第1堂定语从句12942.pdf
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1、LECTURE 1 定语从句 本堂目标 学会识别定语从句的先行词、关系词,熟悉限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别,重点掌握几种特殊的关系词,识别并理解定语从句。基础预习 定语从句,简言之,就是用于修饰名词或代词的一个具有完整主谓结构的句子。这个被修饰的名词或代词因为总是在定语从句的前面,所以我们称之为先行词。而引导定语从句的连词,称为关联词,关联词包括关系代词或关系副词。【例】(09-Part B)He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the“survival of the fittest,
2、”in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger,more advanced races and societies.【点睛】先行词 struggle 同时被两个定语从句修饰,第一个省略了关系代词 that,第二个由 in which 引导,为非限制性定语从句。【译文】他认为,人类进化的特点是他称之为“适者生存”的斗争。在这场斗争中,弱小的种族和社会最终将被更强大、更先进的种族和社会所取代。一、定语从句的先行词 先行词是定语从句所修饰的对象。只有正确找出先行词,才能明白定语从句所修饰的究竟是
3、什么成分,才能正确理解句子前后各部分的逻辑关系,分清句子结构,从而正确理解句子。先行词其实并不一定都是一个词,先行词可以是:1一个词(通常是名词,也可以是代词)【例】A rich person is not one who has the most,but is one who needs the least.【点睛】who has the most 与 who needs the least 是定语从句,修饰前面的代词 one。【译文】一个富有的人,并不是因为他拥有的多,而是因为他需要的最少。2一个短语【例】(07-Text 3)During the past generation,the
4、American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.【点睛】句子的主干是 the American middle-class familyhas been transformed。that 引导的定语从句修饰 the American middle-class family,即先行词是名词短语 the Americ
5、an middle-class family。【译文】上一代,经济危机和新现实使曾经靠努力工作和公平竞争来保持收入稳定的美国中产阶级家庭发生了改变。3一个从句【例】(04-61)The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.【点睛】本句中 which 引导的定语从句修饰的不是 th
6、e process of thought 或 the structure of language,而是整个宾语从句 the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,它所表达的是一种观点,即 which 指代的是这种观点。【译文】希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别之前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。4一个完整的句子【例】As can be seen from the comparison of these figures,the principle inv
7、olves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.【点睛】as 引导非限制性定语从句,指代后面的一整句话。【译文】正如我们从比较这些数字所看到的结果一样,这项规则需要病人在治疗时积极参与。二、引导定语从句的关系词 1关系代词 关系代词 先行词 关系代词所作成份 that 人或物 作主语、宾语或表语 which 物 作主语、动词宾语或介词宾语 who 人 作主语 whom 人 作宾语 whose 人或物 作定语,相当于先行词的所有格 as 人或物或整句话 作主语 【例 1】It i
8、s about YOU,and how you performed and what you accomplished in those past jobs especially those accomplishments that are most relevant to the work you want to do next.【点睛】that 引导定语从句修饰 accomplishments,that 在从句中作主语。【译文】它是有关于你自己,以及你如何在以往的工作中表现自己并完成了什么任务:尤其是那些与你接下来要做的工作关系最为密切的成就。【例 2】She had recently l
9、eft a job and had helped herself to copies of the companys client data,which she intended to draw upon in starting her own business.【点睛】which 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 copies,which 在从句中作 draw upon 的宾语。【译文】她最近辞去了工作,并擅自拿走了该公司客户资料的副本,打算自己开公司时使用。【例 3】(07-Text 2)People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant,who at a
10、ge 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old,that gave her an IQ of 228 the highest score ever recorded.【点睛】who 引导的定语从句修饰其前的 Marilyn vos Savant,who 在从句中作主语,at age 10 将其与谓语 had tested 分隔开。【译文】该专栏邀请人们去问麦瑞林沃塞万,她在 10 岁的时候智力就达到23 岁人的水平,IQ 高达 228这是有记录以来的最高水平。【例 4】(99-Passage 1)At the s
11、ame time,the American Law Institute a group of judges,lawers,and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible opnes.【点睛】whose 引导的定语从句修饰先行词
12、judges,lawers,and academics,whose 作 recommendations 的定语。【译文】与此同时,美国研究所(由一群法官、律师和理论专家组成,他们建议分量极重)发布了新的民事伤害指令指导方针,宣称公司不必提醒顾客注意显而易见的危险,也不必连篇累牍地一再请他们注意一些可能会出现的危险。2关系副词 关系副词 与先行词关系 when 先行词是表示时间的名词,when在从句中作时间状语,相当于“介词+which”。where 先行词是含 有地点 意义的名 词,除 地点名词 之外,还有case,point,situation 等。where 在从句中作地点状语。why 先
13、行词是表示理由的名词(reason),why 在从句中作原因状语,相当于“for which”。【例 1】(01-翻译)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.【
14、点睛】本句中有两个定语从句,that 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 calendar,其中又包括 when 引导的定语从句,修饰 the latest dates,when 在从句中作时间状语。【译文】皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年历,它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。【例 2】(05-Text 3)Of all the components of a good nights sleep,dreams seem to be least within our control.In dreams,a window opens into a worl
15、d where logic is suspended and dead people speak.【点睛】先行词 world 表示地点,而且 where 在从句中充当地点状语。【译文】在所有构成良好睡眠的因素中,梦看起来是我们最无法控制的一个。梦境中的世界,逻辑失去效用,死者开始言语。【例 3】Now the tide appears to be turning.As personal injury claims continue as before,some courts are beginning to side with defendants,especially in cases wh
16、ere a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything.【点睛】先行词 case 表示“案件”,并非我们习惯意义上的地点名词,但依然用了 where 引导定语从句。Where 在从句中引导地点状语。【译文】现在这种情况似乎正在发生转变。尽管人身伤害索赔一如既往,但有些法庭已开始站到被告一边,特别是在警告标签也不可能避免事故的案件中。【例 4】(05-Part B)They(particularly Quebec and Alberta)just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions
17、 with few,if any,strings attached.Thats one reason why the idea of a national list hasnt gone anywhere,while drug costs keep rising fast.【点睛】why 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 reason,why 在从句中作状语,相当于 for which。【译文】他们(尤其是魁北克与阿尔伯达)只希望渥太华尽量无条件地支付额外的几十亿款项。这正是为什么建立全国性的代理机构这一想法难以推广而药价持续快速上涨的原因。三、定语从句与先行词的隔离 考研英语中有很多复杂的定语从句,
18、它们的先行词并不像常规那样紧靠着关系词,而是在先行词与关系词之间插入了很多成分,这时靠近关系词前后的名词就不是先行词了,也就是说定语从句与其所修饰的先词词被分隔,这种分隔有以下三种情况:1作主语的先行词+谓语部分+定语从句 当修饰一个主语的定语从句很长,而此主语对应的谓语部分很短时,可以将这个定语从句与先行词分割开来放于谓语之后以保持句子的平衡。这种被分割的定语从句要注意寻找其对应的先行词,否则容易出现理解错误。【例 1】The time is not far away when modern communications will become widespread in Chinas va
19、st countryside.【点睛】the time 是先行词,引导定语从句的关系副词用when,由于定语从句过长,所以置于主句谓语(is not far away)之后。【译文】现代通信在中国广大农村普遍应用的时日很快就会到来。【例 2】(96-翻译)It can be predicted,however,that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.【点睛】这里that引导的是一个主语从句,此从句中的主语是questions,which引导的定语从句修饰
20、 questions,被谓语 will arise 隔开。【译文】不过,可以预见的是,将来会有问题出现,需要科学给出特定回答。2先行词+其他定语+定语从句 先行词同时带有多个定语,而其中定语从句比其他定语长,结构也较复杂,此时,按照英语尾重原则,把结构复杂的定语从句放在其他定语之后。这种情形最为常见。【例】(04-完形)Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates.For example,changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opport
21、unities for youth and rising unemployment increasingly make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.【点睛】that 引导的定语从句不是修饰 economy,而是修饰 changes,in the economy 同样修饰 changes。【译文】社会结构方面的变化也许在间接在影响青少年犯罪率。比如,经济方面的变化使得青年的就业机会更少、失业率上升,从而导致赚钱的工作日益难找。3先行词+状语+定语从句【例】(05-Text 4)As a linguist,he ackno
22、wledges that all varieties of human language,including non-standard ones like Black English,can be powerfully expressive there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.【点睛】句中先行词 language or dialect 与 that 引导的定语从句被状语 in the world 隔开。【译文】作为一名语言学家,他承认所有种类的人类语言,包括不规范的语
23、言,如黑人英语,都具有强大的表达能力世界上没有一种语言或方言不能表达复杂的意思。四、带有插入语的定语从句 有些定语从句的关系词后面往往紧跟一个“主谓结构”,如 I know,I believe,he claimed,they assume等。这些主谓结构为插入语,不影响定语从句本身的结构,因而也不构成定语从句的主谓语。【例 1】(06-Text 2)Hilton is building its own hotel there,which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars,the Lear Lounge,th
24、e Banquo Banqueting Room,and so forth,and will be very expensive.【点睛】which引导的定语从句修饰hotel,此定语从句本身的结构是which will be decoratedand will be,you may be sure 为插入语。【译文】希尔顿正在这里筹建自己的酒店,可想而知里面肯定会有哈姆雷特快餐酒吧、李尔王休闲室、班柯(麦克白中的人物一个鬼魂)宴会厅等等,该酒店将十分奢华。【例 2】The casino issued to him,as a good customer,a Fun Card,which whe
25、n used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the users gambling activities.For Williams,these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.【点睛】修饰 a fun card 的定语从句本身的结构是 which earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the。when used in the casino 是省
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