语法讲座xx.doc

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1、語法講座复合介词in case of字體：大中小1. 表示条件，意为“如果”“万一”。如： In case of fire, ring the bell. 如发生火灾，就按铃。 In case of emergency, break the glass and press the button. 遇到紧急情况时，击碎玻璃罩并按下按钮。 In case of my not being here, ask my brother to help you. 如果我不在可让我弟弟帮助你。2. 表示目的，意为“以防”。如： I keep an umbrella here in case of rain.

2、我在这里放一把雨伞以防下雨。 The wall was built along the river in case of floods. 沿江筑了堤坝，以防涨水。修饰被动语态的副词一定要放在中间吗字體：大中小 在通常情况下，修饰被动语态的副词一定要放在助动词be与过去分词之间。如： She was badly paid. 她挣的钱很少。 She was badly paid. 她挣的钱很少。 He was deeply offended. 他被深深地触怒了。 The trip was well organized. 旅行组织得很好。 He was badly shocked by his fa

3、ll. 他摔了一跤，吓得够呛。 He was rightly / justly punished. 他得到了正当的惩罚。 I was rightly / correctly informed. 我得到了正确的消息。 She was fatally injured in the crash. 她在这次车祸中受了致命的重伤。 He was badly injured in the last match. 在最后一场比赛中他受了重伤。 Toms all right himself, but his wife is badly hurt. 汤姆自己倒还好，但他的妻子却伤得厉害。 I was deepl

4、y impressed by her anxiety not to disturb anyone. 她生怕惊动任何人的心绪给我留下深刻的印象。 Although the pilot was badly hurt he was able to explain what had happened. 飞行员的伤势虽然很重，但是他还能够解释发生的一切。 但是，将副词放在过去分词之后也是完全可以的。如： 他意外地给耽搁了。 正：He was unexpectedly delayed. 正：He was delayed unexpectedly. 当然，如果其中的过去分词已具有形容词的性质，或者说“be+

5、过去分词”已是系表结构，而非被动语态，则应将副词放在过去分词之前。如： She is fully satisfied. 他完全满意。 He was fully recovered. 他完全痊愈。語法講座there be结构的be的活用字體：大中小there be 结构中的be必须随着be后面名词的数及句子后面的时间，使用不同的形式或时态。如：(1) There are fifty chairs, desks and a blackboard in our classroom. 我们的教室里有五十把椅子、五十张课桌和一块黑板。(比较) There is a blackboard, fifty c

6、hairs and desks in our classroom. 我们教室里有一块黑板、五十把椅子和五十张课桌。(2) There werent any high buildings in the village twenty years ago. 二十年前，村子里没有高楼大厦。there be结构可与情态动词can, could, will, would, must, may, might, ought to 及某些不及物动词seem, appear, happen等连用，如：(1) Do go into the hole, for there can be snakes in it. 不

7、要进到洞里面去，因为洞里可能有蛇。(2) The car doesnt run. There must be something wrong with it. 车不走了，肯定出了毛病。(3) There seemed to be some people in the room, for the water is still hot. 房间里原来似乎有人，因为水还是热的。(4) There happened to be a policeman there. 碰巧那儿有个警察。有时为了使句子表达生动，动词be 可换成 come, live, remain, stand, lie, appear,

8、exist, seem, remain, . 。如：(1) Long ago, there lived a king who loved horses very much. 很久以前，有个非常喜欢马的国王。(2) There stands a house on the top of the mountain. 山顶上有座房子。(3) There exists some doubt in what he said. 在他所的话中有些疑点。there be 结构不能跟 have(有) 连用，但可跟 have / has + 过去分词，或 have /has to + be / stand / li

9、e 等动词原形等连用。如：(1) The man liked to plant trees, and soon there have been tall trees around his house. 那个人喜欢种树，不久他房子的周围就有了很多大树。(2) There has to be air and water on the planet for living things to live on. 在那颗行星上必须要有能使生物生存的空气和水。語法講座heavy习惯上不与具体的重量连用字體：大中小像old, long, tall, deep, thick, wide等形容词可用于具体的年龄(

10、历史时间)、长度、高度、深度、厚度、宽度等。如：He is forty years old. 他四十岁了。She is only five feet tall. 她只有五英尺高。The room is ten metres long. 这间屋子长10米。The fiver is 100 metres wide. 这条河有100米宽。The water was fifteen feet deep. 水有十五英尺深。The layer of rock was ten metres thick. 那层岩石有十米厚。Lake Nyasa is 450 miles long by about 50 mi

11、les wide. 丽莎湖450英里长，约50英里宽。It is estimated that the vase is 2000 years old. 据估计这个花瓶有两千年历史。That vase is valuable. Its more than 200 years old. 那个花瓶很宝贵，它有二百多年的历史。但heavy不一样，它不能与具体的表示重量的短语连用。如：每个箱子重约10公斤。误：Each box is about 10 kilos heavy. 正：Each box is about 10 kilos.这件行李重20公斤。误：This luggage is 20 kilo

12、grams heavy. 误：This luggage is 20 kilograms. 語法講座含if的八种省略结构字體：大中小类型一：if + 形容词这类结构通常可视为在if与形容词之间省略了“主语+动词be的适当形式”。如：Send the goods now if ready.= Send the goods now if they are ready. 货物如已备好，请即送来。If true, this will cause us a lot of trouble.= If it is true, this will cause us a lot of trouble. 这事若是事实

13、，它将给我们造成许多麻烦。注：这类省略结构中有的已构成相对固定的搭配，if necessary (如果需要)，if possible (如果可能)等。如：If necessary, ring me at home. 如果必要，可往我家里打电话。If possible, let me know beforehand. 如果可能，可在事前通知我。 类型二：if + 过去分词其中的过去分词可视为是被省略的被动结构，即在if与形容词之间省略了主语和助动词be。如：He will come if asked.= He will come if he is asked. 他如被邀就会来。The medic

14、ine is quite effective if taken in time.=The medicine is quite effective if it is taken in time. 这药要是能按时服用，效果是很好的。 类型三：if + 不定代词这类省略通常要根据具体的上下文来理解。如：If anyone, he knows. 如果有人知道，那就是他了。There are few people nowadays, if any, who remember him. 当今记得他的人，如有的话，也不多了。He seems to have little, if anything, to d

15、o with this. 若要说他和这事有什么相关的话，那也似乎是很少的。 类型四：if + 介词短语这类结构往往要根据具体的语境来理解，但有些经常搭配的惯用结构也值得注意，如if in doubt, if at all, if by any chance等。如：If in doubt, ask your doctor. He can give you further information. 你若有疑问，可以问问医生. 他会向你作进一步的说明。Their policies have changed little, if at all, since the last election. 自上次

16、选举以来，他们的政策就算是有所变化，也变得很少。If by any chance you cant manage dinner tonight, perhaps we can at least have a drink together. 就算你今晚不吃晚饭，也许我们至少可以一起喝一杯。类型五：if + everif ever 可视为习语，它通常与seldom连用，表示“极少”“难得”。如：She seldom, if ever, goes to the cinema. 她难得看电影。He seldom if ever travels abroad. 他到国外旅行，即使有过，也是极少的。注：有

17、时ever后面还修饰有其他词语。如：The island is seldom if ever visited by ships. 这个岛难得有船停靠。另外，它有时还可引出一个句子。如：If ever youre in Cambridge, do give me a ring. 万一你来剑桥，一定要给我打电话。 类型六：if + notif not 可视为一个否定的条件状语从句省略。如：I might see you tomorrow. If not, then itll be Saturday. 我可能明天去看你。如果不是明天，那就在周六。Ask her if it is a convenie

18、nt time. If not, can she suggest another possible time? 问问她那个时间方便不方便。要是不方便，那她可不可以提出一个可行的时间? 注：有时not还可修饰另一个词语。If not today, tomorrow Im sure youll get an answer. 如果今天得不到回信，明天准能得到。This is one of the oldest buildings in town, if not the oldest. 这是城里最古老的房屋之一，如果不是最古老的话。Usually, if not always, we write “c

19、annot” as one word. 我们即使不总是如此，也通常是把cannot作为一个词来拼写的。类型七：if + soif so的意思是“如果是那样的话”。如：I may be free this evening. If so, Ill come round and see you. 今晚我可能有空。要是有空我会过来看你。They must decide if such a plan can be implemented and if so, when. 他必须决定这样的计划是否能实施，而且要是能实施的话，又得决定何时实施。注意以下if so与if not连用的情形：He may be

20、busy. If so, Ill call later. If not, can I see him now? 他可能忙，如是这样，我以后再来拜访。他如不忙，我现在可以见他吗?Will you be staying another night? If so, we can give you a better room. If not, could you be out of your room by 12:00? 您要再往一晚吗? 如果是这样，我们可以给您提供条件更好一点的房间。如果不是，您能在12点前离开这房间吗? 类型八：if need be 如果需要if need be为习语，其含义相当

21、于if it is necessary (如果有必要的话)。如：I will come if need be. 如有必要我会来。Ill work at night if need be. 如果有必要我可以晚上工作。If need be we can always bring another car. 如果有必要的话我们还可以再开一辆车来。語法講座permit后接动词的用法规律字體：大中小若其后直接跟动词要用动名词Time doesnt permit my waiting longer. 时间不允许我等得太久。The rules of the club do not permit smoking

22、. 这个俱乐部规定不准吸烟。若其后先接宾语再跟动词则要用不定式His health does not permit him to come. 他的健康(状况)不允许他来。Her father would not permit her to eat sweets. 她父亲不允许她吃糖果。比较下面两句We dont permit smoking in the lecture room. 我们不允许在大教室抽烟。We dont permit people to smoke in the lecture room. 我们不允许人们在大教室抽烟。谈谈比较级前冠词的使用字體：大中小 比较级前通常不用冠词，

23、但有时也用，这主要见于以下情形： 1. 当比较级后接名词时，比较级前可能用冠词，此时的冠词不是修饰比较级，而是修饰其后的名词。如： Which of them is the better choice?Well, its hard to tell. 他们谁是更合适的人选?嗯，这很难说。 Some of the more time-consuming jobs can now be done by machines. 有些更费时间的工作现在可以用机器做了. 但是，若受比较级修饰的名词为表泛指的复数名词或不可数名词，则仍不用冠词。如： Hes got more money than the res

24、t of us (put) together. 他的钱比我们大家的加在一起的总数还多。 Fewer people write with their left hand than with their right. 用左手写字的人比用右手的少。 2. 当要特指两者中“较(更)”时，比较级前通常要带定冠词，此时可视为比较级后省略了有关的名词或代词one，即定冠词实为修饰被省略的名词或代词one。如： Which of the two methods is the better? 这两种方法哪一种更好? Of the two possibilities, this is more likely th

25、an that. 两个可能性中，后者比前者更可能。 3. 在比较级前用the表示程度(通常有表示原因、理由或条件的短语或从句)。如： Hes had a holiday and looks the better for it. 他度假之后，气色好多了。 I love him all the more for his faults. 正因为他这些缺点，所以我越发爱他。 4. 用于“the+比较级，the+比较级”，表示“越越”。如： The younger you are, the easier it is to learn. 年纪越轻，学习越容易。 The better I know her,

26、 the more I admire her. 我对她越了解，我就越爱慕她。 The more money you make, the more you spend. 你挣的钱越多，花的钱也越多。 5. 当by far用于修饰比较级且置于其前时，比较级前要用the。如： He is by far the cleverer than her. 他比她聪明得多。 Its quicker by far to go by train. 坐火车去要快得多。 注：与比较级连用，通常要放在比较级之后，若放在比较级前，则比较级通常应带有冠词。如： He is cleverer by far than her.

27、 Its by far the quicker to go by train.語法講座appear, look, seem的用法特点字體：大中小一、基本区别 look 指视觉印象，appear 指外表给人的印象，这两者可能是真象也可能是假象，appear的不确定性更大一些，seem 侧重指根据某种迹象作出的推断，也不一定是事实。 二、后接不定式的问题 三者均可后接不定式，但 look 之后一般只限于 to be(且较少见)： He seems appears, looks to be very tired. 他好像很累了。 He seems appears to have traveled a

28、 lot. 他似乎去过不少地方。 This seems to be a happy solution. 这似乎是一个理想的解决办法。 但是不说He looks to have traveled a lot. 三、后接like的问题 look, seem 之后可接介词 like，但 appear 之后一般不能： He just looks like his brother. 他的模样就像他的哥哥。 He seems like a fool. 他看起来像个傻瓜。 四、用于进行时态的问题 appear 和seem不用于进行时态，但look有时可这样用(尽管较少见)： He looks is look

29、ing well. 他看上去气色不错。 但是不说He is seeming appearing well. 五、用于it开头的句子 三者均可用于 it 开头的句子，且三者之后均可接以 as if 或 as though 引导的从句，另外 appear 和 seem 之后还可接 that 引导的从句： It looks seems, appears as if he has lost interest in his job. 看来他对自己的工作已失去了兴趣。 It seems appears that he is very tired. 他似乎很累了。 为避免重复，appear和seem后接的

30、that 从句有时可用so, not 代之： “Is he reliable? ” “It seems appears so (not).”“他可靠吗?”“似乎是可靠的(不可靠)。” 語法講座有关强调结构的两点语法说明字體：大中小结构分析强调结构中的it is (was)that (who)为使一个非强调句变成强调句的结构词，在通常情况下，去掉它，句子依然是成立的这是判断一个句子是否为强调结构的重要标志。如下面这个句子是强调句，因为去掉it wasthat后句子依然成立，且意思一致：It was my mother who finally called the police. 最终报警的是我母

31、亲。My mother finally called the police. 最终报警的是我母亲。请看下面一句，空白处是填that还是其他的什么词？It was ten oclock _ he returned home. 此处不能填that，因为若填that把它视为强调句，那么就可以去掉it wasthat而使句子结构完整，意思不变，事实上并非如此，因为我们是不能说Ten oclock he returned home的，除非改为At ten oclock he returned home才是正确的。比较下面两句（第1句不是强调句，但第2句是强调句）：It was ten oclock wh

32、en he returned home. 他回家的时候已是10点钟了。It was at ten oclock that he returned home. 他是10点钟回家的。时态一致问题一般说来，强调结构it bethat中的be的时态应与句子时态一致，即同时用现在时，或同时用过去时，有时也可能用将来时。如：It is not I who am angry. 发怒的不是我。(同时用现在时)It was my two sisters who knew her best. 是我的两个姐妹最了解她。(同时用过去时)It will not be you who will have to take

33、the blame for this. 对此须受责难的将不是你。(同时用将来时)但有时也可以不一致，这主要见于强调结构用it isthat(即用的是现在时)，而句子用的是过去时。如：It is Miss Williams who enjoyed reading novels as a pastime. 是威廉姆斯小姐以读小说来消遣。語法講座英语句子的否定转移字體：大中小 1. 当think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词的主语为第一人称，且本身为一般现在时态时，其后的宾语从句的否定词通常转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓

34、语动词用肯定式。如： I dont believe you need worry. 我相信你不必忧虑。 I dont think you need take it too seriously. 我想你不必对此过于认真。 但是，若谓语动词为hope，宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。如： I hope it doesnt rain. 我希望不要下雨。 I hope you dont mind my saying it. 我希望你别介意我说这些话。 2. 许多动词后面可以接动词不定式。在非正式文体中，我们常常愿意把第一个动词加上否定词，而不用否定的动词不定式。其实这样做一点也不改变意思。例如与appea

35、r, seem, expect和happen连用时，就是这样的。如： Sibyl doesnt seem to like you. 西比尔好像不喜欢你。 I dont expect to see you before Monday. 我估计星期一之前不会见到你了。 It does not seem that the man understand what I am saying. 那男人似乎不了解我在说什么。 与“intend / want+动词不定式”连用时，我们几乎总是将not / never与第一个动词放在一起。如：I dont want to fail this exam. 这次考试我

36、不想考不及格。 After Ive finished this contract I never intend to teach again. 这个合同期满后，我决不想再教书了。 请注意cant seem to这一结构。如： I cant seem to get anything right. 看来我什么事也干不好。 3. 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。例如： Idont remember having ever seen such a man.我记得从未见过这样一个人。(not否定动名词短语 having) Its not a place where anyo

37、ne would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。(anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。) 4. 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。如： The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。(否定状语) He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。(否定bec

38、ause状语) She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. 她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。語法講座as long as 与only if 的用法区别字體：大中小一、基本用法的差别1. as long as 有两个意思，一是用于本义，意为“与一样长(久)”，在否定句中，也可说成 (not) so long as；二是用于引申义，表示“只要”，用于此义时也可说成 so long as(不管是肯定句、否

39、定句还是疑问句)。如：This river is as long as that one. 这条河与那条河一条长。He lived abroad as long as five years. 他住在国外长达五年之久。He didnt stay there as so long as she. 他在那儿住得不如她久。As long as it doesnt rain we can go. 只要不下雨，我们就可以去。As So long as you need me, Ill stay. 只要你需要我，我就留下。2. only if 可视为 if 的加强说法，即其中的 only 是修饰 if 从句

40、的，其意为“只有在条件下”。如：Ill tell you, but only if you dont tell anyone else. 我可以告诉你，但条件是你不能告诉其他任何人。Ill accept the bill only if you send it to my home address. 你必须把账单送到我住的地方，我才愿意偿付。二、语气上的差别从语气上看，only if 的语气要比as long as 强，as long as 通常只是用于提出一个条件，与if 的意思比较接近；而only if 引出的从句内容则通常暗示它是主句内容的唯一条件，含有“只有才”“只有在的时候”“唯一的

41、条件是”之意。比较：As long as you do your best, well be happy. 只要你尽力，我们就满意了。You can borrow the book as long as you keep it clean. 只要你不把书弄脏，这书你就可以借。We can succeed only if everyone in the team pulls his weight. 我们全队只有人人各尽所能才能取得成功。The coach stops at the principal hotels to pick up tourists, but only if they arr

42、ange this in advance. 大客车到各主要的旅馆来接观光者，但条件是必须事先安排好。三、动词搭配上的差别在许多情况下，as long as 与 only if 均可用，只是语气有强弱之分。但是，当主句和从句的谓语动词均为短暂性动词时，通常只用 only if，而不用 as long as。如：你只有请他，他才会来。误：He will come as long as you ask him.正：He will come only if you ask him.析：此句中的 only if 不能用 as long as 代替，因为动词 ask 与 come 均短暂性动词。四、词序上

43、的差别 两者均可引导从句置于主句之后，也可置于主句之前。但是，当only if 引导的状语从句置于主句之前时，其后的主句要用倒装语序，而且 as long as 引导的从句置于主句之前不用倒装。如：As long as it doesnt rain we can play. 只要不下雨，我们就能玩。As long as youre happy, it doesnt matter what you do. 只要你高兴，你做什么都没关系。Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to enter this room. 只

44、有得到教师的允许，学生才可以进这间屋。Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees. 只要红灯一亮，就表示有危及职工的险情。五、注意 only if 与 if only 的差别only if 意为“只要”，可视为 if 的加强说法。而 if only 有两个意思，一是表示“只要”，此时通常与陈述语气连用，与 only if 用法相似；二是表示“但愿”“要是就好了”，此时多与虚拟语气连用。如：I will come only if you promise not to invite Mary. 只要你答应不请玛丽，

45、我就来。If only it clears up, well go. 只要天晴，我们就去。If only I was rich. 要是我很有钱就好了。If only I hadnt told him about it. 要是我没有告诉他这事就好了。Its a good plan, if only we could carry it out. 那是个不错的计划，但愿我们能实现它。語法講座allow后接动词的用法规律字體：大中小 若其后直接跟动词要用动名词 They dont allow parking. 他们不准停放汽车。 They shouldnt allow parking here; the street is too narrow. 这儿不该允许停车，马路太窄了。 若其后跟有宾语再加动词则用动名词 Please allow me to add one more point. 请允许我再补充一点意见。 The money will allow you to go abroad for further study. 那笔钱使你能够出国深造。 比较下面两句 We dont allow eating in the cl