2014年北大政治学概论考研复习要点,国关理论常考点19882.pdf

《2014年北大政治学概论考研复习要点,国关理论常考点19882.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2014年北大政治学概论考研复习要点,国关理论常考点19882.pdf（4页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、 育明教育官方网址 北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办 集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班、少干、强军 国际关系理论精要 清华大学国际问题研究所孙雪峰 防御性现实主义(Defensive Realism)该学派认为：(1)国际体系中的安全并不是稀缺的，而是充足的；(2)国家获取安全的最佳途径通常是采取防御性的战略，或者说是旨在维持现状的战略。历史上奉行扩张战略的国家往往会引起其他国家的制衡而最终导致失败，作为理性的国家会从中汲取教训，计算扩张的得失损益，进而约束自己的行为。也就是说，无政府的国际体系并不必然导致激烈的冲突和战争，它也会促使国家采取温和、慎重和有节制的政策。如果一个国家采取一种不计后果的

2、扩张政策，那么其原因在于国家层次而不是国际层面。(3)在某些特定情况下，比如当“进攻防御”的平衡关系有利于进攻一方时，即便同是追求安全目标的国家之间也可能会因“安全困境”的加剧而彼此发生冲突，但在多数情况下，国际体系是平稳的，“安全困境”的问题并不严重，国家动员主要限于对付产生于体系的某些特定的威胁。进攻性现实主义(Offensive Realism)代表人物：约翰 米尔斯海默(John Mearsheimer)代表作：大国政治的悲剧(The Tragedy of Great Powers Politics,1999)（1）理解国家对外行为的原因，首先应该考察该国的相对力量和外部环境，而国家之

3、间的内部差别相对来说并不重要，因为国际体系强大而直接的压力会使在体系中处境相似的国家采取相近的行动。(2)国际体系中的无政府状态决定了安全的稀缺性，为获取安全而展开的激烈竞争迫使国家，尤其是大国采取进攻性战略，尽可能多的获得权力，因为无政府状态下大国必须依靠自己谋求安全，(3)扩大自身的相对力量是获取安全的最佳途径，毕竟一个拥有力量的国家比一个没有力量的国家要更安全，但这样做的结果往往会导致冲突和战争。育明教育官方网址 北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办 集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班、少干、强军 防御现实主义 进攻现实主义 无政府体系中安全状态 基本充足 稀缺 国家目标 防御性：安全上奉行满意原

4、则，拥有的权力要能维持已有的权力位置，足够维持平衡危险对手即可，而不是权力最大化。权力过大导致平衡联盟反而损害安全。进攻性：权力（安全）最大化，尽力获得新的权力，成为地区霸权。（区域内唯一的大国）（水域的阻碍作用使全球霸权的目标无法实现）；防止竞争国的崛起，维持临近区域至少两个大国间的平衡。国家战略趋向 防御性战略，维持现状。平衡战略为主，安全困境导致进攻行为 进攻性战略，打破现状，都是修正主义国家（成本收益合算的情况下尽可能扩张），进攻是指增加领土控制。（实际上不存在安全困境）防御性：战争是增加额外权力的主要战略，而建立均势和推卸责任是维持均势的主要战略，进攻性：无论何时，受威胁的国家更愿意

5、采用推卸责任而不是建立均势。国家不计后果扩张的原因 防御性：国内层次 进攻性：体系层次，并非非理性，只是没有成功而已 新古典现实主义(Neo Classic Realism)（1）国家在国际体系中位置，尤其是其相对力量物质能力是对外政策的首要驱动因素。（2）系统压力必须通过单位层次的干预变量加以转化。国际体系既不像进攻性现实主义所说的那样是霍布斯式的，也不似防御性现实主义所认为的那样是平稳的，而是相当模糊的，处于无政府国际体系中的国家很难看清楚安全是稀缺的还是充足的，它们只能根据自己的主观经验去解读充满着各种不确定性的国际政治现实，即系统压力必须通过单位层次的干预变量加以转化。因此这种影响是间

6、接和复杂的。也就是说，体系因素和单位因素对国家对外行为都会产生影响，因此,才称新古典现实主义。（3）国内层次变量重要性体现在：第一，对外决策由领导人精英作出，因此领导人对相对权力的认识至关重要。这意味着中短期的对外政策选择不必总是认真仔细和连续不断考察的相对权力趋势。第二，权力分析必须考察国家与社会的相对力量，及国家与社会的结构，因为这些因素决定着可以分配给对外政策的国内资源的比例。例子，美国扩张的原因。最后，体系压力决定对外政策的大方向，但不能决定国家行为的具体细节。补充材料：soft power（自己翻译了，约瑟夫奈的文章很好读的，不认识的单词查字典）Propaganda Isnt the

7、 Way:Soft Power by Joseph S.Nye Jr.January 10,2003 The International Herald Tribune（国际先驱导报）Alls fair in love and war,but should the American military carry out secret propaganda missions in friendly nations as part of the war on terrorism?Recent disclosure of a proposed Pentagon directive that takes

8、 psychological aim at friends is bad newsfor American soft power.育明教育官方网址 北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办 集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班、少干、强军 Soft power is the ability to get what you want by attracting and persuading others to adopt your goals.It differs from hard power,the ability to use the carrots and sticks of economic and

9、military might to make others follow your will.Both hard and soft powers are important in the war on terrorism,but attraction is much cheaper than coercion,and an asset that needs to be nourished.Attraction depends on credibility,something a Pentagon propaganda campaign would clearly lack.On the con

10、trary,by arousing broad suspicions about the credibility of what the American government says,such a program would squander soft power.Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld is reported to be deeply frustrated that the U.S.government has no coherent plan for molding public opinion worldwide.He is righ

11、t to be concerned.Recent polls by the Pew Charitable Trust show that the attractiveness of the United States declined significantly in the past two years in 19 of 27 countries sampled.What can the government do?Soft power grows out of both U.S.culture and U.S.policies.From Hollywood to higher educat

12、ion,civil society does far more to present the United States to other peoples than the government does.Hollywood often portrays consumerism,sex and violence,but it also promotes values of individualism,upward mobility and freedom(including for women).These values make America attractive to many peop

13、le overseas,but some fundamentalists see them as a threat.Contrasting views often exist side by side in the same country.For example,Iranian officials excoriate America as a great satan while teenagers secretly watch smuggled Hollywood videos.The U.S.government should not try to control exports of p

14、opular culture,but State Department cultural and exchange programs help to remind people of the noncommercial aspects of American values and culture.Similarly,government broadcasting to other countries that is evenhanded,open and informative helps to enhance American credibility and soft power in a

15、way that propaganda never can.Yet the billion dollars spent on public diplomacy is only one-quarter of 1 percent of what is spent on defense.Congress should support measures like Representative Henry Hydes proposal to bolster the State Departments public diplomacy and international broadcasting effo

16、rts.The other way the government can make a differenceis in the substance and style of foreign policy.With a military budget larger than those of the next dozen countries combined,the United States looms so large that it engenders negative as well as positive reactions.The biggest kid on the block a

17、lways provokes a mixture of admiration and resentment.To the extent that America defines its national interests in ways congruent with others,and consults with them in formulating policies,it will improve the ratio of admiration to resentment.President George W.Bush articulated this well in the 2000

18、 campaign when he said that if America is a humble nation others will respect it,but if it is arrogant they will not.Unfortunately,his administration has not always followed that advice.The Pentagon and the State Department have engaged in a tug of war over how to work with other countries.Many of 育

19、明教育官方网址 北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办 集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班、少干、强军 Americas friends overseas regarded the first eight months of the administration as excessively unilateralist,tempered by more multilateralism after Sept.11.They expressed concern about a return to unilateralism in 2002 until Bushs successful speech to th

20、e United Nations in September.The lessons for those in the Pentagon who want to enhance Americas soft power is that it will come not from military propaganda campaigns but from greater sensitivity to the opinions of others in the formulation of policies.They should heed Teddy Roosevelts advice.Now that we Americans have a big stick,we should learn to speak softly.Joseph Nye is dean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government and author of The Paradox of American Power:Why the Worlds Only Superpower Cant Go It Alone.