular place or area ist:person who does somethings:indicating pluralpeople who travel for pleasure3.2 Morphemes 2.morphemea minimal/small

6、est unit of language that carries information about meaning or function 3.2 Morphemes 3.Types of morphemesDiscussion:Observe the following examples.quicken-quick-en frightening-fright-en-ingstudents-student-swarmer-warm-erCan you find the differences between the morphemes quick and warm and the morp

7、hemes en and er?3.2 Morphemes 3.Types of morphemes1)Free morphemes(free roots)the minimal independent units of meaning;can be used freely all by themselves as wordse.g.man,earth,wind,car,anger3.2 Morphemes 3.Types of morphemes2)Bound morphemesthe morphemes which cannot be used independently but have

8、 to be combined with other morphemes to form a word recollection:re+collect+ionidealistic:ideal+ist+icex-prisoner:ex+prison+er2)Bound morphemesDiscussion:Try to remove the prefixes and suffixes until you get the elements which cannot be further analyzed.un+limit+edpre+dict+ionunlimited:prediction:Is

9、 there any difference between limit and dict?2)Bound morphemesRoot:the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity;Semantically:carries the main component of the meaning of a word;Structurally:the part of a word which remains after all the affixes have been r

10、emoved 2)Bound morphemesFree root:(free morpheme)a root which has a clear and definite meaning and which can be used as a word;All the root words are free roots.2)Bound morphemesBound root:part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free foot;a root which must be combined with

11、another root or an affix to form a word e.g.dict-a Latin root:say/speakcontradict:speak againstpredict:tell beforehandcontradiction,contradictor,predictor,dictate,diction,dictionary2)Bound morphemesDiscussion:Can you list some of the affixes which,when added to another morpheme,can create a new word

12、?When the affix s is added to the morpheme walk,do you think a new word is created?What are the functions of the following affixes:-(e)s,-(e)d,-ing,-er,-est,-s?2)Bound morphemes affixes:the forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.Inflectional affixes:derivatio

13、nal affixes:affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationshipsaffixes added to other morphemes to create new words2)Bound morphemes affixes:the forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.Inflectional affixes:derivational affixes:Indicate n

14、umber,tense,degree,case,etc.Alter the meaning or grammatical category of the base2)Bound morphemes affixes:the forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.Inflectional affixes:derivational affixes:e.g.radios,goes,Childrens Day,happiest,worked,doingprefixessuffixes

15、Discussion:Can you put the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationships.affix,morpheme,derivational affix,bound morpheme,free root,bound root,inflectional affix,prefix,suffix,free morphememorphemefree morpheme=free rootbound morpheme bound rootaffixderivational affixinflecti

16、onal affixprefixsuffixsuffixCategories of Morphemes3.3 Morph,Allomorph 1.Morphany concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance e.g.cat,door,-ing,-s,-er3.3 Morph,Allomorph 2.Allomorph Discussion:1)Work out the different forms of the morpheme in-when it is added to the following words:-capa

17、ble-logical-probable-relevant3.3 Morph,Allomorph 2.Allomorph Discussion:2)Try to find the different ways in which ed is pronounced in different linguistic contexts.3.3 Morph,Allomorph 2.Allomorph morphs which are different representations of the same morpheme are called allomorphs of that morphemeph

18、one morph allophone allomorphphoneme morpheme 3.3 Morph,Allomorph 2.Allomorph e.g.in-,im-,ir-and il(the four morphs)are the allomorphs of the morpheme in-.e.g./t/(missed),/d/(pleased),/id/(kidded)/t/,/d/and/id/are the allomorphs of the morpheme-ed.e.g./s/(books),/z/(bags),/iz/(bridges)/s/,/z/and/iz/

19、are the allomorphs of the morpheme-s.3.4 Morphological rules 1.Definition the rules that govern how morphemes combine to form words.2.Examples 1)adj.+ly adv.:quickly,happily2)n.+ly adj.:friendly,kingly,lovelyGuard against overgeneralization manly,womanly,boyly(x),girlly(x),boyish,girlish3.4 Morpholo

20、gical rules 2.Examples 3)More than one prefix can be used to make the meaning of an adj.negative.happy,fortunate,seemly,correct,proper,legal,sadunhappy,unfortunate,unseemly,incorrect,improper,illegal1.Definitiona word-formation process in which new words are created by adding affixes to roots.3.5 De

21、rivation2.Types1)n.adj.color+ful colorfulharm+less harmlesswind+y windychild+ish childish3.5 Derivation2.Types2)n.v.length+en lengthencharacter+ize characterizedis+cover discoverde+fame defame3.5 Derivation2.Types3)v.n.speak+er speakeremploy+ee employeearrive+al arrivalinform+ant informant3.5 Deriva

22、tion2.Types4)v.adj.image+ary imaginaryunderstand+able understandable3.5 Derivation2.Types5)adj.v.broad+en broadenmodern+ize modernizesimple+ify simplifyvalid+ate validate3.5 Derivation2.Types6)adj.adv.soft+ly softlyaccurate+ly accurately3.5 Derivation3.6 Compounding1.Definitiona word-formation proce

23、ss in which words are formed by putting two or more words togetherCompounds:words formed in this way2.Types 1)Compound nounsnight+school nightschool(n.+n.)dead+line deadline(adj.+n.)pick+pocket pickpocket(v.+n.)snow+fall snowfall(n.+v.)down+fall downfall(adv.+v.)self+confidence self-confidence(pron.

24、+n.)3.6 Compounding2.Types 2)Compound verbssight+see sightsee(n.+v.)window+shop window-shop(n.+n.)safe+guard safeguard(adj.+n.)over+estimate overestimate(adv.+v.)3.6 Compounding2.Types 3)Compound adjectivesall+round all-round(adv.+adj.)cease+fire ceasefire(v.+n.)full+time full-time(adj.+n.)world+fam

25、ous world-famous(n.+adj.)3.6 Compounding2.Types 4)Compound adverbsknee+high knee-high(n.+adj.)down+hill down-hill(adv.+n.)eye+to+eye eye-to-eye(n.+prep.+n.)3.6 Compounding2.Types 5)Compound conjunctionshowever,therefore into,outside6)Compound prepositions7)Compound pronouns nobody,whatever3.6 Compou

26、nding3.6 Compounding3.Features of compounds1)Orthographically,a compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen in between,or as two separate words.armchair,follow-up,jet lag3.6 Compounding3.Features of compounds2)Syntactically,the part of speech of the compound is generally determined

27、by the part of speech of the second element.E.g.icy-cold(adj.),head-strong(adj.),greenhouse(n.)Exceptions:follow-up(n.),crackdown(n.),kick-off(n.),toothpick(n.),facelift(n.)3.6 Compounding3.Features of compounds3)Semantically,the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic,not always being the sum tota

28、l of the meanings of its components.E.g.:Red coat,red meat,green hand,red letter days,cold fish3.6 Compounding3.Features of compounds4)Phonetically,the stress of a compound always falls on the first element,while the second element receives secondary pound noun vs noun phrasegreen house green houser

29、unning dog running dog3.7 Root and Stem1.RootA root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity;The root carries the main component of meaning in a word;A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have

30、 been removed.1.Roote.g.“internationalists”affix:inter-,-al,-ist,-s nation:na/tion,nat/ion?nation:root3.7 Root and Stem2.StemA stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional

31、affix can be added.3.7 Root and Stem2.Steme.g.nation:root(),stem()national:root(x),stem()(n.)s international,internationalist3.7 Root and Stem1.Open class wordscontent words of a language(a word to which an independent meaning can be assigned)3.8 Open class and closed classNew words can be added to the classes regularly.(cybercrime,carjacking)n.,v.,adj.,adv.2.Closed class wordsgrammatical or functional words of a language3.8 Open class and closed classsmall&stable:few new words can be added to the classes regularly.conj.,prep.,articles,pron.谢谢大家！