初中英语非谓语动词总复习加练习及答案22021.pdf

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1、.实用文档.非谓语动词 重要考点：一、不定式；-ing 形式；-ed 形式 二、省略 to 的不定式；三、带 to 与不带 to 意思不同的情况；四、只用-ing 做宾语的动词 五、只用 to 的不定式做宾语的动词 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。具体含义为在句中起名词,形容词或副词作用的动词形式,而不是作谓语的动词形式。谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别:1)谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语,而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。Miss Mary teaches us English.玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 动词作谓语)Mr.Li came to our classroom t

2、o have a talk with us last week.(to have a talk.不定式作状语)2)谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制,而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。Mike likes the pop music.(动词用单数第三人称形式)Lucy has nothing to do today。(do 用原形)非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式，动名词和分词分词包括现在分词和过去分词。1不定式 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 2动名词 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing bei

3、ng done 完成式 having done having been done 3分词 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 否认形式：not+不定式，not+动名词，not+现在分词 动词不定式 一、结构及特征：.实用文档.1、动词不定式的根本形式是“to+动词原形，有时可以不带 to。2、特点：动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可以担任除谓语外的任何成分主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语，所以我们又称之为非谓语形式。动词不定式仍保存动词的特点，即它可以有自己的宾语和状语。二、动词

4、不定式的用法：动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。1 作主语 To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To learn English well is not easy.动词不定式短语作主语时，往往用 it 作形式主语，真正的不定式主语置于句后，如上面两句可改为：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It is not easy to learn English well.这种句型可归纳为下面的句型：It+be+名词+to do I

5、t is+adj.+动词不定式 如果要说明不定式表示的动作执行者，可以用 for+sb.It is+adj.+for sb.to do sth.(用for+sb.说明不定式表示的动作执行者)2作表语 My wish is to become a teacher.My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.Your duty is to water flowers everyday.He seems to have few friends here.3作宾语 常与不定式连用作宾语的动词有：want,like,be

6、gin,star,choose,forget,remember,need,would like,decide,ask,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer等，如：Most of us like to watch football matches.Please remember to post this letter.I plan to buy a new computer.动词不定式作宾语时，如果他后面有宾语补足语，常用 it 作形式宾语，而真正的宾语即不定式放在宾补后面。

7、句型结构为：主语+谓语+it+宾语补足语+动词不定式 I found it easy to make a paper plane.I found it difficult to solve the problem.He feels it his duty to help the poor.We find it necessary to help the blind.在英语中有些动词如：know,wonder,decide,learn 等词后可接“疑问词+不定式作宾语 Please show us how to do it.The question is how to solve it.I ca

8、nt decide where to go.实用文档.The boy didnt know how to use the computer.4作宾语补足语 后接带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语的动词短语有：ask,tell,beg,like,love,would like,hate,order,teach,want,allow,warn,encourage,wish,cause,advise,force,permit,persuade,Prepare,invite,urge 等 The teachers often encourage us to study hard.Father allows

9、 us to watch TV at night.My teacher told us not to play on the road.后接省略 to 的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：感官动词 hear,feel,see,watch,notice,listen to,look at;使役动词 let,make,have。另外 help 后的动词不定式可带 to 也可省 to(省略 to 的不定式在改写成被动语态时，动词后一定要把 to 加上)I saw him dance.I heard Lucy sing in the classroom.I often help my mother(to)d

10、o housework.The boss made the workers work all day.(改被动 The workers were made to work all day.He told me to be here on time.5作定语 不定式作定语往往放在被修饰词的后面，作后置定语 I have nothing to say about that thing.The next bus to arrive is at 7:45.Reading aloud is the best way to learn English.与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如果是不及物动词需要加介词，

11、如：Is there a room to live in?Would you please give me some paper to write on.Could you pass me a pen to write with.与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其他词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管由被动意义，却仍然用主动。Do you have anything to say on this problem?Would you mind giving me something to drink?与被修饰词之间有动宾关系而不存在主谓关系，那么需用被动语态：Do you have anyth

12、ing to be taken to your mum?6作状语(目的，结果，原因等)He stopped to have a look.目的 He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.(目的)He woke up to find everybody gone.(结果)Im glad to see you.(原因)注意：不定式放句首时，逻辑主语和句子的要主语一致：如 To learn English well,a dictionary is needed.(错)To learn English well,he needs a dictionary.(正确

13、).实用文档.三、不定式作副词的用法-作状语。不定式可以在句子中作目的、原因和结果状语。I am sorry to have bothered you.我非常抱歉打搅了你。(原因状语)They will come to the city to look for a job.他们将要到大城市来找工作。(目的状语)If you are so stupid as to do so,you must expect trouble.你如果愚蠢得这样做事，你就等着自找麻烦吧。(结果状语)“too.to.结构中的不定式含有否认的意思，因此“too.to.表示“太而 不能。The boy is too you

14、ng to join the army.这孩子太小，还不能参军。He is too busy to see me.他太忙，不能来看我。“so as.+不定式结构，不定式作目的状语，意思是“以便。“so+形容词(副词)+as+不定式结构，不定式作结果状语。He went there quickly so as to meet her.他赶快到那里去以便可以碰见她。(目的)He was so kind as to offer his seat to me.承他好意，把座位让给了我。(结果)The man was so angry as to smash the things in the room

15、.这个人气极了，便开始摔屋里的东西。(结果)四、不定式的否认形式：not to do/no do 典型例题 Tell him _ the window.A.to shut not B.not to shut C.to not shut D.not shut 解析：B.tell sb to do sth 的否认形式为 tell sb not to do sth.She warned her daughter _ computer games too much.A.never to play B.to never play C.never playing D.never play 解析：A.war

16、n sb to do sth 的否认形式为 warn sb not(never)to do sth.五、动词不定式与疑问词连用：疑问词 who,what,which 和疑问副词 when,where,how,why 等后面可以接动词不定式，构成动词不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：(1)He doesnt know how to use the machine.(不定式作宾语)(2)How to use the machine is a question.(不定式作主语)(3)The question is when to go there.(不定式作表语)六、省 to

17、的动词不定式 1.感官动词 see,watch,observe,notice,look at,hear,listen to,smell,taste,feel +do 表示动作的完 整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 初中接触的动词可以这样记忆：一感feel二听hear,listen to三使,让let,make,have四看看see,look at,watch,notice 半帮助help别忘了省略的 to 变为被动语态时要再加上(主变被复原 to).实用文档.I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。强调“我看

18、见了这个事实 I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。强调“我见他正干活这个动作 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good;It feels comfortable.2 help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 3以下结构必须使用不带 to 的动词不定式。had better do.最好还是做 would you please do.请您做 would rather do.(than do)宁愿做 would sooner do.愿做 m

19、ay just as well do.是做的好 rather than do.而不是做 Why/why not句型中 Rather than go out,I prefer to stay at home.He would rather die than give in.Why not have a rest.=Why dont you have a rest.4使役动词 let,have,make：注意：在被动语态中那么 to 不能省掉。A.I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.B.The boss made them work the whole ni

20、ght.=They were made to work the whole night.(5)but 和 except 作介词后接不定式结构时，前谓语动词局部假设含有 to 的形式，but 后的不定式省去 to,否那么要带 to,如：He has nothing to do but cry.I have no choice but to wait for him.(6)当两个或多个不定式短语有连词 and,but 或 or 连接时，后一个或几个不定式符号 to 常常被省略，假设表示比照，对照关系时，那么不能省略，如：He wanted to stay at home and read a bo

21、ok.My purpose of studying is to go to college but not to have a job.七、不定式的难点：1tooto：太而不能He is too excited to speak.2enough to do：足以做 The child is old enough to go to schooll.3Why not+动词原形表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：为什么不?Why not take a holiday?4so as (not)to do:表示目的 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.5用作介词的“

22、to，其后加 v-ing 形式 look forward to 渴望;pay attention to 注意;devote oneself to 献身于；be/get used to 习惯等等。.实用文档.6Its for sb.和 Its of sb.A.Its for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如 easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible 等：Its very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。B.Its of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表

23、示主观感情或态度的形容词，如 good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。Its very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我，你真是太好了。【说明】for 与 of 的区分方法：用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用 of，不通 那么用 for。如：You are nice.(通顺，所以应用 of)。He is hard.(人是困难的，不通。或者:To study two languages is hard for him。因此应用 for。)八、不定式的一些常用结构(1)be+to do She is

24、very proud to be a student in Beijing University.作为一名北京大学的学生，她感到自豪。Your mother will be angry to find that nothing has been done.你母亲看到什么事都没做会发火的。(2)have(has,had)+不定式这一结构表示“不得不，“只好的意思。He will have to swallow the bitterness sooner or later.他迟早要吞下这颗苦果的。As she missed the train,she had to return home.由于耽误

25、了那趟火车，她只得又回家去了。(3)there is(are)、+不定式 There is something important to do today.今天有一件重要的事情要做。There are lots of letters to type now.现在有许多信要打出来。(4)be about+不定式表示“正要做 I was just about to leave when you phoned me.我正要走，你就给我来 了。The match is about to begin.Hurry up!比赛马上要开始了，快点!(5)only+不定式，表示“却 They lifted a

26、stone only to drop it on their own feet.他们搬起石头，却砸了自己的脚。都没有。(6)so as(not)to do.“为了(不)She worked hard so as to be a college student.为了要上大学，她刻苦学习。He went to work early so as not to be there late.为了不迟到，他很早就去上班了。(7)enough+不定式表示“十分，足够 This car is not big enough to seat five people.这辆车不够大，坐不下五个人。He drove f

27、ast enough to catch up the train.他把车开得飞快，足以赶上那列火车。特别注意：1.“形容词(或副词)+enough+不定式构成的是简单句，可以和复合句“so.that.相互转换。例如：It is easy enough for her to do.(简单句)It is so easy that she can do it.(复合句).实用文档.这件事情很容易，她可以做。2.“so.that(cant)和句型“too.to.的相互转换。She is too frightened to say a word.(简单句)She is so frightened tha

28、t she cant say a word.(复合句)她太害怕了，以致于一句话也说不上来。The dictionary is too expensive for me to afford.The dictionary is so expensive that I cant afford it.这本词典太贵了，(以致)我买不起。(8)It is(was)+形容词+of(for)sb.+不定式 It is clever of you to deal with such a thing.这样一件事情你处理得很聪明。It was necessary for me to explain it.我对此作一

29、下解释是必要的。比较：该句型中“of sb.和“for sb.的使用情况不同，可以从 两方面加以区别：它们两者所用的形容词不同 A。of sb.的句型一般使用表示主观感情或态度的形容词。例如：good,kind,nice,right,wrong,wise,clever,foolish,careful,careless 等。It is wise of her to do so.她这样做是非常明智的。It was clever of him to go away at that time.在那个时刻他走开是很聪明的。B for sb.的句型使用表示客观情况的形容词。例如：hard,easy,pos

30、sible,impossible,difficult,necessary,unnecessary,important,interesting 等。It was impossible for him to get there on time.他要准时到达那里已是不可能的事。It is simple for me to solve the problem.对我来说解决此事非常简单。of sb.的句型通常都可转换为不定式作状语的句子，但 for sb.句型不可以。It is very nice of you to offer me a seat.You are very nice to offer

31、me a seat.十分感谢你给我让座。It was careless of him to lose so many things.He was careless to lose so many things.他丢了这么多东西，真是太粗心了。It is very important for you to practise your oral English in the daily life.在日常生活中练习你的英语口语是非常重要的。这句话不能变为：She is very important to practise.九、有些动词后只跟不定式。见后页 动名词 一、动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式，它

32、兼有动词和名词的特征，由动词原形加-ing构成，否认形式not doing,它在句中起名词的作用，可以在句子中用作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补语、状语和定语。1动名词作主语:动名词词作主语表示一种抽象的，泛指的动作，而不是一次具体的动作，谓语动词需要用三单形式 Seeing is believing.眼见为实。(seeing 作主语，believing 作表语都是动名词)Smoking is bad for your health.Getting up early is good for your health.实用文档.Walking is good exercise.走路是很好的运动 2动名词

33、作表语 My favorite sport is swimming.我最喜欢的运动是游泳。The nurses job is looking after the patient.护士的工作是照看病人。3动名词作宾语 作动词的宾语 Jim dislikes eating chocolate.吉姆不喜欢吃巧克力。She cant help crying at a sad movie.她看了忧伤的电影禁不住要哭。说明 有些动词和动词短语后只能接动名词作宾语。例如：admit,finish,avoid,consider,hate,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,face,for

34、give,give up,mind,practise,imagine,keep,mention,mind miss,suggest,be good at,do well in,cant help,cant stand,keep on,feel like,be used to,look forward to,prefer to,等。The baby stopped crying and listened to the music.Have you finished reading that book.Keeping studying hard,and you will make progress

35、.4动名词作定语：动名词作定语时和形容词的功能是相似的。动名词可以单独作定语，例如：a smiling face 笑脸 a swimming pool 游泳池 a dining car 餐车 a reading room 阅览室 a sleeping car 卧车 a waiting room 候车室 二、动名词的常考点 1.动名词做主语，谓语动词为单数 2.在动名词和不定式中，做为介词的宾语是动名词 3.动名词的否认直接在其前加否认词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语。I would appreciate_ back this afternoon A.you to call B.you

36、 call C.you calling D.youre calling Key：C your calling 也对 I regret not having taken your advice.4.有些词后只能接动名词 admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;delay;discontinue;dislike;enjoy;escape;excuse;explain;feel like;finish;forgive;cant help;imagine;keep;it means;mention;mind;miss;pardon;p

37、ractice;prevent;report;suggest;understand.5.作介词宾语：因为动名词有名词的功能，所以也可以做介词的宾语。动名词作介词宾语时，通常放在由动词或形容词与介词组成的介词短语或形容词短语后面：look forward to (渴望，盼望)be proud of(以自豪)insist on(坚持)think of(考虑，想到)dream of(梦想)hear of(听说)preventfrom(防止，阻止)keepfrom(防止，阻止)stopfrom(防止，阻止)depend on(依靠，依赖)thank for(因而感谢)excusefor(因而抱歉)ai

38、m at(目的在于)devoteto(献身于)be/get used to(习惯于).实用文档.be fond of(喜欢)be afraid of(害怕)be tired of(对厌烦)succeed in(成功做)be interested in(对感兴趣)be/keep busy(忙于)have trouble/fun/problem difficulty(in)I look forward to hearing from you soon.He is used to going for a walk after supper.We have difficulties solving t

39、hese problems 6.另外还有一些接-ing 形式的常用说法：its no good;its no/little/hardly any/use;its not/hardly/scarcely use;its worthwhile;spend money/time;theres no;theres nothing worse than;whats the use/point.7.有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 remember,forget,try,stop,go on,mean 后面用不定式和-ing 形式，意义截然不容。I remembered to post the letters

40、.指未来/过去未来的动作 I remembered posting/having posting the letters.我记得这个动作 forgot 与 remember 的用法类似。I regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知你 I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.为了二十年前的离开而遗憾.try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.try ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day.I mean

41、to go,but my father would not allow me to.打算、想我想去，但我父亲不让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.意味着赠加工资意味着增加购置力。prefer 的用法：我宁愿在这里等。I prefer to wait here.所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。I prefer waiting here.我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。I prefer swimming to cycling.这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。8.need/want 后的-ing 形式具有被动的意思。其中，want 不

42、太常用。He needs a lot of encouraging.9.动名词的复合结构 动名词的复合结构由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格加名词构成，句子的开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词 Do you mind my/me opening the door?His coming made me very happy.Marys crying annoyed him.She didnt mind his crying.例题解析：Eating too much bananas are bad for your health.X Eating too much bananas are bad f

43、or your health.实用文档.解析：动名词作主语时用第三人称单数 I remember to put the purse on the table,but I cant find it.X I remember putting the purse on the table,but I cant find it.解析：remember to do 记着去做 还没有做 remember doing 记得做过某事 已经做过 Your room needs to clean.Its very dirty.X Your room needs cleaning.Its very dirty.解析

44、：need,want 后接动名词表被动 I have trouble to finish so much work.X I have trouble finishing so much work.解析：have trouble in doing sth.现在分词 一、现在分词的定义 现在分词是动词的另一种非限定形式。它兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。现在分词和宾语或状语一起构成现在分词短语。二、现在分词的根本形式 现在分词构成。V+-ing 现在分词有一般式和完成式，及物动词的现在分词有主动态和被动态。其形式如下：三、现在分词的句法功能 现在分词在句中可以作定语、表语、宾

45、语补足语或状语 1、作定语 作定语用的现在分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；如果是现在分词短语，那么放在被修饰词的后面，它在作用上相当于一个定语从句。coming week 下周 running water 自来水 sleeping child 酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飞鱼 working people 劳动人民 walking tractor 手扶拖拉机 This is a very interesting book 这是一本很有趣的书 The girl standing there(=who is standing there)is my sister.站在那边的那个女孩

46、是我妹妹。现在分词作定语时，要注意分词所表示的动作发生的时间。一般说来，主要有下面两种情况：1表示正在进行的动作变为从句时需要用进行事态。Did you see the girl dancing with your brother?The man standing there is my brother.2表示经常性、习惯性的动作或现在当时的状态变为从句时多用一般时态。如：We lived in a room facing(=that faced)the south.我们住在同一间朝南的房间里。The factory making(=that makes)these pens is a sma

47、ll one.制造这种钢笔的是一家小场。现在分词作定语时，其修饰的名词或代词就是其逻辑主语.实用文档.2、作表语。现在分词做表语多表示主语所具有的特征或属性，并表示主动关系。The story sounds interesting.那故事听起来很有趣。The news was disappointing.那消息另人失望。The book is exciting.现 在 分 词 作 表 语，常 见 的 有：exciting,interesting,disappointing,discouraging,encouraging ,puzzling,missing,surprising,confusi

48、ng,amusing,charming,astonishing,shocking,inviting 等。这些现在分词几乎已经变成形容词，常可用 very 修饰。The news is very interesting.这消息很有趣。I found it annoying.我觉得它很讨厌。3、作宾语补足语。现在分词常可用在 see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,have 等后面作宾语补足语。They kept me waiting for a long time.他们让我等了好久。He saw people coming and going.他看见人们

49、来来往往。上述句子结构变为被动语态时，除主语和宾语互换位置外，现在分词位置保持不动。如上面的句子可变为：I was kept waiting for a long time.People were seen coming and going.He was heard him singing in his room.He heard him singing in his room.在 see,hear,feel,watch,notice 等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语。两者的差异在于：用现在分词时，表示动作正在发生或进行，其含义相当于进行时态；用不定式表示动作已

50、经发生，动作的过程已经结束。I saw him go upstairs.我看见他上楼了。(比较：He went upstairs.)看见他上楼整个过程，说明他上楼这件事。I saw him going upstairs.我看见他走上楼。(比较：He was going upstairs.)我看见他正在向楼上走去，说明他上楼的情况。Do you hear someone knocking at the door?(比较：Someone is knocking at the door,do you hear?)你听见有人敲们了么？Yes,I did.I heard him knock three